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IN  MEMOmAJA 
John  Swett 


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A    MANUAL:;'.; 


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Instruction  in  Latin 


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ON     THE     BASIS     OF 


ALLEN  &^   GREENOUGH'S  LATIN  METHOD 


SPARED 


§ 


O^VKx 


JOSEPH     H.    ALLEN 


BOSTON 

ginn    and    heath 

1878 


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n 


Entered  according  to  Act  of  Congress,  iiMthqnrear  1876,  by 

JOSEPH   H.   ALLEr 

in  the  office  of  the  Librarian  of  Congress,  at  Washington. 


Cambridge : 
Press  of  John  Wilson  5^  Son. 


l^^^  ^ 


I' 

PREFACE. 
'  '   K 

This  Manual  retains  from  the  "  Latin  Method  '*  the  general  ar- 
rangement of  topics,  the  later  reading  selections,  and  a  few  state- 
ments in  detail,  especially  the  section  on  reading  at  sight,  with 
much  of  what  is  said  on  the  derivation  and  meaning  of  words. 
In  all  other  respects  it  is  an  independent  book,  and  one  for  which 
I  am  solely  responsible. 

The  object  in ^  view  has  been  to  provide  a  full  year's  course  in 
Latin,  which  can  be  studied  without  the  grammar.  The  fulness, 
the  general  statement,  the  scientific  nomenclature  required  in  a 
book  of  reference,  ill  adapt  it  to  the  beginner,  bewildering  him 
with  theory  before  his  mind  is  steadied  and  cleared  by  knowing 
the  simpler  facts.  The  thirty  Lessons  of  Part  First,  with  the  ac- 
companying Exercises,  contain,  it  is  believed,  all  of  the  forms  and 
constructions  needed  as  a  preparation  for  easy  reading.  These 
may  be  followed  directly  by  the  earlier  selections  of  Part  Fourth,* 
before  proceeding  to  the  more  difficult  constructions  of  Syntax. 

The  Vocabulary  to  be  used  with  these  selections  contains  the 
more  useful  Roots  as  a  guide  to  the  proper  study  of  words.  The 
sections  on  the  formation  and  meaning  of  words,  with  the  illustra- 
tive lists  on  pages  126-128,  and  those  given  at  the  end  of  the  book, 
will  be  found  of  advantage  at  this  stage,  for  constant  reference  if 
not  for  class  study. 

In  the  elementary  lessons,  and  in  the  vocabularies^  the  practice 
has  been  followed  of  marking  as  long  all  vowels  known  to  have 

*  Taken  from  Kuliner's  "  Elementargrammatik,"  Hannover,  1866,  27th  ed. 

54  ♦  .lOS 


iv  ,    ,  Preface, 

*  tfeen   so  "regarded  by.. the  Romans.      These  have  been   held  to 
;  ;ih[clu{lc  not.'ohly'.tKoGe  Irtng  "by  nature  "  or  by  "  vowel-extension," 

but  also  those  before  the  combinations  nfzxidi  ns*  together  with  a 
few  others  indicated  by  analogy,  «s  amdnt.     If  a  serious  attempt 

*  is  made  to  pronounce  according  to  the  "  Roman  Method,"  the  best 
help  will  be  to  train  the  learner's  ear  to  it  from  the  start. 

The  systematic  study  of  Syntax  is  provided  for  in  Part  Second 
by  very  numerous  classified  illustrations,  both  in  Latin  f  and  Eng- 
lish, which  may  be  used  for  practice  in  the  writing  of  Latin  during 
a  second  year's  course.  The  grammar  is  here  referred  to,  con- 
stantly and  minutely,  as  the  subject  seems  to  require  ;  but  the 
topics  may  be  treated  orally,  if  preferred,  the  examples  in  Latin 
being  taken  (at  sight)  as  a  guide  in  the  exercises  which  follow. 

The  composition  of  this  Manual  has  been  studied  wholly  from 
the  point  of  view  of  the  elementary  class-room  ;  and,  while  scien- 
tific accuracy  has  been  aimed  at,  the  convenience  of  teacher  or 
learner  has  in  no  case  been  sacrificed  to  theoretical  completeness. 
Forms  have  been  very  fully  indicated  in  the  vocabularies  ;  and 
occasional  references  to  the  grammar  in  the  earlier  Lessons  will 
enable  the  teacher  to  give  such  further  detail  as  may  here  and 
there  be  desirable. 

My  grateful  acknowledgments  are  due  to  several  of  our  best 
teachers,  who  have  generously  aided  me  by  their  counsel  in  the 
plan  and  in  numerous  details  of  the  book.  The  entire  work  has 
received,  in  addition,  the  valuable  revision  and  oversight  of  Dr. 
Henshaw,  former  Principal  of  Wilhston  Seminary,  Easthampton, 
Massachusetts. 

It  may  be  worth  while  to  add  that  the  practice  of  tasking  the 
beginner  with  a  great  mass  of  grammatical  detail  —  which  is  fast 
coming  to  be  considered  a  serious  burden  and  harm  to  our  scholar- 
ship—  is  one  of  comparatively  recent  date,  and  one  which  is  not 
found  (I  believe)  in  any  other  country.     The  schoolboys  of  forty  or 

*  See  Cicero,  Orator,  ch.  48. 
t  Many  of  these  are  taken  from  Wright's  "  First  Latin  Steps."     Macmillan,  1871. 


\ 


Preface,  v 

fifty  years  ago,  with  less  of  theoretical  accuracy  and  completeness 
in  their  studies,  were  relatively  more  familiar  with  the  classic 
authors,  and,  there  is  reason  to  suppose,  enjoyed  them  more,  than 
those  of  a  later  day.  A  scientific  etymology,  and  a  syntax  ex- 
pounded on  the  principles  of  comparative  philology,  are  a  positive 
and  great  gain  in  the  newer  school.  But  the  detail  of  these 
studies  appears  to  belong  to  the  professional  scholar  ;  while  their 
results  are  best  seen  in  making  more  vivid  and  clear  the  forms 
of  ancient  thought  and  expression  that  have  /come  down  to  us. 
They  may  be  of  real  help  to  the  youngest  learner  ;  but  only 
when  they  make  the  way  easier  and  brighter  in  which  he  has  to 
travel.  To  smooth  that  way  a  little  is  the  best  service  I  can 
hope  to  render. 

J.    H.   A. 

Cambridge,  August  21,  1876. 


NOTE. 


In  the  present  edition  has  been  inserted  a  course  of  Exercises, 
prepared  by  Mr.  William  Deutsch,  of  the  St.  Louis  High 
School,  which  may  be  substituted,  at  pleasure,  for  the  "  Parallel 
Exercises"  on  pages  46-73.  For  convenience,  these  are  given 
immediately  before  the  Vocabulary  (pages  169-209).  In  amount, 
they  are  calculated  to  make  just  one  year's  work  for  an  average 
class.  For  the  plan  and  details  of  these  exercises,  their  compiler 
is  solely  responsible. 


"Thus,  upon  examination,  we  find  that  all  that  requires  un- 
j"easoning  memory  may  be  reduced  to  the  following  heads :  — 

1.  The  five  declensions,  which  include  all  adjectives  and  parti- 
ciples ; 

2.  The  rules  for  gender,  and  exceptions  ; 

3.  The  four  conjugations,  active  and  passive,  which  latter  voice 
includes  sum  ; 

4.  The  irregular  verbs,  eo^  volo^  nolo,  malo,  possuut ; 

5.  Syntax  :  two  pages. 

All  this  might  easily  be  comprehended  within  twenty-four  octavo 
pages." 

D'Arcy  W.  Thompson, 

"  Day-DreatJts  of  a  Schoolmaster.'* 


CONTENTS. 


PART   I.  — ELEMENTARY   LESSONS. 

PAGE 

Lesson  i.  Pronunciation  and  Accent i 

2.  The  Inflection  of  Nouns 2 

3.  First  Declension  of  Nouns 4 

4.  Second  Declension  of  Nouns 5 

5.  Adjectives  of  First  and  Second  Declensions     .     .  6 

6.  Simple  Sentence  :  Subject  and  Predicate     .     .  '  .  8 

7.  „                   Object-Accusative       ....  9 

8.  „                   Questions ;  Conjunctions    .     .  10 

9.  Third  Declension  of  Nouns 12 

10.  Adjectives  of  the  Third  Declension 15 

11.  Comparison  of  Adjectives 17 

12.  Fourth  and  Fifth  Declensions  of  Nouns       ...  18 

13.  Pronouns  :  Personal  and  Demonstrative      ...  18 

14.  „            Relative,  Interrogative,  and  Indefinite  20 

15.  Numerals ■. 21 

16.  Verbs:   I.  Mood^  and  Tenses 23 

17.  ,,            2.   The  Verb  esse, /^  3<?      .....  24 

18.  ,,            3.   The  Four  Conjugations       ....  26 

19.  Regular  Verb  :   1st  Conjugation,  Active  ....  28 

20.  „             „         „            „             Passive     ...  30 

21.  „            „    Noun  and  Adjective  Forms  ...  32 

22.  „            „       2d  Conjugation 33 

23-         »            »       3d  Conjugation 34 

24.  „             „       4th  Conjugation 36 

25.  Deponent  Verbs 37 

26.  Irregular  and  Defective  Verbs 38 

27.  Particles 41 

28.  Formation  of  Words  :    Verb  Stems 42 

29.  „                „      Nouns  and  Adjectives      ...  43 

30.  „                „      Derivatives  and  Compounds     .  44 
Parallel  Exercises 46-74 


viii  Contents, 

PART  H.  — CONSTRUCTIONS  OF  SYNTAX. 

PAGB 

Cases  :  —  a.  As  Objects  of  Verbs. 

I.  Object  Accusative  ;  2.  Two  Accusatives       .     .  'j^^  j6 

3.  Dative  ;  4.  Genitive  ;  5.  Ablative 77-79 

b.  As  Modifying  Adjectives. 

6.  Genitive;  7.  Dative 80,81 

8.  Ablative  of  Want ;  9.  Of  Source  ;   10.  Of  Com- 
parison ;    II.  Of  Means  and  Supply;   12.  Of 

Difference 82-85 

c.  Miscellaneous. 

13.  Adverbial  Accusative  ;   14.  Ace.  of  Exclamation  86,87 
15.  Dative  of  Possession;   16.  Of  Service;   17.  Of 

Reference 88-90 

18.  Ablative  Of  Separation  ;   19.  of  Cause  ;    2p.  Of 
Means  ;  21.  Of  Manner  and  Quality  ;  22.  Of 

Price;  23.  Of  Specification  ;  24.  Locative    .  91-96 

25.  Predicate  Genitive 97 

26.  Relations  of  Time  and  Space 97 

Moods  and  Tenses 99-103 

27.  Independent  Uses  of  the  Subjunctive  ....  99 

28.  Historical   Infinitive 101 

29.  Sequence  of   Tenses loi 

Subordinate   Constructions 103-113 

3P.  Conditional   Clauses 103 

31.  Disguised  Conditions   , 104 

32.  Comparative  Particles 105 

33.  Temporal  Clauses     .     .     ,     .     > 106 

34.  Purpose  and   Result 108 

35.  Clause  of  Characteristic no 

3^.   Intermediate  Dependent  Clauses in 

37.  Indirect  Discourse 112 

Substantive  Clauses 114-119 

38.  Infinitive  Clauses 114 

39.  Substantive  Clauses  of  Purpose 115 

40.  Substantive  Clauses  of  Result 117 

41.  Substantive  Clauses  with  2?/^^ 118 

42.  Indirect  Questions 118 


Contents,  ix 


PAGB 


Participial  Constructions 120-123 

43.  Participles:    Predicate   use 120 

44.  Ablative  Absolute  _ 121 

45.  Gerundive  Constructions 122 

PART  III. —  ON   READING  LATIN. 

1.  The  Meaning  of  Words 124 

2.  The   Latin  Sentence 129 

3.  Reading  at  Sight 133 

PART  IV.  — READING   LESSONS. 

I.  Fables 139 

II.  Dialogues 142 

III.  Anecdotes 146 

IV.  The   Kings  of  Rome 148 

,  V.  The  War  with  Porsena.  —  Livy 151 

1 .  Horatius  holds  the  Bridge 151 

2.  The  Deed  of  Mucins  Sccevola 152 

3 .  The  Escape  of  Cloelia 1 54 

VI.  Miscellaneous  Selections 154 

1.  A  Haunted  House.  —  Pliny 154 

2.  A  Sharper  of  Syracuse. — Cicero 155 

3.  The  Vale  of  Enna.  —  Id 156 

4.  The  Earth  is  made  for  Mart.  —  Id 157 

5.  The  Heavens  declare  a  C7'eator.  —  Id.      .     .     .  159 

6.  All  Active  Old  Age.  —  Id 160 

Notes 161 

Vocabulary:   i.  English  and  Latin 169 

2.   Latin  and  English 185 

Table  of  Synonymes,  etc 235 

Synopsis  of  Constructions \     .  243 


GRAMMATICAL    INDEX. 


A  or  ab  with  ablative  of  Agent, 
31.  b,  163.  R.  27. 

Ablative  with  Comparatives,  17. 
R.,  83  ;  as  Object,  79;  of  Want, 
82  ;  of  Source,  83  ;  of  Means, 
&c.,  85,  92;  of  Difference,  85; 
of  Separation,  91 ;  of  Cause,  92  ; 
of  Manner,  &c.,  93  ;  of  Price, 
94 ;  of  Specification,  95  ;  Loca- 
tive, 96 ;  Absolute,  32.  2.  3,  121  ; 
General  Rules,  163.  R.  26-35. 

Accent,  Rules  of,  2. 

Accusative,  as  Case  of  Object,  9, 
75;  two  accusatives,  76;  Ad- 
verbial, 86  ;  of  Exclamation,  87  ; 
General  Rules,  162.  R.  21-25. 

Adjectives,  Inflection,  4.  r,  6,  7, 
15,  16  (47,  53);  Comparison,  17 
(54)  ;  rule  of  Agreement,  6,  162. 
R.  2  ;  used  as  Nouns,  7.  2  j  De- 
rivative Forms,  43. 

Adverbs  in  e,  6  ;  in  ter,  16 ;  Deri- 
vation, 41. 

Apposition,  rule  of,  7;  163.  R.  i. 

Cases,  use  of,  3  ;  Syntax  of,  75-99. 

Characteristic,  Clause  of,  no. 

Comparative  Particles,  105. 

Comparison  of  Adjectives,  17  ;  of 
Adverbs,  17.  2. 

Compounds,  formation  of,  45 ;  of 
qui  and  quis,  21. 

Conditional  Clauses,  103 ;  dis- 
guised, 104;  General  Rule,  163. 
R.  46. 

Conjugations,  10,  26 ;  First,  28- 
32 ;  Second,  33 ;  Third,  34  ; 
Fourth,  36 ;  forms  of,  27. 

Conjunctions,  11.  2. 


Correlatives,  21.  3. 
cum,  use  of,  106. 

Dative,  as  Indirect  Object,  3.  c, 
yy  ;  of  Nearness,  81  ;  of  Posses- 
sion, 88;  of  Service,  89;  of 
Reference,  90 ;  General  Rules, 
162.  R.  14-20. 

Declensions,  3 ;  First,  4  (46)  ; 
Second,  5  {46)  ;  Third,  12-14 
(51)  ;  Fourth  and  Fifth,  18  (56). 

Defective  Verbs,  40  (72). 

Deponent  Verbs,  t,-]  (70).   [124-128. 

Derivative  Forms,  43,  44 ;  Words, 

Distributive  Numerals,  22.  c. 


Forms  of,  8  ;  Inflection,  24, 
25;  Compounds,  26;  Predicate 
after,  9.  R. 

Gender,  2  ;  Rules  of,  4^  3.  ^,  5.  a, 
14.  b,  18.  a,  c. 

Genitive,  3.  2.  b ;  in  ius,  7.  i  ;  of 
Pronouns,  19.  d;  as  Object,  79; 
with  Adjectives,  80 ;  of  Value, 
94 ;  as  Predicate,  97  ;  General 
Rules,  162.  R.  8-13. 

Gerund  and  Gerundive,  23.  3.  a, 
2.  d ;  Constructions,  122;  Gen- 
eral Rule,  163.  R.  41. 

Impersonal  Verbs,  40.  2  ;  Use  of 
Passive,  31.  c. 

Indirect  Discourse,  112,  113. 

Indirect  Questions,  118,  119. 

Infinitive,  with  Subject- Accusa- 
tive, 32.  d,  114;  Historical,  loi  ; 
Clauses,  114;  General  Rules, 
163.  R.  38-40. 


Grammatical  Index. 


XI 


Intermediate  Clauses,  in. 
Interrogative  Particles,  lo  (50). 
Intransitive  Verbs,  impersonal  in 

Passive,  31.  c. 
Irregular  Verbs,  38-40  (72). 

Locative  Forms,  4.  by  5./,  \Z.  b ; 
Uses,  96,  98 ;  Rules,  163.  36,  37. 

Moods,  23.  I  ;  Syntax  of,  99-119. 

Nominative  as  Subject,  3.  a,  8.  i ; 

as  Predicate,  9. 
Nouns,  Inflection,  4,  5,  12-14,  18  ; 

Derivation,  43,  44. 
Numbers,  3.  2. 
Numerals,  21,  22. 

Object,  Definition,  9. 

Object-Cases,  9.  a,  75. 

Participles,  23.  2,  32.  2  ;  of  Depo- 
nents, 38  ;  Constructions,  120. 

Particles,  41 ;  Interrogative,  10. 

Passive  Voice,  Uses  of,  31. 

Perfect,  Formation  of,  27.  c. 

Personal  Endings,  8. 

Possessives,  19.  e,  162.  R.  3. 

possum  and  prosum,  26. 

Predicate,  Definition,  8  ;  Nomina- 
tive, 9;  Genitive,  97. 

Pronoun,  in  Verb-ending,  8.  2 ; 
Personal  and  Reflexive,  18  (57)  ; 
Possessive,  19,  e;  Demonstra- 
tive, 19  (57)  ;  Relative,  20  (58). 

Pronunciation,  i,  2. 

Purpose,  Subjunctive  of,  108  ;  Sub- 
stantive Clauses  of,  115. 

Quantity,  Rules  of,  2. 
Questions,  10  (50);  Indirect,  118. 

Reading  at  Sight,  133-138. 

Reflexive  Pronoun,  19. 

Relative  Pronouns,  20;  Rule,  21  ; 

162.  R.  4. 
Result,  Clauses  of,  108,  117. 


Root,  3.  3.  «  ;  42  2,  3  ;  in  Deriva- 
tives, 126-128. 

Sentence,  the  Latin,  129-133. 

Stem  of  Nouns,  3.  3.  b^  12.  a,  13. 
ay  14.  a;  of  Perfect,  27.  c;  of 
Present  in  Verbs,  42.  2. 

Subject,  Definition,  8 ;  Accusa- 
tive, 32.  d ;  162.  R.  22. 

Subjunctive  Mood,  23.  b  ;  Inde- 
pendent, 99  ;  Tenses  of,  loi  ;  in 
Conditions,  103,  104 ;  with  Com- 
parative Particles,  105  ;  in  Tem- 
poral Clauses,  106  ;  of  Purpose 
and  Result,  108;  of  Charac- 
teristic, no;  in  Intermediate 
Clauses,  in;  in  Substantive 
Clauses,  115,  117;  General 
Rules,  163.  R.  43-48. 

Substantive  Clauses,  114-119;  In- 
finitive, 114;  of  Purpose,  115; 
of  Result,  117;  with  quod,  1 18  ; 
Indirect  Questions,  118. 

Supine,  23.  3.  b ;  163.  R.  42. 

Synopsis  of  Verbs,  27.  e ;  of  Con- 
structions, 243,  244. 

Temporal  Clauses,  106. 

Tenses,    24 ;    Sequence    of,    lOi  ; 

Rule  for,  163.  R.  48. 
Time  and  Space,  97-99. 
Transitive  Verbs,  9.  i  ;  in  Passive, 

31.^. 
Translation,  Rules  for,  1 29-1 31. 

Verbs,  8  ;  Moods  and  Tenses,  23  ; 
Conjugations,  26-37  ;  Deponent, 
37  ;  Irregular,  38  ;  Defective, 
40.  I ;  Impersonal,  40.  2  ;  Deriva- 
tion, 42;  Derivative  Forms,  44; 
Compounds,  45  ;  Syntax,  99-123. 

Vowel-Stems  of  Nouns  (3d  decl.), 
14  ;  Adjectives,  15  ;  Verbs,  42.  2^. 

Words,  Meaning  of,  as  shown  by 
Derivation,  124-128. 


TO     TEACHERS. 


In  the  paradigms  given  in  this  book,  the  case-endings,  &c.,  have  been 
marked  by  bold  type.  This  is  intended  simply  for  the  convenience  of  the 
learner,  and  has  nothing  to  do  with  the  etymological  theory  of  stems. 
Thus  the  noun-stem  of  pueris  is  puerd-,  and  the  verb-stem  of  monuit 
is  mone-  ;  while  these  words  are  printed  so  as  to  show  the  character- 
istic ending  of  the  case,  number,  tense,  or. person.  As  the  stem-theory 
is  beset,  to  the  beginner,  by  some  special  difficulties,  it  seems  best  that 
the  forms  themselves  should  be  made  very  familiar  before  that  is  taken 
up  J  and,  to  be  dealt  with  intelligently,  it  requires  much  more  abundant 
illustration  than  could  be  given  here.  It  may  be  illustrated  orally  by 
the  teacher ;  but  should  be  used,  in  any  case,  to  explain  difficulties,  not 
to  multiply  them. 

It  will  be  observed  that  the  lists  of  words  on  pp.  46-72  are  not 
intended  as  complete  vocabularies  to  the  Lessons,  but  to  furnish 
a  sufficient  number  and  variety  of  examples  for  practice.  If  well  com- 
mitted to  memory,  they  will,  it  is  believed,  greatly  help  in  mastering 
the  earlier  difficulties  of  the  tongue. 

The  sentences  given  for  practice  are  intended,  in  general,  to  offer  no 
difficulty  too  great  for  the  average  learner,  but  with  here  and  there  an 
example  to  try  the  ingenuity  of  the  brightest.  If  any  should  prove  too 
hard,  let  them  be  omitted  without  hesitation  :  there  are  enough  left, 
and  to  spare.  At  the  same  time,  it  is  these  very  difficulties,  much  more 
than  the  facilities,  that  test  and  develop  the  learner's  capacity,  and  help 
his  real  progress  in  the  language.  If  the  practice  of  reading  at  sight, 
with  the, teacher's  direction  and  help,  is  followed  from  a  very  early  stage, 
most  of  them  will  disappear  of  themselves.  In  such  practice,  the 
method  indicated  in  pages  133-138  should  be  followed,  subject,  how- 
ever, to  the  teacher's  judgment  and  experience. 


INTRODUCTION. 


I.  —  Pronunciation. 

There  is  at  present  a  strong  tendency,  among  the  best 
scholars,  to  pronounce  Latin  (as  well  as  Greek)  phonetically, 
giving  to  each  letter  of  the  alphabet  the  one  sound  which  by 
the  best  authority  most  nearly  represents  that  given  it  by 
Romans  of  the  classic  ages.  These  sounds  are  given  in  the 
first  Lesson  (p.  i).  Observing  the  rules  of  accent,  it  is  only 
necessary  to  give  each  letter  its  proper  enunciation.  This  is 
by  far  the  easiest  and  simplest  way.  It  may  be  acquired  by 
any  intelligent  person,  with  a  good  ear,  in  ten  minutes ; 
though  practice  will  be  required  to  make  the  reading  fluent 
and  agreeable. 

Many  persons,  however,  prefer  to  retain  the  English 
Method,  so  called  ;  that  is,  the  practice  which  has  prevailed, 
with  some  variation,  in  England  and  among  ourselves,  for  the 
last  two  or  three  centuries.  In  general,  the  following  direc- 
tion is  sufficient.  Read  a  Latin  sentence  just  as  if  the  words 
were  English,  observing  the  rules  of  accent  (p.  2),  and  bearing 
in  mind  that  there  are  no  silent  letters.  This  single  precept 
would  probably  give  a  pronunciation  as  correct  and  about  as 
uniform  as  can  be  had  from  any  number  of  arbitrary  rules. 
A  few  special  points  necessary  to  be  observed  are  given  in 
the  grammar  (§  2,  2).  To  read  Latin  easily  and  well  is  an 
accomplishment  which  must  be  taught  orally,  and  acquired 
by  practice.  The  directions  which  follow,  accordingly,  are 
not  ifitended  to  be  studied  by  the  pupil,  but  to  serve  as  a  guide 
in  cases  of  doubt. 


xiv  Latin  Method, 

1.  The  chief  difference  between  Latin  (pronounced  as  in 
EngHsh)  and  EngHsh  is  that  the  former  has  no  silent  letters. 
Every  vowel  makes  a  syllable;  except  in  the  combinations  ae,  oe, 
au,  eu,  ei,  ui,  and  u  before  a  vowel,  and  these  are  separate  when 
marked  with  the  diaeresis.     Thus  di-es,  ma-re,  pau-pe-ri-e-i, 

2.  The  vowels  always  have  their  English  sounds  :  — 
a  as  in  mane  or  man.  ae 


u         u  J  .  as  e. 

be  or  bed  oe 


'1 

11  ) 


i       „     fittd  or  fin.  au  as  aw  in  awe. 

o      „      710 te  or  not.  eu  as  ew  in  hew. 

u     ,,      tune  or  tun.  ei 

y  as  i.  ui 

3.  An  unaccented  i  before  another  vowel  is  in  almost  all  cases 
changed  into  its  semivowel  y.  In  the  same  cases  as  in  English 
this  y  blends  with  the  preceding  consonant,  making  the  sound  of 
sh,  as  in  Maia  (Ma-ya),  Pompeius  (Pom-pd-yus),  Harpy ia 
(Harpi-ya),  socius  (so-shus),  vitium  (vish-yum),  Asia  (A-shya). 

Except  such  words  as  Fabius  (Fa-be-us),  where  the  y  is  less 
distinct ;  so  Sextius,  fiectier,  where  it  is  hardly  distinguishable  at 
all.     Practice  must  be  the  guide  in  these  cases. 

4.  Of  the  two  sounds  of  the  vowels  above  given  the  long  sound 
(so  called)  ends  a  syllable,  the  short  ("  stopped  ")  sound  is  followed 
by  a  consonant:  as  pa-ter  (pay-ter),  mag-nus  (mag-nus),  de-dit 
(de-dit),  reg-num  (reg-num).  But  a  at  the  end  of  an  unaccented 
syllable  has  an  obscure  sound  as  in  the  word  A7nerica  :  stella 
(stellah). 

5.  The  combinations  quad  and  quart  are  pronounced  as  in 
the  English  quart;  arr  is  pronounced  as  in  Harry ;  es  at  the  end 
of  all  words,  and  os  at  the  end  of  plural  words  have  the  long 
sound  :  pes  (pease),  pares  (pay-reze),  nos  (noce)  ;  post  (with  its 
compounds)  is  pronounced  like  the  same  word  in  English. 

6.  The  consonants  are  pronounced  as  in  English.  Thus,  c  is 
soft  (j-)  before  e,  i,  y,  ae,  oe,  eu.  Elsewhere  it  is  hard  {k\  and  it 
blends  with  u  in  nearly  the  same  cases  as  in  English,  as  socius, 
conscius  (pronounced  shus) ;  oh  is  always  k,  as  in  charta,  uidchina; 
g  is  soft  (7)  and  hard  in  the  same  situations  respectively  as  c. 

7.  S  is  usually  hard  (sharp  as  in  saw).  It  is  sonant  (soft,  z)  at 
the  end  of  a  word,  after  e,  ae,  au,  n,  r,  as  pes,  atides,  mons,  pars, 
trans  (even  in  composition).  A  few  other  words  have  also  sonant 
8  {z),  as  causa,  rosa. 

8.  X  has  the  sound  of  z  at  the  beginning  and  of  ks  at  the 
end  of  syllables  :  as,  Xerx-es,  pax. 


Introduction .  xv 

Since  many  of  the  sounds  depend  upon  the  open  or  close 
syllables,  the  following  rules  for  the  division  of  syllables  may 
be  observed,  which  are,  however,  the  regular  rules  in  English. 

9.  A  vowel  not  accented  and  a  penultimate  vowel  in  any  case 
complete  their  syllables  without  a  following  single  consonant  or 
mute  with  /  or  r,  as  socius,  ratio.  (This  rule  applies  when  the 
number  of  syllables  is  reduced  by  rule  3  above.) 

10.  A  vowel  accented,  not  penultimate,  requires  the  following 
single  consonant,  or  divides  the  combination  of  mute  with  /  or  r. 

11.  But  a  following  i  and  e  attract  a  consonant  rather  than  an 
accented  a,  e,  6,  preceding;  as  7ne'di-d-tor,  hae-re-o  pd-tri-us. — 
u,  on  the  other  hand,  repels  a  following  consonant,  as  Iti-ci-dus, 
du-ri-us. 

12.  A  single  consonant  after  any  accented  vowel  except  the 
penultimate  is  joined  with  that  vowel.  A  mute  and  liquid  in  this 
position  are  separated.  In  other  cases  a  single  consonant  or  a 
mute  and  liquid  belong  to  the  following  vowel. 

13.  Two  consonants  (except  a  mute  and  /  or  r  as  above)  are 
divided  :  as,  mag-nus,  cor-pus. 

14.  Of  three  or  more  consonants,  the  last  (or  a  mute  with  I  or  r 
as  above)  is  given  to  the  following  syllable. 

15.  A  compound  word  is  divided  between  the  parts  if  the  first 
ends  in  a  consonant,  otherwise  it  follows  the  rules  for  single  words  : 
?iSj  prod-est,  circum-esse,  prae-sto^  ego-met^  pro-sum. 


2. — Elementary  Definitions. 

1.  Grammar  treats  of  the  different  forms  of  words  (Ety- 
mology), and  the  mode  of  connecting  them  in  speech 
(Syntax). 

2.  Words  are  either  Nouns,  Adjectives,  Pronouns,  Verbs, 
Participles,  Adverbs,  Prepositions,  Conjunctions,  or  Interjec- 
tions.    These  are  called  Parts  of  Speech. 

3.  Words  like  Ccesar,  consul,  temple,  virtue,  which  are  names 
of  persons,  things,  or  ideas,  are  called  Nouns. 

Names  of  Persons  and  Places  are  called  Proper  Nouns  ; 
other  names  are  Common  (as  temple^  or  Abstract  (as  virtue). 

4.  Words  like  brave,  loud,  strong,  which  express  qualities, 
are  called  Adjectives. 


XV i  Latin  Method, 

5.  Words  which  indicate  any  person  or  thing,  without  either 
naming  or  describing,  are  called  Pronouns.  These  include 
Personal,  as  /,  thou^  we,  he^  they ;  and  Adjective,  as  these^ 
those  (Demonstrative),  my^  your  (Possessive),  who^  which 
(Relative  or  Interrogative). 

6.  Words  like  build^  fight^  stand;  be,  suffer,  which  express 
actions  or  conditions,  are  called  Verbs. 

7.  Words  like  conquering,  going,  gone,  beaten,  which  describe 
by  means  of  actions  or  conditions,  are  called  Participles. 

8.  Words  like  nobly,  well,  very,  here,  now,  to-day,  which 
define  an  action  or  quality  in  manner,  place,  time,  or  the  like, 
are  called  Adverbs. 

9.  Words  like /or,  with,  by,  against,  which  show  the  relation 
between  a  noun  and  other  words  in  the  sentence,  are  called 
Prepositions. 

10.  Words  like  and,  or,  if,  but,  then,  which  connect  words 
or  sentences  together,  are  called  Conjunctions. 

11.  Some  words  as  where,  while,  till,  ?ievertheless,  both 
define  as  adverbs  and  connect  as  conjunctions.  These  are 
called  Adverbial  Conjunctions. 

12.  Words  like  ah  /  ho  I  alas  !  are  mere  exclamations,  and 
are  not  strictly  parts  of  speech,  but  are  called  Interjections. 

3.  —  The   Order  of   Words. 

The  order  of  words  in  Latin  is  comparatively  free  ;  but  the 
following  rules  may  serve  as  a  guide  to  the  beginner. 

1.  In  general,  put  the  Subject  first  and  the  Verb  last.     But  — 

2.  Any  very  emphatic  word  may  be  first  or  last. 

3.  An  Adjective,  except  for  emphasis,  follows  the  noun;  but 
may  precede  the  preposition  with  its  noun :  as,  multis  in  locis. 

4.  The  verb i?tqua7n  (in  quotations),  and  the  conjunctions  autein, 
enim,  quoque,  vero,  always  follow  one  or  more  words  in  their  clause. 

5    The  order  is  very  often  determined  by  Emphasis  or  Contrast. 
6.  Observe  carefully  and  imitate  the  form  of  the  sentences  given 
as  examples.     (For  special  rules  of  arrangement,  see  Or.  §  76  ) 


PART    FIRST. 


ELEMENTARY     LESSONS. 

Lessofi   I. 

Pronunciation  and  Accent. 

Note.  —  Pronunciation  should  be  taught  orally  by  the  teacher. 
The  pronunciation  of  Latin  is  different  in  different  countries. 
Among  us,  it  usually  follows  one  of  two  ways,  which  may  be  called 
the  Roman  (or  Phonetic)  and  the  English. 

1.  By  the  Roman  (or  Phonetic)  method,  every 
letter  has  ahvays  the  same  sounds   as   follows  :  — 

Vowels  :  a  as  in  father;  a  as  in  fast. 

e  as  in  reiti;  S  as  in  met. 

<  i  as  in  machine;  i  as  \\\  pin  or  piano. 

o  as  in  holy;  6  as  in  obey. 

u  as  in  rude  {oo  in  boot) ;  u  as  mfull. 
N.B.  —  Vowels  marked  thus,  a,  e,  i,  5,  u,  are  long;  marked 
thus,  a,  e,  i,  6,  ii,  are  short.      A  long  syllable  is  reckoned  equal 
to  two  short  ones. 

Diphthongs  :  ae  like  ^y^oe  like  oy ;  au  like  ow  in  now. 

ei  as  in  eight ;  eu  as  ew ;^vi\  as  we  {oo'ee). 
Consonants  :  c  and  g  are  always  hard,  as  in  come,  get. 
s  is  always  sharp,  as  in  sea,  lips. 
3  is  like  y;  v  like  "w  (or  v) ;  qu  as  in  English. 
bs  is  like  ps;   ch  like  k;   ph  like  f. 

2.  By  the  English  method,  the  letters  have  the 
same  sound  as  in  English;  but  — 

a.  There  are  no  silent  letters,  each  word  having  as  many 
syllables  as  there  are  vowels  or  diphthongs. 

b.  Final  a  is  pronounced  as  in  Atnei'ica ;  but  in  the  mono- 
syllables a,  da,  qua,  sta,  the  long  sound  is  sometimes  given. 

1  Particle  of  Affirmation.  2  ^s  in  few. 


.?,  Latin  Method, 

c.  The  diphthongs  ae,  oe,  are  pronounced  h'ke  ee ;  au  like  aw; 
eu  like  ew ;  ei  and  ui  like  /  in  kite ;  es  and  (in  plural  words)  os 
at  the  end  of  a  word,  as  in  disease^  morose. 

d.  The  consonants  c  and  g  are  made  soft  (like  s  and  j)  before 
e,  i,  y,  ae,  oe,  eu ;   ch  is  always  hard,  as  in  ckasjn,  chemist. 

3.  The  following  are  general  Rules  of  Quantity  :  — 

a.  A  vowel  before  another  vowel  or  h  is  short :  as  in  via,  nlhiL 

b.  A  diphthong  is  long  :  as  in  aedes,  foedus. 

c.  A  syflable  formed  by  contraction  is  long:  as,  nil  (nihil). 

d.  A  syllable  in  which  a  vowel  is  followed  by  two  consonants, 
or  a  double  consonant  (x,  z),  is  long :  as  in  rectus,  rexit. 

e.  A  syllable  in  which  a  short  vowel  is  followed  by  a  mute 
with  1  or  r  is  common  ;  i.  e.  it  may  be  long  in  verse :  as  in  alacris. 

4.  The  following  are  Rules  of  Accent :  — 

a.  Words  of  two  syllables  are  always  accented  on  the  first 
syllable. 

d.  Words  of  more  than  two  syllables  are  accented  on  the 
Penult,  if  that  is  long  :  as,  ami'cus  ;  if  it  is  short  or  common,  then 
on  the  Antepenult :  as,  do'minus,  a'lacris. 

Definition  :  The  Penult  is  the  last  syllable  but  one  ;  the  Ante- 
penult, the  last  but  two. 


Lesson  2. 

The  Inflection  of  Nouns. 

I.  Nouns  are  of  three  Genders,   masculine  (m.), 
feminine  (f.),  and  neuter  (n.). 

a.  Names  of  male  beijigs,  rivers,  winds,  and  mountaifis  are 
Masculine. 

b.  Names  oi  feinale  beings,  cities,  countries,  and  plants,   are 
Feminine. 

c.  Neuter  nouns  include  indeclinable  nouns,  terms  or  phrases 
used  as  nouns,  and  words  quoted  merely  for  their  form. 

d.  Many  names  of  Things  —  as  lapis  (m.),  a  stone,  mensa  (f.), 
a  table  —  are  masculine  or  feminine. 

e.  Nouns  which  may  be  of  either  gender  according  to  sex  are 
said  to  be  of  Common  gender  (c.) :  as,  dux,  leader;  bos,  ox  or  cow. 


Elementary  Lessons,  3 

2.  Nouns  are  declined  in  two  Numbers,  singular 
and  -plural;  and  in  six  Cases,  nommative^  genitive^ 
dative^  accusative^  vocative^  ablative, 

a.  The  Nominative  is  the  case  of  the  Subject  of  a  sentence 
(see  Lesson  6). 

b.  The  Genitive  may  generally  be  translated  by  the  English 
Possessive,  or  with  the  preposition  of. 

c.  The  Dative  is  the  case  of  the  Indirect  Object:  it  may  usually 
be  translated  with  the  preposition  to  or  for;  but  sometimes 
corresponds  to  the  English  Objective. 

d.  The  Accusative  is  the  case  of  the  Direct  Object  (see  Lesson 
7)  :  it  is  used  with  most  of  the  Latin  Prepositions. 

e.  The  Vocative  is  the  case  of  Direct  Address. 

/.  The  Ablative  may  usually  be  translated  with  the  prepositions 

FROM,  BY,  WITH,  IN,  Or   AT. 

g.  All  the  cases,  except  the  nominative  and  vocative,  may  be 
used  as  object-cases  ;  and  are  sometimes  called  oulique  cases. 

N.  B.  —  The  meanings  and  uses  of  the  Cases,  which  are  very 
numerous,  will  be  shown  in  the  "Constructions  of  Syntax"  (pages 
IS  to  99). 

3.  Nouns  are  inflected  in  five  Declensions,  which 
are  thus  distinguished  :  — 

Decl.  I.  Gen.  sing,  ae  Characteristic  5 

»      2.      „         „       1  „  o 

„      3.      „        „     is  „  i  or  a  Consonant. 

„      4.      „         „      us  (uis)  „  u 

M     5-     »        »     ®i  »  ® 

a.  A  syllable  having  a  signification  of  its  own,  from  which  that 
of  a  word  is  derived,  is  called  a  Root:  thus  from  the  root  sta, 
stand,  is  derived  the  word  unstable  (that  which  cannot  stand). 

b.  The  body  of  a  word,  to  which  the  terminations  are  attached, 
is  called  a  Stem  :  thus  in  milit-is,  of  a  soldier^  the  stem  is  milit-. 

c.  The  last  letter  of  the  stem  is  called  the  stetn-ietter  or  chai'ac- 
teristic;  when  a  vowel,  it  is  often  blended  with  the  termination  : 
as,  currus  for  curru-is. 

Note.  —  In  the  following  Lessons,  and  in  the  Vocabularies,  only 
long  vowels  are,  in  general,  marked.  Those  not  marked,  whether 
or  not  long  by  position,  are  to  be  considered  short  or  common. 


L,atm  Method, 


Lesson  3. 

First  Declension  of  Nouns. 

I.  Learn  the  inflection  of  Stella  (f.),  giving  the 
name  and  meaning  of  all  the  Cases,  as  follows  (§  9)  : 


Nominative. 

Genitive. 

Dative. 

Accusative. 

Vocative. 

Ablative. 


SINGULAR. 

Stella,  a  (or  the)  star. 
stellae,  of  a  star. 
stellae,  to  a  star, 
stellam,  a  star. 
Stella,  thou  star  / 
Stella,  with  a  star. 


PLURAL. 

stellae,  stars. 
stellarum,  of  stars. 
stellis,  to  stars. 
Stellas,  stars. 
stellae,  ye  stars  ! 
stellis,  with  stars. 


2.  In  like  manner  decline  the  following  :  — 


Athenae  (f.  plur.),  Athens. 
copiae  (f.  "^Xwx.)^  forces. 
dea  (f  ),  goddess  (a). 
f  ilia  (f.),  daughter  {a)» 
insula  (f.),  island. 
nauta  (m),  sailor. 


patria  (f.),  native-land. 
porta  (f.),  gate. 
Roma  (f.),  Rome  {b). 
silva  (f.),  wood,  forest. 
terra  (f.),  earth,  land. 
via  longa  (f.),  a  long  way  (c). 


a.  The  dative  and  ablative  plural  of  dea,  filia,  and  a  few  other 
words,  end  in  abus  (see  2.  e).* 
H      b.  The  singular  form  Romae  is  used  to  mean  at  Rome;  and  the 
plural    form   Athenis   to    mean    at  Athens  (2.  ^).     These  forms 
are  called  Locative  (see  Rule  36,  p.  163). 

c.  Adjectives  (as  longa)  are  decHned  like  nouns. 


y^    3.   Decline  the  following  Greek  nouns  :  — 


co7nct  (m.). 

NOM. 

cometes  (a) 

Gen. 

cometae 

DAT. 

cometae 

Acc. 

cometen  (am) 

Voc. 

cometa 

Abl. 

cometa  (e) 

laurel  (f.).       ^Eneas  (m.). 
daphne  Aeneas 

daphnes  (ae)    Aeneae 
daphne  (ae)     Aeneae 


Anchises  (m.). 
Anchises 
Anchlsae 
AnchTsae 


daphnen  Aenean  (am)   Anchisen 

daphne  Aenea  (a)         Anchise  (a) 

daphne  (a)       Aenea  Anchise  (a) 

a.  These  nouns  are  inflected  regularly  in  the  plural. 

b.  Most  nouns  of  the  first  declension  are  Feminine. 

See  Exercise,  page  46. 

*  The  References  are  to  Allen  and  Greenougli's  Latin  Grammar. 


Elementary  Lessons, 


Lesson 


Second  Declension  of  Nouns. 


Learn  the  inflection  of  the  following  (§  10)  : 

SINGULAR. 


slave  (m.). 

boy  (m.). 

book  (m.). 

man  (m.). 

war  (n.). 

NOM. 

servus 

puer 

liber 

vir 

bellum 

Gen. 

servi 

pueri 

libri 

viri 

belli 

DAT. 

serv5 

puero 

libro 

viro 

bello 

Ace. 

servum 

puerum 

librum 

virum 

bellum 

Voc. 

serve 

puer 

liber 

vir 

bellum 

Abl. 

servo 

puero 

libro 

viro 

bello 

PLURAL. 

NOM. 

servi 

puerS 

libri 

viri 

bella 

Gen. 

servorum 

puerorum 

L  librorum 

virorum 

bellorumi 

DAT. 

servis 

pueris 

libris 

viris 

bellis 

Ace. 

servos 

pueros 

libros 

viros 

bella 

Voc. 

servi 

pueri 

libri 

viri 

bella 

Abl. 

servis 

pueris 

libris 

viris 

bellis 

a. 

Nouns  of  this 

declension 

ending  in  us,  er,  and  ir,  are  masci 

line  ; 

those  in  um  are  neuter. 

(For  excel 

Dtions,  see  ' 

V  a,  b). 

b.  All  Latin  nouns  in  um  are  declined  like  bellum  (n.).     In 
all  neuter  nouns,  the  nom.  ace.  and  voc.  plural  end  in  a. 

c.  Notice  that  nouns  in  us  of  this  declension  are  the  only  Latin 
nouns  which  have  the  vocative  different  from  the  nominative. 

v/  d.  Proper  names  in  ius,  with  filius,  son,  lose  e  in  the  vocative 

(so  mi  from  meus,  7ny) :  as,  mi  f  ili,  my  son   (4.  e). 
•^e.  The  voc.  of  deus,^^^,  is  deus ;  the  plural  nom.  and  voc.  are 

dei,  dii,  or  di;  dat.  and  abl   deis,  diis,  or  dis  (4./). 

sCf-  The  Locative  form  is  like  the  genitive  in  the  singular  :  as, 

Corinthi,  af  Corinth ;  humi,  on  the  ground;  vesperi,  at  evening. 

In  the  plural  it  is  like  the  ablative  :  as,  Gabiis,  at  Gabii  (4.  a), 
g.  A  few  Greek  nouns  end  in  os,  on,  instead  of  us,  um.    Names 

ending  in  eus  (like  Orpheus)  are  declined  thus  (7.  a)  :  — 

Nom.  Orpheus  Dat.  Orphei  Voc.  Orpheu 

Gen.    Orphei  (or  eos)      Ace.    Orphea  Abl.  Orpheo 

h.  Decline  together  servus  bonus,  a  good  slave  j   puer  miser, 
unhappy  boy. 

See  Exercise,  page  46. 


Latin  Method, 

Lesson  5. 

A<yectives  of  the  First  and  Second  Declensions. 

PART      FIRST. 

Learn  the  inflection  of  the  following  :  — 


i 


SlNG. 

NOM. 

bonus 

bona 

bonum,  Good. 

Gen. 

boni 

bonae 

boni 

DAT. 

bon5 

bonae 

bono 

Ace. 

bonum 

bonam 

bonum 

Voc. 

bone 

bona 

bonum 

Abl. 

bono 

bona 

bono 

Plur. 

NOM. 

boni 

bonae 

bona 

Gen. 

bonorum           bonarum 

bonorum 

DAT. 

bonis 

bonis 

bonis 

Ace. 

bonos 

bonas 

bona 

Voc. 

boni 

bonae 

bona 

Abl. 

bonis 

bonis 

bonis 

Sing. 

Miser,  ivretched. 

Niger,  black. 

N.,V 

.    miser 

m.isera 

miserum         niger 

nigra        nigrun 

Gen. 

miseri 

miserae 

m.iseri             nigri 

nigrae      nigri 

DAT. 

misero 

miserae 

misero             nigro 

nigrae      nigrd 

Ace. 

miserum 

miseram 

miserum         nigrum 

I    nigram    nigrum 

Abl- 

misero 

misera 

misero             nigro 

nigra       nigro 

The  plural  of  these  adjectives  is  declined  like  that  of  bonus. 

Observe  that  the  declension  of  Adjectives  of  this  form  is  pre- 
cisely the  same  as  that  of  the  corresponding  nouns,  servus,  puer, 
liber  (m.)  ;  steUa  (f.),  bellum  (n.). 

Rule. — Adjectives  agree  with  their  nouns  in 
gender.^  ntmiber^  and  case. 

Decline   together  the   following,   making  the   Adjective  agree 
with  the  Noun  in  gender,  number,  and  case:  — 
vir  bonus,  a  good  man;  hasta  vaiida,  a  strong  spear; 

taurus  niger,  a  black  bull;  bellum  longum,  a  long  war; 

servus  miser,  a  wretched  slave;    filius  meus,  my  son  {d.  p.  5). 
Adverbs  are  formed  from  these  adjectives  by  changing  the  case- 
ending  to  e :  as,  valide,  strongly;  misere,  wretchedly. 


Elementary  Lessons. 


PART      SECOND. 


I.  Decline  the  singular  of  the  following:  — 


M. 

F. 

N. 

M. 

F. 

N. 

NOM. 

unus 

iana 

unum 

uter 

utra 

utrum 

Gen. 

unius 

unius 

unius 

utrius 

utrius 

utrius 

DAT. 

fmT 

uni 

uni 

utri 

utri 

utri 

Ace. 

unum 

iinani 

unum 

utriim 

utram 

utrum' 

Abl. 

uno 

una 

iino 

utro 

utra 

utro 

NoM. 

alius 

alia 

aliud 

alter 

altera 

alterum 

Gen. 

alius 

alius 

alius 

alterius 

alterius 

alterius 

D.\T. 

alii 

alii 

alii 

alteri 

alteri 

alteri 

Ace. 

alium 

aliam 

aliud 

alterum 

alteram 

alterum 

Abl. 

alio 

alia 

alio 

„  ,«Uter6 

altera 

altero 

The  plural  is  declined  regularly,  like  that  of  bonus. 

The  following  are  declined  as  above  :  — 
alius  (n.  aliud),  other,    nullus,  none.     uUus,  a7iy  (with  negatives). 
alter,  other  (of  two).        solus,  alone.     Gnus,  ofie. 
neuter,  -trius,  neither,     totus,  whole,     liter,  -trius,  which  (of  two). 

Observe  that  these,  except  alius,  differ  from  the  regular  declen- 
sion only  in  the  genitive  and  dative  singular,  which  end  in  ius  and  i 
for  all  the  genders.  In  the  plural,  all  are  declined  like  bonus.  From 
their  signification  they  are  rarely  or  never  found  in  the  vocative. 

Duo,  two^  and  ambo,  both,  are  thus  declined  :  — 


NOM. 

duo 

duae 

duo 

Gen. 

duorum 

duarum 

duorum 

DAT. 

duobus 

duabus 

duobus 

Ace. 

duos  (duo) 

duas 

duo 

Abl. 

duobus 

duabus    ' 

duobus 

2.  Many  adjectives  in  the  singular,  and  most  ad- 
jectives in  the  plural,  may  be  used  as  Nouns:  thus. 


liber,  a  free  man. 
amicus,  a  friend. 
Romanus,  a  Roman. 


bona,  good  things  (property). 
Latini,  the  Latins. 
Sabinae,  the  Sabine  women. 


Rule.  —  A   noun   used  to  describe   another.,    and 
meaning  the  same  thing.,  agrees  with  it  in  case:  as, 

Homerus  poeta,  Homer  the  poet ;  Gabiorum  oppidi,  of  the  town 
Gabii.  See  Exercise,  page  ^T. 


V 


8  Latin  Method, 

Lesson  6. 

Simple  Sentence:   1.  Subject  and  Predicate. 

Definition.  —  The  Subject  of  a  sentence  is  the 
-person  or  thing  spoken  of :  the  Predicate  is  that 
which  is  stated  of  the  subject  (§  45,  2). 

1.  Every  complete  sentence  must  contain  a  Subject 
and  a  Verb.  The  Subject  is  in  the  nominative  case 
(§  49,  2)  :  as, 

equus  curr-'icM"  horse  runs. 
regina  sedet,  the  queen  sits. 

Note.  —  In  certain  constructions,  a  verb  is  put  in  the  Infinitive 
mood,  in  which  case  its  subject  becomes  the  Accusative  (Less.  21). 

2.  In  Latin,  the  subject  may  be  a  personal  pronoun 
contained  in  the  termination  of  the  verb  itself:  as, 
aro,  I  plough  {am  ploughing)  j  sedemus,  we  sit;  curritis,  j^w  run. 

Note.  —  This  is  true,  in  general,  only  when  the  verb  is  of  the 
first  or  second  person.  With  the  third  person,  a  definite  subject 
must  be  expressed,  unless  implied  in  what  goes  before  or  follows. 

3.  Learn  the  following  forms  of  the  verb  esse, 
to  be:  — • 

PRESENT. 

sum,  /  am.  sumus,  we  are. 

es,  thou  art  {you  are).  eatis, you  are. 

est,  he  (she,  it)  is.  sunt,  they  are. 

IMPERFECT. 

eram,  /  was.  eramus,  we  were. 

eras,  thou  wast  (you  were).         eiRtis, you  were. 
erat,  he  {she,  it)  was.  erant,  they  were. 

Upon  comparing  these  forms,  the  learner  will  notice  that  the 
terminations  are  ahke  for  each  person :  thus, 

Singular  i.-m  Plural  i.-mus 

2. -s  2. -tis 

3-t  3-iit 


I 


Elementary  Lessons,  9 

Rule. —  The  case  of  the  Predicate,  after  esse,  is 
the  same  with  that  of  the  Subject, 

Examples. 

1.  Pueri  sumus,  we  are  boys. 

2.  Stellae  lucidae  erant,  the  stars  were  bright. 

3.  Parati  non  eramus,  we  were  not  ready. 

4.  Viri  boni  sunt/  they  are  good  men. 

5.  Roma  patria  est  nostra,  Rome  is  our  native  city. 

6.  Prisci  Roman!  erant  agricolae,  the  early  Romans  were 
farmers. 

1  This  sentence  may  be  translatea'?/^^  (some  persons  previously  re- 
ferred to,  and  implied  in  the  termination)  are  good  men  ;  or,  the  men  are 
good ;  also  (considering  sunt  as  a  substantive  verb),  there  are  good  men. 
In  the  first  case,  boni  and  viri  are  both  predicate  ;  in  the  second,  viri 
is  subject  and  bom  predicate ;  in  the  third,  both  are  in  the  subject. 
See  Exercise,  page  48. 

Lesson  7. 

Simple  Sentence  :  2.  Object  Accusative. 

Definition.  —  The  Object  of  a  verb  is  that  on 
which  its  action  is  exerted. 

Rule.  —  The  Accusative  is  the  case  of  the  direct 
OBJECT  of  a  transitive  verb. 

I.  The  action  of  many  verbs  (called  Transitive 
verbs)  passes  over  upon  an  object,  which  must  be 
expressed  to   complete  the  sense :  as, 

vocat  f  ilium,  he  calls  (his)  son. 

vidimus  lunam  et  Stellas,  we  see  the  moon  and  stars. 

a.  With  certain  verbs,  the  genitive,  dative,  or  ablative  may  be 
used  as  an  object-case,  where  the  corresponding  English  verbs 
require  the  objective  (see  p.  75). 

b.  Many  verbs  transitive  in  Latin  are  translated  in  English  by  a 
verb  requiring  a  preposition  (intransitive)  :  as, 

pecuniam  postulo,  I  ask  for  {demand)  money. 
petit  aprum,  he  amis  at  the  boar. 


/ 


10  Latin  Method. 

2.  Learn  the  following  verb-forms  of  the  First  and 
Second  conjugations  :  — 

I. 

voco,  /  call.  vocamus,  we  call. 

•vocas,j/07i  call  {thou  callest).  vocatis,  j/<?«  call. 

vocat,  he  {she,  it)  calls.  vocant,  they  call. 

II. 

video,  /  see.  videmus,  we  see. 

•v\6.e3,yoic  see  {thou  seest).  vidiGtia,  you  see. 

videt,  he  {she,  it)  sees.  vident,  they  see. 

Upon  comparing  these  forms,  the  learner  will  notice  that  the 
first  has  a  and  the  second  e  b^^c^e  the  terminations.  These  vowels 
are  characteristic  of  two  different  conjugations  called  the  Jirst 
and  second.  In  the  first  person  singular,  voca-o  has  been  con- 
tracted into  voco. 


Like  voco  inflect  the  following :  — 

Yl 

,           amo.i  love.                 6.0}  ^ive. 

laudo,^  praise. 

li 

\           2x0}  plough.             juvo,'  help. 

pugno,'/^/^/. 

V 

^    Like  video  inflect  the  following:  — 

r 

dpceo,^  teach.           noceo,^  injure. 

timeo,'^  fear. 

liabeo,^  have.            sedeo,^  sit. 

valeo,2  be  stro7ig. 

See  Exercise,  page 

49- 

Lesson  8. 

Simple  Sentence :   3.   Special  Forms. 

I.  Questions.  —  Questions  in  Latin  are  introduced 
by  Interrogative  Pronouns,  Adverbs,  or  Particles,  and 
are  not  distinguished  by  the  order  of  the  words,  as 
in  English. 

a.  A  Question  of  si7nple  fact,  requiring  the  answer  j/^j'  or  710, 
is  formed  in  Latin  by  adding  the  syllable  -ne  (eitclitic)  to  the 
emphatic  word  :  as, 

erasne  Caesaris  amicus?  were  y  071  (in  fact)  Ccesar^s  frie7idf 

tune  eras  Caesaris  amicus?  were  you  a  friend  of  Ccesar  ? 

Note.  —  Sometimes  the  interrogative  particle  is  omitted,  when 
no  sign  of  a  question  appears  except  in  the  punctuation. 


Elementary  Lessons.  ii 

Y  ^-  A  Question  asking  of  some  circumstaiice  about  the  fact  is 
formed  by  prefixing  to  the  sentence  an  interrogative  word.  Such 
words  are  — 

quis  ?    who  ?    ubi  ?    where  ?    quando  ?  when  ?    quare  ?  why  ? 
quomodo  ?  how  ?  qualis  ?  of  what  sort  ?  quantus  ?  how  great  ? 
Note.  —  A  Question  of  this  form  becomes  an  exclamation  by 
omitting  the  mark  of  interrogation,  or  (in  speech)  by  changing  the 
inflection  of  the  voice. 

c.  When  the  syllable  -ne  is  added  to  a  negative  word, — as 
nonne,  —  an  affirmative  answer  is  expected.  The  particle  num 
implies  a  negative  answer:  as, 

nonne  eras  Caesaris  amicus  ?  were  you  not  Ccesar's  friend? 
num  eras  Caesaris  ixiivcd.QiM^l'were you  an  ene7ny  of  Ccesar's? 
(surely  not)  :  i.e.  you  were  not,  were  you  ? 

d.  A  double  or  alternative  question  is  usually  asked  by  utrum 
and  an  (see  §  71,  2):  as,  utrum  amicus  Caesaris  an  inimicus 
eras,  were  yoti  a  friend  or  an  enemy  of  Ccesar  ? 

e.  There  is  no  word  in  Latin  meaning  simply  _y^^  or  no.  Hence, 
in  answering  a  question,  the  verb  is  generally  repeated :  as, 

valesne?.  are  you  well?  valeo,yes  ("  I  am  well  "). 
aderasne  ?  were  you  there  ?  non  aderam,  no. 

2.  Conjunctions.  — Two  simple  sentences  are  often 
connected  by  Conjunctions,  and  make  a  single  sen- 
tence. 

a.  The  commonest  Conjunctions  are  the  following :  — 

Y  ^^,  and.  aut,  vel,  ^r.  nee  {neque),  nor  =  and  Jtot . 

sed,  but.  -que  {enclitic),  and.     atque  (sometimes  ac  before  a 

at,  but  yet.        quoque,  «/j'<f.  conson2in\.),  and  besides. 

b.  The  following  are  often  repeated  in  the  different  parts  of  the 
sentence,  for  the  sake  of  distinction  or  emphasis  :  — 

et  or  -que,  both  .  .  .  and.         nee  or  neque,  neither  .  .  .  7ior. 
aut  (vel),  either  ,  ,  .  or  (compare  utrum  ...  an,  whether .  .  .  or). 

c.  It  is  very  common,  in  sentences  thus  made  up  of  two  or  more 
members,  to  express  in  one  part  what  must  be  understood  in  the 
rest  {ellipsis)  :  as, 

C.  Gracchus  amicus  plebis  erat,  Scipiones  inimici  [plebis 
erant],  Caius  Gracchus  was  a  friend  of  the  comtnons,  the 
Scipios  [were  their]  enemies. 

See  Exercise,  page  50. 


12 


Latin  Method, 


Lesson  9. 

Third  Declension  of  Xoung. 

PART    FIRST. 


I.  Decline  the  following  (§  11,  iii.). 


tJOUt  c 


Sing. 

help  (F.). 

ki7ig  (M.) 

.    guide  (C.), 

soldier  (.m.) 

head  (n.) 

N.,  V. 

[ops] 

rex 

dux 

miles 

caput    . 

Gen. 

opis 

regis 

ducis 

mllitis 

capitis 

DAT. 

opi 

regi 

duci 

mlliti 

capiti 

Ace. 

opem  Y 

regem 

ducem 

mllitem 

caput 

Abl. 

ope 

rege 

•^''  xduce 

milite 

capite 

Plur. 

wealth. 

N.,  V. 

opes 

reges 

duces 

milites 

capita 

Gen. 

opum^ 

regum 

ducum 

militum 

capitum 

DAT. 

opibus 

regibu^ 

ducibus 

militibus 

capitibus 

Ace. 

opes 

reges 

duces 

milites 

capita 

Abl. 

opibus 

regibus 

ducibus 

militibus 

capitibus 

2. 

In  like  manner  decline  :  — 

princeps,  ipis  (c),  chief.  apex,  icis  {m.\  peak. 

custos,  odis  {u.),  guard.  cor,  cordis  (n.),  heart. 

aestas,  atis  (f.),  su;/imer.  poema,  atis  {>^.),poem. 

a.  In  these  nouns,  the  Stem  ends  in  a  7mite  consonant. 

b.  The  nominative  singular  of  masculine  and  feminine  nouns  is 
formed  by  adding  s  to  the  stem;  sometimes  (as  in  miles)  with  a 
change  of  vowel. 

c.  The  letter  t  or  d  is  lost  before  s ;  c  or  g  is  joined  with  s  and 
becomes  x. 

^.  In  Neuter  nouns,  the  accusative  is  always  the  same  as  the 
nojninative. 

e.  In  a  few  Greek  nouns  (as  lampas),  the  genitive  singular  ends 
in  63,  and  the  accusative  in  a;  and  the  accusative  plural  in  as. 

Examples  {for  analysis). 

*  I.  Opes^  amplas  philosophus  habet. 

2.  Non  est  vera  voluptas  sine  virtiite. 

3.  Fata  nullae  preces  commovent. 

4.  Non  hospes  ab  hospite  tutus  erat. 

1  The  singular  (meaniiig  Aetp)  is  not  used  in  the  Nominative. 


Elementary  Lessons, 


13 


PART     SECOND. 

I.  Decline  the  following  :  — 
Sing.     co?tsul  {m.).  lion  (m.).     maiden{^).na7ne  {^.). 


N,  v., 
Gen. 

DAT. 

Ace. 
Abl. 

Plur. 
N.,V. 
Gen. 

DAT. 

Ace. 


consul 

consulis 
consul! 
consulem 
consule 


leo 

leonis 
leoni  V 
leonem 
leone 


Virgo 

virginis 
virgin! 
virginer 
virofine 


nomen 

nominis 
nomini 
nomen 
nomine 


body  (n.). 

corpus 

corporis 

corpori 

corpus 

corpore 


consules  leones 

consulum ,  leonum 

consulibus  leonibus 

consules  leones 


virgines  nomma        corpora 

vjrginum  nominum     corporum 

virginibus  nominibus  corporibus 

virgines  nomina        corpora 


Abl.       consulibus  leonibus      virginibus   nominibus  corporibus 


2.  In  like  manner  decline 


X 


homo,  inis  (m.),  ^nan. 
mulier,  eris  (f.),  ivoinan. 
pulvis,  eris  (m.),  dust. 
hpnor  (os),  oris  (m.),  honor, 
pater,  tris  (m.),  father. 


oratib,  onis  (f,),  discourse. 
fulgur,  uris  (n.),  lightning. 
fulmen,  inis  (n.),  thimderbolt, 
genus,  eris  (n.),  race,  birth. 
iter,  itineris,  (n.),  journey. 


a.  In  these  nouns  the  Stem  ends  in  a  liquid  (1,  n,  r). 

b.  The  nominative  is  the  same  as  the  stem  (sometimes  chang- 
ing the  vowel)  ;  but  n  in  masculine  and  feminine  nouns  is  dropped 
in  the  nominative,  and  some  apparently  r-stems  have  s  (§  11,  ii.  d). 

c.  Nouns  in  o,  onis  (as  leo),  are  Masculine.  Those  in  io, 
ionis,  are  also  masculine  in  many  names  of  visible  objects,  as  scipio, 
a  staff  J  but  when  abstract  ox  collective  —  as  proditio,  treason; 
legio,  legion  —  they  are  Feminine. 

d.  These  four,  imber,  linter,  uter,  venter,  with  glis,  mas, 
mus,  ren,  have  the  genitive  plural  in  ium  (see  page  14). 


I. 
2. 
3- 
4- 
nuntiant 


Examples. 

Homines  vana  gloriae  imago  tenet. 
Nemo  vere  aestimat  tempus. 

Genus  ex  alto  sanguine  deorum  habemus.  ^ 

Mira   fulminis    opera  sunt.     Fulmina  fatorum  ordinem 
olei  et  unguenti  teter  post  fulmen  odor  est. 


.^-t^'^t^M^ 


H 


Latin  Method, 


LiTL^ 


PART     THIRD. 


•^^^1^50^ 


I.  Decline  the  following  :  — 
Sing,     tower  i^).    cloud  (¥.).  sea  (ti.). 


animali^^.  city  (f.). 


N.,  V. 

turris 

nubes 

mare 

animal 

urbs 

Gen. 

turris 

nubis 

maris 

animalis 

urbis 

DAT. 

turri  >  • 

nubi 

mari 

animali 

urbi 

Ace. 

turrem  (im 

)  nubem 

mare 

animal 

urbem 

Abl. 

turre  (i) 

nube 

mari 

animali 

urbe 

Plur. 

N.,  V. 

turres 

nubes 

maria 

animalia 

urbes 

Gen. 

turrium  y- 

nubium 

marium 

animalium 

urbium 

DAT. 

turribus 

nubibus 

rnaribus 

animalibus 

urbibus 

Ace. 

turres  (is) 

nubes  (is) 

maria 

animalia 

urbes  (is) 

Abl. 

turribus  V" 

nubibus 

maribus 

animalibus 

urbibus 

-^ 


2.  In  like  manner  decline:  — 

ovis,  is  (p.),  sheep.  calcar,  aris  (n.),  sptir. 

clades,  is  (f.),  disaster.  pars,  partis  {¥.\  part. 

imber,  bris  (m.),  rain-storm.  mus,  muris  (m.),  mouse. 

a.  Nouns  of  this  class  are  called  vowel  or  i-stems.  They  are, 
I.  Those  in  is,  es  (mostly  F.),  with  neuters  in  e,  al,  ar;  2.  Mono- 
syllables with  ste77i  ending  zjt  two  co7isonants ;  3.  Most  nouns  in 
ns  or  rs,  some  in  as,  with  a  few  of  one  syllable.  They  are  thus 
distinguished:  — 

I.  All  have  the  gen,  plur.  in  iimi;  2.  Neuters  have  nom.  and  ace.  plur.  in  ia ; 
3.  The  ace.  plur.  (m.  or  f.)  is  often  written  u;   4.  A  few  in  the  ace.  sing,  end  in 
*  im;   5.  The  abl.  sing,  of  all  neuters,  and  of  many  m.  or  f.,  ends  in  i. 

b.  Masculine  endings  of  this  declension  are  o,  or,  6s,  er,  es; 
feminine  are  as,  es,  is,  ys,  x;  do,  go,  io,  us;  neuter  are  a,  e,  i,  y; 
c,  t,  1 ;  men,  ar,  ur,  iis. 

3.  Decline  the  following,  of  peculiar  inflection  :  — 


/ 


Sing. 

ox,  c. 

old  jnan^  M. 

yiesh,  V. 

bone,  N. 

force,  F. 

swine,  C, 

N.,  V 

b«s 

sgnex 

caro 

6s 

vis 

BUS 

Gkn. 

bSvis 

senis 

carais 

ossis 

vis  (rare) 

suis 

DAT. 

bovi 

seni 

carni 

OSSl 



SUl 

Ace. 

bovem 

senem 

carnem 

OS 

vim 

suem 

Abl. 

bove 

sene 

came 

osse 

vi 

sue 

Plur. 

cattle. 

strength. 

N.,  A.,  V. 

boves 

senes 

carnes 

ossa 

Vires 

sues 

Gen. 

boum 

senura 

ossium 

virium 

suum 

Dat.,  Abl. 

bobus 
(bubus) 

senibus 

carnibus 

ossibus 

viribus 

siibus 
(suibus) 

See  Exercise,  page  51, 


Elementary  Lessons, 


IS 


Lesson   lo. 


Adjectives  of  the  Third  Declension. 

PART      FIRST. 


Learn  the  following  inflections 


Sing. 

M.,  F.   light.   N. 

M.     keen 

.      F. 

N. 

N.,  V. 

levis 

leve 

acer 

acris 

acre 

Gen. 

levis 

levis 

acris 

acris 

acris 

.   \i  ^  - 

€^ 

DAT. 

levi 

levi 

acri 

acri 

acri 

.U4 

< 

Ace. 

levem 

leve 

acrem 

acrem 

acre 

-  V 

Abl. 

lev^ 

levi 

acri 

acri 

acri 

-tStw  . 

O 

Plur. 

-\. 

N.,  V. 

leves 

levia 

acres 

acres 

acria 

Gen. 

levium 

levium 

acriuni 

acrium 

acrium 

DAT. 

levibus 

levibus 

acribus 

acribus 

acribus 

Ace. 

leves  (is) 

levia 

acres  (is) 

acres  (is) 

acria 

Abl. 

levibus 

levibus 

acribus 

acribus 

acribus 

Sing. 

M.,  F.  fierce,      n 

N.,  V. 

atrox 

Gen. 

atrocis 

DAT. 

atroci 

Ace. 

atrocem        atrox 

Abl. 

atroce  or  atroci 

Plur. 

N.,  V. 

atroces          atr5cia 

Gen. 

atrocium 

DAT. 

atrocibus 

Ace. 

atroces  (is)  atrocia 

Abl. 

atrocibus 

Adjectives  declined  like  levis  are  called  adjectives  of  two  ter- 
minations. 

Twelve  adjectives, — dcer^  aldcer,  catnpester,  celeber^  equester, 
paiuster^  puter,  sahiber,  Silvester,  terrester,  volticer,  with  celer, 
ceteris,  celere  —  are  declined  like  levis,  except  that  the  masculine 
nominative  and  vocative  singular  end  in  er.  They  are  called 
adjectives  of  three  tertninaiiotis . 

PART     SECOND. 

I.  Decline  the  following  :  — 

■"^-,  F.    needy.       n. 
egens 
egentis 
egenti 
egentem        egens 
^fOfttetic?^  egenti 

egentes  egentia 

egentium 
egentibus 

egentes  (is)    egentia 
egentibus 


i6 


Latin  Method, 


Sing. 

M.,  F.  rich.    n. 

M.,  F.  fertile,     n. 

M.,  F.  old.     N. 

N.,  V. 

dives 

Tiber 

vetus 

Gen. 

divitis 

uberis 

veteris 

DAT. 

diviti 

Oberi 

veteri 

Ace. 

divitem    dives 

iiberem      Ober 

veterem       vetus 

Abl. 

divite  (5^ 

ubere  (5) 

vetere  ^ 

Plur. 

N.,  V. 

divites     [ditia] 

uberes     ubera 

veteres       vetera 

Gen. 

divitum 

uberum 

veterum 

DAT. 

divitibus 

iiberibus 

veteribus 

Ace. 

divites     [ditia] 

iiberes     libera 

veteres       vetera 

Abl. 

divitibus 

iiberibus 

veteribus 

a.  These  are  called  adjectives  of  one  iertnination^  having  only 
one  form  in  the  nominative  singular. 

b.  When  used  as  nouns,  they  have  the  ablative  singular  in  e; 
otherwise  more  commonly  in  L 


V^ 


c.  Adverbs  are  formed  from  adjectives  of  the  third  declension 


with  the  ending  ter  or  iter ;  as,  leviter,  lightly;  atrocitex,  fercely. 
2.  Decline  the  following  Comparatives  :  — 


M.,  F.  7nore. 


N. 

plus 

pilaris 

plus 
plure 


plures  plura 

plurium 
pluribus 
plures  plura 

pliiribus 

a.  The  singular  plus  is  used  only  as  a  neuter  noun  ;  the  geni- 
tive (rarely  ablative),  as  an  expression  of  value. 

d.  The  neut.  sing.  ace.  of  comparatives  is  used  as  an  adverb  :  as, 
levius,  7nore  lightly ;  atrooius,  more  fiercely. 

^Examples. 

1.  Viri  fortes  pericula  non  timent. 

2.  Non  omnis  via  brevis  est  facilis. 

3.  Gustos  es  pauperis  horti. 

See  Exercise,  page  53. 


Sing. 

M.,  F.  better.        n. 

N.,  V. 

melior            melius 

Gen. 

m  el  i  oris 

DAT. 

meliori 

Ace. 

meliorem        melius 

Abl. 

meliore  or"! 

Plur. 

N.,  V. 

meliores        meliora 

Gen. 

meliorum 

DAT. 

melioribus 

Ace. 

meliores        meliora 

Abl. 

melioribus 

Elementary  Lessons.  17 

Lesson   1 1 . 

Comparison  of  Adjectives. 

1.  The  Comparative  is  formed  by  adding  ior,  and 
the  Superlative  by  adding  issimus,  to  the  stem  of  the 
positive :  as, 

altus,  high;  altior,  higher ;  altissimus,  highest. 
levis,  light  J  levior;  levissimus. 
2i\xo-si,  fierce ;  atrooior;  atrocissimus. 
egens,  7teedy  j  egentior;  egentissimus. 
N.  B.  If  the  stem  ends  in  a  vowel,  this  vowel  is  dropped  before 
these   terminations.     For  the  inflection  of  comparatives,  see  p.  16. 

a.  Adjectives  in  er  form  the  superlative  by  adding  -rimus :  as, 

miser,  miserior,  miserrimus ; 
acer,  acrior,  acerrimusj 

b.  The  following  form  the  superlative  by  adding  -\\vcl\\&'.  faciliSy 
difficilis^  similis,  dissi;nilis,  gracilis,  huinilis  :  as, 

similis,  like;  similior,  simillimus. 

c.  The  following  are  compared  irregularly  :  — 

bonus,  melior,  optimus,  good,  better,  best. 
malus,  pejor  (peior),  pessimus,  bad,  worse,  worst. 
magnus,  major  (maior),  xa.diiLia\\iB,  great,  greater,  greatest. 
parvus,  minor,  minimus,  smalL  smaller,  smallest. 
[  multiyii»(N.),  plus,  pliirim w mjJ/i 7ich,  ?nore,  most. 
^  multi,  plures,  pliirimi,  many,  more,  most. 
For  other  irregular  and  defective  forms,  see  grammar,  pp.  39,^40. 

2.  Adverbs  formed  from   adjectives  are  compared 

as  follows  :  — 

altus,  high  :  alte,  altius,  altissime. 

miser,  wretched:  misere,  miserius,  miserrime. 

levis,  light :  leviter,  levius,  levissime. 

similis,  like  :  similiter,  similius,  simiUime.  ^^ 

\:tQn.\x^,  good :  bene,  melius,  optime. 

malus,  bad :  male,  pejus,  pessime. 

Rule.  —  The  comJ)arattve  degree  may  be  followed 
by  the  ablative  :  as, 

eloquentior  Cicerone,  more  eloquent  thafi  Cicero. 
See  Exercise,  page  54. 


i8 


Latin  Method. 


Lesson    1 2. 

Fourth  and 

Fiftli  Declensions. 

I. 

Decline  the  followin 

^'•^ 

Sing. 

ha7id{^.). 

lake  (M.). 

house  (F.) 

knee  (n.). 

day  (m.). 

N.,  V. 

maiius 

lacus 

domus 

genu 

dies 

Gen. 

manus 

lacus 

domus 

genij^;Hfi) 

diei 

DAT. 

manui 

lacui 

domui 

genu  K. 

diei 

Acc. 

manum 

lacum 

domum 

genu 

diem 

Abl. 

manu 

lacu 

domo 

genu 

die 

Plur. 

N.,  V. 

manus 

lacus 

domus 

genua 

dies 

Gen. 

manuum 

lacuum 

domorum 

genuum 

dierum 

DAT. 

manibus 

lacubus 

domibus 

genibus 

diebus 

Acc. 

manus 

lacus 

domos 

genua 

dies 

Abl. 

manibus 

lacubus 

domibus 

genibus 

diebus 

a.  The  following  nouns  of  the  fourth  declension  have  the  dative 
and  ablative  plural  in  -ubus :  artiis^  partus^  partus^  tribus,  veru ; 
with  dissyllables  in  -cus  (as  lacus).     Most  in  us  are  masculine. 

b.  Domus,  house,  has  all  the  forms  of  the  fourth  declension  ;  but 
the  most  usual  are  those  given  above.  It  has  also  the  locative 
domi  (sometimes  domui),  at  ho?ne. 

c.  Most  nouns  of  the  Fifth  Declension  want  the  plural.  The 
only  ones  complete  in  their  inflection  are  dies,  day,  and  res,  thing. 
All  are  feminine  except  dies,  (generally  masc),  and  meridies  (m.). 

See  Exercise,  page  s^- 


Lessoji    13. 


Pronouns :  1.  Personal  and  Demonstrative, 

PART    FIRST. 

The  Personal  Pronouns  are  thus  declined  :  — 


FIRST   PERSON. 


NOM. 

Gen. 

DAT. 

Acc. 
Voc. 
Abl. 


ego,  / 
mei,  of  ?ne 
mihi,  to  me 
me,  me 


nos,  we 
nostrum,  tri  = 
nobis,  to  us 
nos,  2CS 


of  us 


SECOND   PERSO.N 

\. 

tu,  thou 

vos,  ye  or 

you 

tui 

vestrum, 

tri 

tibi 

v5bis 

te 

vos 

tu 

vos 

te 

vobis 

me,  by  me      nobis,  by  us 
a.  These  are  also  used  reflexively:   as,  te  laudas,  you  praise 
yourself. 


Elementary  Lessons. 


19 


b.  The  pronouns  of  the  Third  Person  —  he,  she,  it,  they  —  are 
wanting  in  Latin  ;  a  demonstrative  being  sometimes  used. 

c.  The  Reflexive  pronoun  of  the  third  person  is  the  same  in  the 
singular  and  plural:  viz., 

Gen.     sui,  of  himself,  herself,  thejnselves. 

V-  D^T.     sibi,  to 

Ace.     se  or  sese  „  „  „ 

Abl.     „  „    with       „  „ 

N.  B.  —The  Reflexive  pronoun  should  not  be  confounded  with  the 
intensive  ipse ;  thus,  ipse  se  laudat,  he  [himself]  praises  himself. 

d.  The  genitives  nostrum,  vestrum,  are  n?,td  partitive ly  :  as, 
iinus  nostrum,  one  of  us;  while  mei,  tui,  sui,  nostri,  vestri, 
are  used  objectively  :  as,  memor  es  nostri,  be  mindfil  of  us. 

e.  For  the  genitive  of  possession,  the  adjectives  meus,  tuus, 
suus,  noster,  vester,  are  always  used.  They  may  stand  in  apposi- 
tion with  a  genitive  in  any  case  :  as, 

nostra  omnium  patria,  the  country  of  us  all. 
s^  -  f  The  preposition  cum,  with,  is  joined   enclitically  with  the 
ablative  of  the  personal  pronouns  :  as, 

vobiscum  loquitur,  he  speaks  with  you. 
g.  The  personal  or  demonstrative  pronouns  are  in  general  used 
only  for  the  sake  of  distinction  or  emphasis  :  as, 
te  voco,  I  call  you  J  but  — 
quis  me  vocat  ?  ego  te  voco :  who  calls  me  ?  it  is  I. 


PART    SECOND. 

The  Demonstrative  Pronouns 

are  thus  declined  :  — 

this. 

that. 

Sing. 

M. 

F. 

n. 

M. 

F. 

N. 

NOM. 

hie 

haec 

hoc 

\ 

is 

ea 

id 

Gen. 

hiijus 

hiijus 

hujus 

ejus 

ejus 

ejus 

DAT. 

huic 

huic 

huic 

ei 

ei 

ei 

Ace. 

hunc 

hanc 

hoc 

eum 

eam 

id 

Abl. 

hoc 

hac 

hoc 

eo 

ea 

eo 

Plur. 

these. 

those. 

NOM. 

hi 
horun 

hae 

haec 

ii  (ei) 

eae 

ea 

Gen. 

1    harum 

horum 

A 

eorum 

earum 

eorum 

DAT. 

his 

his 

his 

eis  or  iis 

Ace. 

hos 

has 

haec 

eos 

eas 

ea 

Abl. 

his 

his 

his 

eis  or  iis 

20 


Latin  Method, 


that. 

self. 

Sing. 

M. 

F. 

N. 

M. 

F. 

N. 

NOM. 

ille 

ilia 

illud 

ipse 

ipsa 

ipsum 

Gen. 

illius 

illius 

illius 

ipsius 

ipsius 

ipsius 

DAT. 

illi 

illi 

illi 

ipsi 

ipsi 

ipsi 

Ace. 

ilium 

illam 

illud 

ipsum 

ipsam 

ipsum 

Voc. 

ipse 

ipsa 

ipsum 

Abl. 

iUo 

ilia 

illo 

ipso 

ipsa 

ipso 

Like  ille  decline  iste,    ista,    istud,  that  (^yonder). 

The  Plural  of  these  words  is  regular,  like  that  of  bonus :  as, 

illi,    illae,    ilia,  those ^  &^'c. 

Sing.  the  same.  Plur. 

N.  idem        eadem      idem  iidem  eaedem      eadem 

G.   ejusdem  ejusdem  ejusdem     eorundem  earuudem  eorundem 


D.   eidem      eidem       eidem 
A.   eundem  eandem  idem 
A.  eodem.     eadem     eodem 


eisdem  or  iisdem 
eosdem      easdem      eadem 
eisdem  or  iisdem 


The  demonstrative  pronouns  are  often  used  in  the  oblique  cases 
as  personal  pronouns  of  the  third  person  (see  p.  19,  ^)  :  as, 
eum  et  fratrem  ejus  video,  I  see  him  atid  his  brother. 
See  Exercise,  page  57. 


Lesson   14. 

Pronouns  :  Relative,  Interrogative,  &c. 

I.  The  Relative  Pronoun  is  thus  declined  :  — 


SINGULAR 

quod 

which. 

PLURAL 

. 

NOM. 

qui         quae  > 

qui 

quae 

quae 

Gen. 

cujus     clijus 

cujus 

quorum 

quarum 

quorum 

DAT. 

cui         cui 

cui 

quibus 

quibus 

quibus 

Ace. 

quem     quam 

quod 

quos 

quas 

quae 

Abl. 

qu5        qua 

quo 

quibus 

quibus 

quibus 

a.  The  affix  -cumque  (or  -cunque),  -soever^  may  be  added  to 
any  relative  word :  as,  quicumque,  whoever;  ubicumique,  wher- 
ever;  qualiscumque,  of  whatever  sort. 

b.  The  preposition  cum  is  affixed  to  the  ablative  of  qui  as 
the  personal  pronouns  :  as,  quocum,  quibuscum,  with  who;n. 

€.  The  forms  of  the  Relative  are  also  Interrogative,  as  in  £n< 
lish  ;  but  when  used  substantively^  quis  is  used  for  qui,  and  qui< 
for  quod.:  as, 

quis  vocat  ?  who  calls  ?  quid  vides?  what  do  you  see  ?  but 
qui  (or  c^uis)  homo  vocat?  quod  templum  vides? 


Eleme7itary  Lessons,  2i 

2.  Compounds  of  qui  or  quis  are  thus  declined  :  — 

\:  u.  In  the  compounds  quidam,  some  one  j  quicumque,  whoever  j 
quivis,  quilibet,  quispiam,  quisquam,  any  one;  the  former  part 
is  declined  like  qui  or  quis. 

b.  The  compounds  aliquis,  sojne;  siquis,  if  any;  nequis,  lest 
any;  ecquis,  numquis,  whether  any,  are  declined  as  follows  :  — 

SINGULAR.  SO?ne.  PLURAL.  ^ 

N.  aliquis     aliqijailX  aliquid  aliqui  aliquae         aliqua 

G.  alicuju^  aliquorum  aliquarum  aliquorum 

D.  alicui  aliquibus 

A.  aliquem  aliqii^m  aliquid  aliquos        aliquas         aliquaL 

A.  aliquo      aliqua       aliquo  aliquibus  * 

c.  Of  quisquis,  whoever,  both  parts  are  declined ;  but  the 
feminine  and  most  plural  forms  are  wanting. 

3.  Correlatives.  —  Many  fairs  of  words  ^  demon- 
strative and  relative,  are  used  in  corresponding  parts 
of  a  sentence  (see  the  lists  in  §  22)  :  as, 

tantus  .  .  .  quantus,  as  great  .  .  .  as.        \j^ 
talis  .  .  .  qualis,  s?4ch  .  .  .  as. 
tot  .  .  .  quot,  as  mafty  .  .  .  as. 

Rule. — A    Relative   agrees   with    its   Antecedent 
in  gender  and  number  ;  but  its  case  defends  on  the 
construction  of  the  clause  in  which  it  stands* 
See  Exercise,  page  59. 

Lesson  15. 

Numerals. 

The  following  list  of  Cardinal  and  Ordinal  numbers 
should  be  gradually  committed  to  memory  :  — 


CARDINAL. 

ORDINAL. 

ROMAN   NU: 

MERALS. 

I. 

unus,  una,  unum,  one. 

primus,  a, 

um^frst. 

L 

2. 

duo,  duae,  duo,  twj!). 

secundus 

(alter),  second. 

IL 

'     3. 

tres,  tria,  three,  dr»c. 

tertius,  third,  &^c. 

in. 

4- 

quattuor 

quartus 

IV. 

5. 

quinque 

quintus 

V. 

6. 

sex 

sextus 

VI. 

7. 

septem 

Septimus 

VII. 

8. 

octo 

octavus 

vm. 

9- 

novem 

nonus 

IX. 

10. 

decem 

decTmus 

X. 

22 


Latin  Method, 


/ 


CARDINAL. 

ORDINAL.                           ROMAN  NUMERALS. 

II. 

undecim 

.    undecimus 

XI. 

12. 

duodecim 

duodecimus 

XII. 

13- 

tredecim 

tertius  decimus 

XIII. 

14. 

quattuordecim 

quartus  decimus 

XIV. 

15- 

quindecim 

quintus  decimus 

XV. 

16. 

sedecim 

sextus  decimus 

XVI. 

17- 

septendecim 

Septimus  decimus 

XVII. 

18. 

duodevl^intl  (octddecim) 

duodevTcesimus 

XVIII. 

19. 

undevlginti  (noveiidecim) 

undevTcesimus 

XIX. 

20. 

vTgintI 

vicesimus  (vigesimus 
tricesimus    f  ?  /       >,, 
quadragesimus     i 

;)          .  XX. 

30. 

triginta 

.tJUHviixX. 

40. 

quadraginta 

XL. 

50. 

quinquaginta 

quinquagesimus 

L. 

60. 

sexaginta 

sexagesimus 

LX. 

70. 

septuaginta 

septuagesimus 

LXX. 

80. 

octoginta 

octogesimus 

LXXX. 

90. 

nonaginta 

nonagesimus 

xc. 

.'  100. 

centum 

centesimus 

c. 

200. 

ducenti,  ae,  a 

ducentesimus 

cc. 

300. 

trecenti 

trecentesimus 

ccc. 

400. 

quadringenti 

quadringentesimus 

cccc. 

500. 

quill  gen  tl 

quingentesimus 

ID,  or  D. 

600. 

sexcehti 

sexcentesimus 

DC. 

700. 

septingenti 

septingentesimus 

DCC. 

800. 

octingenti 

octingentesimus 

DCCC. 

900. 

nongenti 

nongentesimus 

DCCCC. 

1000. 

mille 

millesimus 

CIO,  o\m>. 

a. 

The  inflection  of  unus  and  duo  will  be  found  in 

Lesson  5. 

That  of  tres  is  like  the  plural  of  levis. 
bers,  up  to  100,  are  not  declined  ;  the 
declined  like  the  plural  of  bonus. 

b.  Mille,  a  thousand,  is  not  declined  ; 


The  other  Cardinal  num- 
hundreds,  up  to  1000,  are 

millia  (milia),  thousands^ 


is  declined  as  a  noun,  like  the  plural  of  mare.     Thus  we  say  — 

cum  mille  hominibus,  with  a  thousand  men;  but  — 
cum  duobus  millibus  (milibus)  hominum ;  or, 
cum  bis  mille  hominibus,  with  two  thousand  men. 

c.  The  following  are  called  Distributive  Numerals,  and  are 
inflected  like  the  plural  of  bonus  :  — 

1.  s\ngw\\^  one  by  one.  5.  quini  9.  novenl 

2.  blni,  two-and-two.  6.  sen!  10.  deni 

3.  term,  trim,  by  threes.  7.  septenT  11.  undenT 

4.  quaterm,  by /ours,  &^c.       8.  octonT  12.  duodeni 
For  the  use  of  Distributives,  see  §  18,  2.  a,  b^  c,  d. 

d.  The  following  are  Numeral  Adverbs  :  — 

1.  semel,  once.  3.  ter  5.  quinquies  (ens) 

2.  bis,  twice.  4.  quater  6.  sexies  (ens),  etc. 


Elementary  Lessons,  23 

Lesson  i6. 

Verbs:  1.  Moods  and  Tenses. 

1.  There  are  four  Moods  of  the  Latin  verb :  — 

a.  The  Indicative  is  used  for  direct  assertions  or  interro- 
gations :  as,  veni,  vidi,  vici,  I  came ^  saw,  conquered. 

b.  The  Subjunctive  is  used  chiefly  in  comtnajids,  conditions, 
and  dependent  clauses ;  as,  eamus,  let  us  go;  si  adesses,  if  you 
ivere  here  ;  adsum  ut  videam,  /  a7n  here  that  I  may  see. 

N.  B.  —  For  the  special  uses  of  the  Subjunctive,  see  "  Construc- 
tions of  Syntax,"  pages  99-119. 

c.  The  Imperative  is  used  for  exhortation  or  command :  as, 
adeste  pueri,  co?ne,  boys !  but  its  place  is  often  supplied  by  the 
Subjunctive  ;  m  prohibitions,  the  perf.  subj.  is  used  with  ne. 

d.  The  Infinitive  is  used  chiefly  as  the  subject  or  object  of 
another  verb  ;  as,  humanum  est  errare,  to  err  is  human  j  volo 
videre,  I  wish  to  see  j  jubeo  te  venire,  I  bid  you  come. 

2.  There  are  four  Participles  :  — 

a.  The  Present  participle  ends  in  ans  or  ens:  as,  vocans/ 
calling ;  legens,  readittg. 

b.  The  Future  participle  ends  in  urus,  and  is  used  to  express 
purpose  :  as,  venit  auditurus,  he  came  to  hear.  As  an  adjective, 
it  expresses  what  is  likely  or  about  to  happen  :  as,  urbs  est  casura, 
the  city  is  about  to  fall. 

c.  The  Perfect  participle  ends  in  tus  or  sus  :  as,  tectus, 
sheltered.  It  is  chiefly  used  with  esse  to  form  certain  tenses 
in  the  passive  :  as,  vocatus  est,  he  has  been  called,  or  was  called. 

d.  The  Gerundive  ends  in  dus,  and  is  used  in  the  obhque 
cases  in  such  phrases  as  — 

pads  petendae  causa, /"^r  the  sake  of  seeking  peace  (§  73,  3). 
As  an  adjective,  it  expresses  that  which  ought  to  be  or  must  be 
done  :  as,  delenda  est  Karthago,  Carthage  must  be  destroyed. 

3.  The  verb  has  also  the  following  noun-forms :  — 

a.  The  Gerund  is  a  verbal  noun,  in  di,  do,  dum,  correspond- 
ing to  the  Enghsh  participial  noun  in  -ing  :  as,  loquendi  causa, 
for  the  sake  of  speakiiig. 

b.  The  Supines  are  verbal  nouns  ending  in  um  and  ii,  usually 
translated  by  the  English  infinitive  :  as,  venit  spectatum,  he  ca?ne 
to  look  J  mirabile  dictii,  wonderful  to  tell. 


24  Latin  Method, 

4.  There  are  six  Tenses  ;  three  of  incomplete  and 
three  of  completed  action :  viz., 

a.  Present  :  as,  adsum,  here  I  am;  diu  aegroto,  /  am  [and 
have  long  been]  sick. 

b.  The  Imperfect  is  used  chiefly  for  deso'iption,  or  for  con- 
tinued or  repeated  action;  as,  dicebat,  he  said,  was  say i fig,  or 
used  to  say  ;  mons  impendebat,  a  inountain  overhung. 

c.  Future  :  as,  veniet,  he  will  come. 

d.  The  Perfect  is  either  definite  or  historical :  as,  vocavit, 
he  has  called  (definite)  ;  or,  he  ^^//^^  (historical). 

e.  Pluperfect  :  as,  venerat,  he  had  co?ne. 

f.  Future  Perfect:  as,  cum  venero  scribam,  when  I  come 
(shall  have  come),  /  will  write. 

Note.  —  The  Future  and  Future  Perfect  are  wanting  in  the 
Subjunctive  ;  but  are  sometimes  supplied  by  the  future  participle 
with  the  tenses  of  esse. 

Lesson  17. 

Verbs  :  2.  The  verb  ESSE,  to  be. 

PRESENT.      INFIN.       PERF.      FUT.    PART. 

Principal  Parts  :  sum    esse    fui    futurus 

indicative.  Present.  subjunctive. 

Sing.  i.     Bum,  /  am.  sim,  may  I  be  .^^  {lam^fnay  or 

2.  es,  thou  art  {you  are),    sis,  may  you  be.  {wouldbe^&'c.) 

3.  est,  he  {she,  it)  is.  sit,  let  him  be  {may  he  be). 
Plur.  I.     sumus,  we  are.                 simus,  let  us  be. 

2.  estis,  you  are.  sitis,  may  ye  be. 

3.  sunt,  they  are.  sint,  let  the77t  be  {may  they  be). 

Imperfect. 
Sing.  I.     eram, /w^j.  eBsevn,  I  should  be.^ 

2.  eias,  you  were.  esses,  you  would  be. 

3.  erat,  he  (she,  it)  was.     esset,  he  would  be. 
Plur.  i.     eramus,  we  were.  essemus,  we  should  be. 

2.  eiatis,  you  were.  essetis,  you  would  be. 

3.  erant,  they  were.  essent,  they  would  be. 

1.  si  sim,  if  I  should  be ;  cum  sim,  since  I  am. 

2.  si  essem,  if  I  were ;  cum  essem,  wheti  (or  since)  I  was. 

3.  si  fuerim,  //  I  should  have  been;  cum  fuerim,  sitice  I  was. 

4.  si  fuissem,  if  I  had  been;  cum  fuissem,  when  {or  since)  I  had  been. 


Ele7nentary  Lessons, 


25 


Sing. 


Plur. 


Future. 
ero,  /  shall  be. 

eris,  thou  wilt  be  {you  will  be). 
erit,  he  will  be. 
erimus,  we  shall  be. 


[futurus  sim] 


w 


fuerim,   / 

fueris 

fuerit 

fuerimus 

fueritis  t 

fuerint 


fuissem,  I  should  have 


\i 


V 


eritis,  you  will  be. 
erunt^  they  will  be. 

Perfect. 
Sing.  i.    fui,  I  was  (have  been). 
2.B  fuisti,  you  were. 
3.     fuit,  he  was. 
Plur.  i.    fuimus,  we  were. 

2.  iVi^hA^  you  were. 

3.  fuerunt,  they  were. 

or  fuere. 

Pluperfect. 
Sing.  I.    fuexsLm,  I  had  been 

2.  fneiaa^ygu  had  been.  fuisses 

3.  fvLerat,  he  had  been.  fuisset 
Plur.  i.     tMexa.m.\\.^,wehadbeen.  fuissemus 

2.  fueratis,  you  had  been.    *  fuissetis 

3.  fueraut,  they  had  been.  fuissent 

Future  Perfect. 
Sing.  i.    fuero,  I  shall  have  been. 

2.  fvLeria,  you  will  have  been, 

3.  fuerit,  he  will  have  been. 
Plur.  i.    fuerimus,  we  shall  have  been. 

2.  fueritis,  you  will  have  been, 

3.  fuerint,  they  will  have  been. 

Imperative. 
Present,    es,  be  thou.  este,  be  ye. 

Future.      esto,  thou  shall  be.        estote,  ye  shall  be. 
esto,  he  shall  be.  sunto,  they  shall  be. 

Infinitive. 
Present,    esse,  to  be. 
Perfect,    fuisse,  to  have-been. 
Future,      fbre  or  futuru^ 'esse,  to  be  about  to  be. 
Future  Participle,     futurui^  a,  um,  about  lobe 


may  have 
[been.^ 


[been. 


26  Latin  Method. 

The  verb  esse  is  joined  with  the  adjective  potis,  able,  vs\2M\ng 
the  compound  possum,  /  can  {am  able).  It  is  also  compounded 
with  pro  (prod),  for,  in  prosum,  /  benefit  or  help,  and  with 
several  other  prepositions.  These  compounds  are  inflected  as 
follows  :  — 

Present, 
indic.  subj.  indic.  subj. 

possum,  /  <:rt«.  possim  prosum,  7/^^/^.      prosim 

potes,j'(9«  ca?t.  possis  prodes  prosis 

potest,  he  can.  possit  prodest  prosit 

possumus,  ■z£/^^««.    possimus  prosumus  prosimus 

potestis,j<7«  can.     possitis  prodestis  prositis 

possunt,  they  can.    possiiit  prosunt  prosiut 

Imperfect. 
poter am,  /  could,     possem  proderam  prodessem 

Future. 
potero,  /  shall  be  able.  prodero,  /  shall  help. 

Perfect. 
potui,  /  could.  potuerim  profui,  /  helped,    profuerim 

Pluperfect. 
potueram  potuissem  profueram  profuissem 

Future  Perfect. 

potuero,  /  shall  have  been  able.         profuero,  /  shall  have  helped. 

Imperative. 

prodes,  prodesto,  &c. 

Infinitive. 
Pr.  posse     Perf.  potuisse       Pr.  prodesse      Perf.  profuisse 
Participles. 
poteos  (adj.),  powerful.  profuturus,  about  to  help. 

Lesson  i8. 

Verbs  :  3.  The  Four  Conjugrations. 

1.  Verbs  are  inflected  in  four  regular  Conjugations, 
distinguished  by  the  vowel  before  -re  in  the  Infinitive  : 
viz.,   I.  are;  2.  ere;  3.  ere;  4.  ire. 

2.  The  Principal  Parts  of  the  verb,  from  which  all 
the  others  are  found,  are — ' 

1.  The  Present  Indicative;       -3.  The  Perfect  Indicative; 

2.  The  Present  Infinitive;         4.  The  Supine. 


Elementary  Lessons,  27 

a.  The  regular  forms  of  conjugation  are  these  :  — 

1.  amo,  amare,  amavi,  amatum,  to  love. 

2.  deleo,  delere,  delevi,  deletum,  to  destroy. 

3.  carpo,  carpere,  carpsi,  carptum,  to  pluck. 

4.  audio,  audire,  audivi,  auditum,  to  hea?'. 

b.  In  the  second  conjugation,  a  more  common  form  is  the 
following  (omitting  e  in  the  perfect  and  supine) :  — 

moneo,  monere,  monui,  monitum,  to  warn. 

c.  The  Perfect  stem  is  sometimes  the  same  as  the  present ;  but 
it  is  usually  changed  in  one  of  the  following  ways  :  — 

1.  By  lengthening  the  vowel :  as,  lego,  legi ;  capio,  cepi. 

2.  By  reduplication  :  as,  cado,  cecidi ;  tondeo,  totondi, 

3.  By  adding  s  :  as,  carpo,  carpsi;  duco,  duxi;  tego,  texi. 

4.  By  adding  u:   as,  dome,  domui;  aperio,  aperui. 

5.  By  adding  v  (u)  preceded  by  the  vowel  of  conjugation  (see 
page  10)  :  as,  amo,  amavi;  audio,  audivi.  This  is  found  in 
almost  all  verbs  of  the  first  and  fourth  conjugations  ;  but  the  v  is 
often  dropped  and  the  syllable  contracted :  as,  amarat,  audierat, 
for  amaverat,  audiverat;  amasse,  audisse  (or  audiisse),  for 
amavisse,  audivisse. 

d.  The  Supine  stem  is  generally  formed  by  adding  t  or  s  :  as, 
dice,  dictum;  cado,  casum;  flecto,  flexum  (see  p.  12,  c). 

e.  The  Synopsis  of  a  verb  consists  of  \\\^  first  person  singular 
of  each  tense,  with  infinitive  and  participles,  given  in  regular  order : 
as  of  amo,  /  love  — 

{Present  Stejn.)  active  voice.  {Perfect  Stem?) 

Indic.     amo,     amabam,  amabo         amavi,  amaveram,  amavero 
SuBj.      amem,  amarem  amaverim,  amavissem 

Imper.   ama,      amato  

In  fin.     amare  amavisse 

PASSIVE  VOICE.  {Supine  Stem) 

Indic.     amor,    amabar,  amabor         amatus  sum,  —  eram, — ero 
SuBj.      amer,    amarer  amatus  sim,  —  essem 

Imper.    amare,  amator  

Infin.     amari  amatus  esse,  amatum  iri 

Participles. 
Act.        amans  amaturus 

Pass.      amandus  amatus 


28 


Latin  Method. 


Lesson   19. 


Kegular  Verb  ;  First  Conjugration. 

I.    ACTIVE   VOICE. 

PRESENT.         INFIN.  PERFECT.  SUPINE. 


iNCiPAL  Parts  :   amo    amare    amavi    amatnin 

INDICATIVE.                                        SUBJUNCTIVE. 

Present,  /  love^  or  a7it  loving.    . 

May  I  love  (see  p.  24), 

Sing.  I.    ^mo,  I  love. 

amem 

2.     3.ma.3,  you  love. 

ames 

3.     amat,  he  {she,  it)  loves. 

amet 

Plur.  I.     amamus,  lue  love. 

amemus 

2.     amatis,  you  love. 

ametis 

3.     amant,  they  love. 

ament 

\      Imperfect,  /  loved  {used  to  love) 

/  should  love. 

Sing.  i.     amabam,//^?/^^. 

amarem 

2.     amabas,  j^7^  loved. 

amares 

3.     amabat,  he  loved. 

amaret 

Plur.  i.     amabamus,  we  loved. 

amaremus 

2.     amabatis,  j^?/  loved. 

amaretis 

3.     amabant,  they  loved. 

amarent 

Future,  /  shall  love. 

Sing.  I.     2ima\yo,  I  shall  love, 

2.     amabis,  jj/^z^  will  love. 

3.     amabit,  he  will  love. 

Plur.  i.     amabimus,  we  shall  love. 

2.     amabitis,  you  will  love. 

3.     amabunt,  they  will  love. 

Perfect,  /  loved  {have  loved.) 

/  may  have  loved. 

Sing.  i.     amavi,  I  loved. 

amaverim 

2.     amavisti,  j^«  loved. 

amaveris 

3.     amavit,  he  loved. 

amaverit 

Plur.  i.     amavimus,  we  loved. 

amaverimus 

2.     amavistis,  j^^^  loved. 

amaveritis 

3.     amaverunt  (ere),  they  loved. 

amaverint 

Pluperfect,  /  had  loved. 

/  should  have  loved. 

Sing.  i.     amaveram,  I  had  loved. 

amavissem 

2.     amaveras,  you  had  loved. 

amavisses 

3.     amaverat,  he  had  loved. 

amavisset 

Plur.  i.     amaveramus,  we  had  loved. 

amavissemua 

2 .     ama veratis,  you  had  loved. 

amavissetis 

3.     amaverant,  they  had  loved. 

amavissent 

Elementary  Lessons. 


29 


Future  Perfect,  /  shall  have  loved. 

Sing.  I.  amavero,  I  shall  have  loved. 

2.  amaveris,  you  will  have  loved. 

3.  amaverit,  he  will  have  loved. 
Plur.  I.  amaverimus,  we  shall  have  loved. 

2.  2im2iveT:itis,  you  will  have  loved. 

3.  amaverint,  they  will  have  loved. 

SINGULAR.  Imperative. 


PLURAL. 


PRES. 
FUT. 


ama,  love  thou. 
amato,  thou  shall  love. 
amato,  he  shall  love. 


amate,  love  ye. 
amatote,  ye  shall  love. 
amanto,  they  shall  love. 


Present. 
Perfect. 
Future. 

Present. 
Future. 


Noun  and  Adjective  Forms. 

Infinitive. 
am  are,  to  love. 

amavisse,  or  amasse,  to  have  loved. 
amaturus  esse,  to  be  about  to  love. 

Participles. 
amans,  antis,  loving. 
amaturus,  a,  um,  about  to  love. 
Gerund.^ 
G.     amandi,  of  [the  act  or' state  of]  loving. 
D.    amando,/br  loving  (with  adjectives). 
Ac.  amandum,  loving  (with  ad  and  inter). 
Ab.  amando,  by  loving. 

Supine. 
Ace.    am|Ltum,  to  love  (with  verbs  of  motion). 

First  Periphrastic  Conjugation, 


indicative. 

subjunctive. 

Pres. 

amaturus  sum 

.  .  Sim,  /  am  about  to  love. 

Imperf. 

amaturus  eram     . 

,  .  essem,  /  was  about  to  love. 

FUT. 

amaturus  ero 

Perf. 

amaturus  fui          .  , 

,  .  fuerim 

Plup. 

amaturus  fueram  .  , 

.  .  fuissem 

Second  Periphrastic  Conjugation. 

Pres. 

amandus  sum       .  . 

.  Sim,  /  am  to  be  loved. 

Imperf. 

amandus  eram     .  . 

.  essem,  /  was  to  be  loved. 

FUT. 

amandus  ero 

Perf. 

amandus  fui         .  . 

.  fuerim 

Plup. 

amandus  fueram  .  . 

.  fuissem 

See  Exercise,  page  60. 


30 


^"t^i^  </"i^<>t'V^<:::=^£<^^^«^vC^  ^^ 


Latin  Method, 


Lesson  20. 


Regular  Verb :  First  ConJug:ation. 

2.   PASSIVE   VOICE. 
PRESENT.  INFINITIVE.  PERFECT. 

Principal  Parts  :    '  amor        amari        amatus  sum 


INDICATIVE. 

Present,  /  am  loved. 
Sing.  i.     amor,  I  am  loved. 

2.  amaris  (le),  jyoii  are  loved. 

3.  amatur,  he  is  loved. 
Plur.  \.  \  amamur,  we  are  loved. 

2.     2iVC\Bxaix)l,  y oil  are  loved. 


%hy 


ajii^autur,  l/iey  a?'e  le^^d^. ,      ,  » 

Imperfect,  /  was  loved.     \ 
Sing.  i.    2Lrv3i}a2ix,  I  was  loved. 

2.  amabaris  (re) ,  you  were  loved. 

3.  amabatur,  he  was  loved. 
PLtiR.  I.     amabamur,  we  were  loved. 

2.  amabamini,  you  were  loved. 

3.  amabantur,  they  were  loved. 

Future,  I  shall  be  loved. 

amabor.  /  shall  be  loved. 
amaberis  (re),  thou  wiltli'ouj 
amabitur,  he  will  be  lovea? 
amabimur,  we  shall  be  loved. 
amabimini,  you  will  be  loved. 
amabuntur,  they  will  be  loved. 

Perfect,  /  was  {have  beeft)  loved. 
amatus  sum,  /  was  loved. 
amatus  es,you  were  loved. 
amatus  est,  he  was  loved. 
amati  sumus,  we  were  loved. 

2.  amati  estis,  you  were  loved. 

3.  amati  sunt,  they  were  loved. 

Pluperfect,  I  had  been  loved. 

Sing.  i.  amatus  eram,  I  had  bee?i  loved. 
2i--?amatus  eras,  y^?/  had  been  loved. 

amatus  erat,  he  had  been  loved. 
Plur.  iv-.^amati  eramus,  we  had  been  loved. 

imatT  eratis,  you  had  been  loved. 

imatl  erant,  they  had  been  loved. 


Sing.  i. 
2. 

Plur.  i. 
2. 
3- 


Sing.  i. 

2. 

Plur.  i. 


subjunctive. 
May  I  be  loved. 
amer 

ameris  (re) 
ametur 

amemur  ▼ 

amemini 
amentur  yV-  'V      -i^ 

/  should  be  loved. 
amarer 
amareris  (re) 
amaretur 
amaremur 
amaremini 
amarentur 


,be  loved. 


amatus  sim 
amatus  sis 
amatus  sit 
amati  simus 
amati  sitis 
amati  sint 


amatus  essem 
amatus  esses 
amatus  esset 
amati  essemus 
amati  essetis 
amau  essent 


Elementary  L^essons,  31 

Future  Perfect,  I  shall  have  beeji  loved. 

Sing.  i.  amatus  ero,  I  shall  have  been  loved. 

,21  amatus  ^x\s,  yoti  will  have  been  loved. 

31  amatus  erit,  he  will  have  beeti  loved. 

Plur.  I.  amati  erimus,  we  shall  have  been  loved. 

2.  amati  exiX.v&.you  will  have  been  loved. 

3.  amati  erunt,  they  will  have  bee?i  loved. 

PASSIVE   VOICE. 

SINGULAR.  Imperative.  plural. 

Pres.  2.  ,  amare,  be  thou  loved.  amamini,  be  ye  loved^ 

FuT.    2.     amator,  thou  shall  be  loved.        

3.     2imB.tor,  he  shall  be  loved,     zmantox,  they  shall  be  loved. 

Noun  and  Adjective  Forms. 

Infinitive. 
Present.'    amari,  to  be  loved. 
Perfect.     amatuA  esse,  to  have  been  loved. 
Future.      amatum  iri  (amatus  fore),  to  be  about  to  be  loved. 

Participles. 
Perfect.        amatus,  loved  {beloved.,  or  having  been  loved).  <y* 
Gerundive,   amaudus,  a,  um,  to-be-loved  {lovely). 

Supine. 
Abl.  amatu,  to  love  or  to  be  loved  (with  adjectives). 

a.  In  the  tenses  of  completed  action  in  the  passive,  —  the 
perfect,  pkiperfect,  and  future  perfect,  —  the  participle  (amatus,  &c.) 
is  treated  as  an  adjective,  agreeing  in  gender  and  number  with  the 
subject  of  the  verb  :  as, 

bellum  palatum  est,  war  has  beeti  prepared. 
Galli  domiti  erant,  the  Gauls  had  been  subdued. 
naves  depressae  sunt,  the  ships  were  sunk. 

b.  In  the  passive  construction,  the  object  of  the  action  becomes 
subject,  while  the  subject  (or  agent),  if  a  person,  or  treated  as  a 
person  (personified),  is  put  in  the  ablative  with  the  preposition  a  or 
ab,  BY  ;  if  not  a  person,  in  the  ablative  alone  :  as, 

Caesar  domuit  Gallos,  Ccesar  subdued  the  Gauls j 

Galli  a  Caesare  domiti  sunt,  //r^  Gauls  were  subdued  by  Ccesar; 

fames  necat  Yiomines,  hicr^er  destroys  7ne ft ; 

homines  fame  necantur,  jnen  are  destroyed  by  hunger. 

c.  An  Intransitive  verb  ipay  be  used  impersonally.,  in  the  third 
person  singular  of  the  passive  :  as, 

pugnatum  est,  there  ivas  fighting ;  lit.  it  [a  battle]  was  fought. 
See  Exercise,  page  62. 


32  Latin  Method, 

Lesson  21. 

Regular  Verb :  First  Conjugration. 

3.      NOUN    AND    ADJECTIVE    FORMS. 

1.  The  following  are  the  uses  of  the  Infinitive  :  — 

a.  The  Infinitive  is  used  with  verbs  where  the  sense  would  be 
incomplete  without  another  action  of  the  same  subject :  as, 

consilia  non  possum  mutare,  /  catmot  change  \_my~\  plans. 
Such  verbs  are  to  be  able^  dare^  begin,  cease,  wish,  and  the  like. 

b.  The  Infinitive  is  used  like  the  nominative  of  a  neuter  noun, 
in  such  sentences  as  — 

scribere  est  utile,  to  write  {writing)  is  useful. 

c.  It  is  used  like  the  accusative  of  a  7ieuter  nottn,  in  such 
sentences  as  — 

hostes   parant    expugnare   oppidum,   the  enemy  prepare   to 
storm  the  town. 

d.  \v\.  either  of  these  uses,  it  may  take  as  subject  the  accusative 
of  a  noun  or  pronoun  :  as, 

senem   saltare   indecorum   est,  for  an  old  man  to  dance  is 

unbecoming. 
video  te  esse  claudum,  I  see  that  you  are  lame. 

,  Here  the  object  of  video,  i.e.  the  thing  seen,  is  really  the  sub- 
stantive clause  te  esse  claudum,  not  the  simple  accusative  te. 

Rule. —  The  infinitive  with  stihject-accusative  is 
used  with  verbs  or  other  expressions  of  knowing", 
thinkiiig,  telling,  or  perceiving  :   as, 

rumor   erat  Catilinam   servos   armasse,   there  was  a  report 
that  Catiline  had  armed  the  slaves  (see  page  114.  «). 

2.  The  following  are  special  participial  uses  :  — 

a.  The  participle  is  often  used  to  describe  some  circumstance :  as, 
arantem  L.  Quinctium  legati  salutaverunt,  the  envoys  salu- 
ted Lucius  Quinctius  while  ploughing  (at  the  plough'). 

b.  A  noun  and  participle  are  used  together  in  the  ablative  to  de- 
fine the  time  or  circumstances  of  an  action  {ablative  absolute)  :  as, 

hostibus   fugatis    Caesar   suos   revocavit,    when   the  enemy 
were  put  to  flight,  Cczsar  called  back  his  men  (see  p.  121). 
For  the  Participles,  Gerund,  and  Supine,  see  page  23.  2,  3. 
See  Exercise,  page  63. 


Eleinentary  Lessons. 


33 


Lesson    22. 


Regular  Verb  :    Second  Conjugation. 

Principal  Parts  :     Act.    moneo  monere  monui  monitum 
Pass,  moneor  moneri  monitus  sum 


iNDic.      Active,     subj. 
Present,  /  warn. 
moneo,  /  warn,      moneam 
vcioxv^^,  you  warn,  moneas 
monet,  he  warns,   moneat 


INDIC.       Passive.      subj. 
/  a7n  warned. 
monear 
mo  near  is  (re) 


moneor 
moneris  (re) 
monetur 


monemus 

monetis 

monent 


moneamus 

moneatis 

moneant 


monemur 
monemini 
moneiitur 


Imperfect,  I  warned  {was  warning). 


monebam 

monebas 

monebat 

monebamus 

monebatis 

monebant 


monerem 

moneres 

moneret 

moneremus 

moneretis 

monerent 


Future,  /  shall  warn. 
monebo 
monebis 
monebit 
monebimus 
monebitis 
monebunt 


moneatur- 
moneaniur 
moneamini 
moneaiitur 
/  was  warned. 
monebar  monerer 

monebaris  (re)  monereris  (re) 
monebatur  moneretur 

monebamur         moneremiir 
monebamini        moneremini 
monebantur        monerentur 
/  shall  be  warned, 
monebor 
moneberis  (re) 
monebitur 
monebimur 
monebimini 
monebuntur 


Perfect,  /  warned  {have  warned).     I  was  {have  been)  warned. 


monui 

monuisti 
monuit 


monuerim 

monueris 

monuerit 


monuimus  monuerimus 

monuistis  monueritis 

monuerunt  (re)      monuerint 
Pluperfect,  /  had  warned. 


monitus  sum 
monitus  es 
monitus  est 
monitl  sumus 
moniti  estis 
monitl  sunt 


monitus  Sim 
monitus  sis 
monitus  sit 
monitl  simus 
monitl  sitis 
monitl  sint 


monueram 

monueras 

monuerat 

monueramus 

monueratis 

monuerant 

FuT.  Perf. 
monuero 
monueris 
monuerit 
monuerimus 
monueritis 
monuerint 


monuissem 

monuisses 

monuisset 


I  had  been  wa?'ned. 
monitus  eram      monitus  essem 


monuissemus 
monuissetis 
monuissent 
/  shall 


moniti  essemus 
monitl  essetis 
monitl  essent 


monitus  eras        monitus  esses 
monitus  erat        monitus  esset 
moniti  eramus 
monitl  eratis 
monitl  erant 
warned.     I  shall  have  been  warned. 
monitus  ero 
monitus  eris 
monitus  erit 
monitl  erimus 
monitl  eritis 
monitl  erunt 


34 


Latin  Method. 


Active.  imperative.  Passive. 

Sing.  Phir.  Sing.  Pliir. 

Pr.  mone,  warn.  monete  monere  monemini 

F.     moneto  monetote  monetor  

moneto  monento  monetor 

infinitive. 
Pr.  monere  <v^,^Pf.  monuisse       Pr.  moneri 

F.  monituruli^  esse  F.     monitum  iri  (monitus  fore) 

O.^   ^<><-^^^  -'participles. 
Pr.  monens  ^Tut.  moniturus  ^  Pf.  monitus     Ger.  monendus 

G.  monendi,  do,  dum  Sup.  monitum  monitu 

See  Exercise,  page  65. 


monentor 


Pf.  monitus  esse 


Lesson    23. 

Regular  Verb :    Third  Conjugation. 

Principal  Parts  :  Act.  teg^o  tegere  texi  tectum 
Pass,  tegor  tegi  tectus  sum 


INDIC.         ACTiy^.         SUBJ. 

Pres.,  I  cover. 

tego,  /  cover.  tejam 

tegis,j/t77/  cover.  tegas 

tegit,  he  covers.  tegat 

tegimus,  we  cover,  tegamus 

tegitis,  j<?«  cover,  tegatis 


iNDic.      Passive.      subj. 
/  a7Ji  covereii  {coveriitg  jnyself). 


tegor 

tegeris  (re) 
tegitur 
tegimur 
tetrimiiii 


tegar 

tegaris  (re) 

tegatur 

tegamur 

tegamini 

teoantur 


tegujiJt,  they  cover,  tegant 

Imp.,  /  covered  {was  covering).  I  was  covered  {covering  myself). 


tegebam 
tegebas  tegeres 

tegebat  tegeret 

tegebamus  tegeremus 

tegebatis  tegeretis 

tegebant  tegerent 

FuT.,  /  shall  cover. 
tegam 
teges 
teget 
tegemus 
tegetis 
teirent 


tegebar 
tegebaris  (re) 
tegebatur 
tegebamur 
tegebamini 


tegerer 
tegereris  (re) 


tegebantur 


tegeremur 
tegeremini 
tegereutur 
/  shall  be  covered. 

tegap        " '-'  ^^' 

tegeris  (re) 

tegetur 

tegemur 

teoemini 


Perf.,  /  covered  {have  covered).        I  was  {have  been)  covered. 


texi 

texisti 

texit 

teximus 

texistis 

texerunt  (re) 


texerim 

texeris 

texerit 

texerimus 

texeritis 

texerint 


tectus  sum 
tectus  0s 
tectus  est 
tecti  sumus 
tecti  estis 
tecti  sunt 


tectus  Sim 
tectus  sis 
tectus  sit 
tecti  .«5imus 
tecti  sitis 
tecti  Bint 


.vQy:>v 


Elementary  Lessons, 


35 


iNDic.      Active.       subj. 

Plup.,  I  had  covered. 
texerarri  texissem 

texerad  j  texisses 

texeratj  j  texisset 

texeramus  texissemus 

texeratis  f  texissetis 

texerant  texissent 


INDIC.      Passive.      subj. 
/  had  been  covered. 


tectus  erani 
tectus  eras 
tectus  erat 
tecti  eramus 
tecti  eratis 
tectI  erant 


tectus  essem 
tectus  esses 
tectus  esset 
tecti  essemus 
tecti  essetis 
tecti  essent 


FuT.  Perf.,  /  shall  have  covered.        I  shall  have  been  covered. 


texero 

texeris 

texerit 

texerimus 

texeritis 

texerint 

Imperat. 
Pr.    2. 
Fui.  2. 
3- 


Sing. 
tege,  c^ver 

tegito 
teefito 


Plur. 


tectus  ero 
tectus  eris 
tectus  erit 
tecti  erimus 
tecti  eritis 
tecti  erunt 

Sine. 


Plur. 


tegunto 


teffitor 


Infin.  Pr.  tegere  ^^^^Per/.  texisse 


Put.  tectiini*  esse 


teguntor 

Pres.  %i^,^/y.  tectusi,  esse 
Fut.   tectunj  iri  (tectus  fore) 


Part.  Pr.  tegens*  Fut.   tectums  Perf.  tectus  Ger.  tegendus  S  af-.^^^"^^' 
Ger.  tegendi,  -dS,  -dum  Sup.  toetwm,  tectii 

Verbs  in  io, 

capio,  capere,  cepi,  captum ;  capior,  capi,  caytus  smm 


Pr.     capio,  /  take,     capiam 
capis                   capias 
capit                   capiat 

capior 
caperis  (re) 
capitur- 

capiar 

capiaris  (re) 
capiatur 

capimns              capiamus 
capitis                 capiatis 
capiunt               capiant 

capimur 
capimini 
capiuntur 

capiamur 
capiamini 
capiantur 

/////.  capiebam           caper  em 

capiebar 

caperer 

FuL  capiam,  ies,  iet,  &c. 

capiar,  ieris  (re),  &c. 

Per/,  cepi                    ceperim 

captus  sum 

captus  Sim 

Phip.  ceperam             cepissem 

captus  eram 

captus  essem 

F.  P.  cepero 

captus  ero 

Imperat.  cape            capib« 

capito         capitote 
capito         capiunto 

capere 
capitor 
capitor 

capimini 
capiuntor 

Imp. /v.    capere  ^  cepisse      Pr 
Fut.  capturuie  esse 

.  capi 
captum  iri 

captu^^'esse 

Part.          capiens       capturus  i:;*' :.^^*«aptus  ^v  ^  ^  . -^ 

capiendus  ^^V 

Ger.           capiendi,  do,  dum    Sup. 

.  captum 

captQ 

i.iA^'1/^- 


See  Exercise,  page  66. 

tZii(^ 


36 


Latin  Method, 


Lesson    24. 


Regular  Verb:    Fourth  Coiijugation. 

Principal  Parts  :    Act.  audio  audire  audivi  auditum 


Pass,  audior   audiri   auditus  sum 

iNpic.      Active.      subj. 

iNDic.      Passive,      subj. 

Pi^ES.,  /  hear. 

I  atn  heard. 

audio,  /  hear. 

audiam 

audior 

ai^iar 
audiaris  (re) 

audis,  yo7i  hear. 

audits 

audiris  (re) 

audit,  he  heah. 

audiet 

auditur 

audiatur 

audimus,  we  hear 

.  audiamus 

audimur 

audiamur 

auditis,  you  hear. 

audiatis 

audimini 

audiamini 

audiunt,  they  hear,  audiaut 

audiuntur 

audiantur 

Imperf.,  /  heard  {was  hearing).                     I  was  heard. 

audiebam 

audirem 

audiebar 

audirer 

audiebas 

audires 

audiebaris  (re) 

audireris  (re) 

audiebat 

audiret 

audiebatur 

audiretur 

audiebamus 

audiremus 

audiebamur 

audiremur 

audiebatis 

audiretis 

audiebamini 

audiremini 

audiebant 

audirent 

audiebantur 

audireutur 

F'UT.,  /  shatt  hear. 

/  shall  be  heard. 

audiam 

audiar 

audies 

audieris  (re) 

audiet 

audietur 

audiemus 

audiemur 

audietis 

audiemini 

audient 

audientur 

Perf.,  I  heard 

{have  heaj'd) . 

/  was  {h 

ave  been)  heard. 

audivi 

audlverim 

auditus  sum 

auditus  Sim 

audlvisti 

audlveris 

auditus  es 

auditus  sis 

audivit 

audiverit 

auditus  est 

auditus  sit 

audlvimus 

audiverimus 

audltl  sumus 

audltl  simus 

audlvistis 

audiveritis 

auditl  estis 

audltl  sitis 

audiverunt  (re) 

audiverint 

audltl  sunt 

audit!  sint 

Plup.,  I  had  heard. 

/  had  been  heard. 

audiveram 

audlvissem 

auditus  eram 

auditus  essem 

audiveras 

audivisses 

auditus  eras 

auditus  esses 

audlverat 

audivisset 

auditus  erat 

auditus  esset 

audiveramus 

audivissemus 

auditl  eramus 

audltl  essemus 

audiveratis 

audlvissetis 

audltl  eratis 

audltl  essetis 

audlverant 

audlvissent 

audltl  erant 

audltl  essent 

I 


FuT.  Perf.,  /  shall  have  heard.  I  shall  have  been  heard. 

audlvero  auditus  ero 

audlveris  auditus  eris 

audiverit  auditus  erit 

audiverimus  audltl  erimus 

audiveritis  audltl  eritis 

audiverint  audltl  erunt 


Elementary  Lessons. 


37 


Active. 

IMPERATIVE. 

Passive. 

Sing. 

Plur. 

Sing. 

Plur. 

Pr.  2.  audi,  hear. 

audite 

audire 

audimini 

F.     2.  audito 

auditote 

auditor 

3.  audito 

audiunto 

auditor 

audiuntor 

Pr.  audire         Pf. 

INFINITIVE. 

audlvisse        Pr.  audiri 

Pf.  auditu\esse 

F.  auditiiruii  esse 


^^ 


F.  auditum  iri  (auditus  fore). 

PARTICIPLES. 

Pr.     audiens"'  FuT.  auditiirus^i  Pf.  auditus^jGER.  audiendu^J? 
Ger.  audiendi,  do,  dum  Sup.  auditum,  auditu 

See  Exercise,  page  68. 

t) 

Lesson  25. . . 

Deponent  Verbs.  V 

I.  Deponent  Verbs  have  the  form  of  the  Pi 
Voice,  with  an  active  or  reflexive  signification  :  as, 

I.     miror,  mirari,  miratus,  admire; 
vereor,  vereri,  veritus,  fear; 
sequor,  sequi,  secutus,/'^//d?'Z£/y 
potior,  potiri,  potitus,  possess. 
Indicative. 
vereor  sequor 

verebar  sequebar 

verebor  sequar 

Perf.  miratus  sum     veritus  sum     secutus  sum 
Plup.  miratus  eram    veritus  eram    seciitus  eram    potitus  eram 
F.  P.    miratus  ero      veritus  ero       seciitus  ero       potitus  ero 

Subjunctive. 
Pres.   mirer  verear  sequar  potiar 

Imp't.  mirarer  vererer  sequerer  potirer 

Perf.  miratus  sim      veritus  sim      secutus  sim       potitus  sim 
Plup.  miratus essem  veritus  essem  seciitus  essem  potitus  essem 
Imp.     mirare,  ator     verere,  etor     sequere,  itor     potire,  itor 
vereri  sequi  potiri 

Participles. 


2. 

3- 

4- 

Pres. 

miror 

Imp't. 

mirabar 

FUT. 

mirabor 

potior 

potiebar 
potiar 
potitus  sum 


^  ^fin.  mirari 


T-P  v.s.  mirans 
FuT.     miraturus 
Perf.  miratus 
Ger.    mirandus 


verens 
veriturus 
veritus 
verendus 


sequens 
secuturus 
seciitus 
sequendus 


potiens 
potitiirus 
potitus 
potiendus 


38 


Latin  Method, 


a.  Deponents  have  the  participles  of  both  voices  ;  as, 

sequens,  following  j  secuturus,  about  to  follow  j 
secutus,  having  followed;  sequendus,  to-be-followed. 

b.  The  future  infinitive  is  always  to  be  given  in  the  active  form  : 
thus  of  sequor  it  is  secuturus  esse,  not  secutum  iri. 

c.  The  gerundive,  being  passive  in   meaning,  is  found  only  in 
transitive  verbs,  or  neuter  verbs  used  impersonally  :  as, 

potienda  est  telliis,  the  land  7>iust  be  won; 
moriendum  est  omnibus,  all  tnust  die. 

d.  The  perfect  participle  is  sometimes  also  passive  :  as,  mer- 
catus,  bought;  a.deptna,  gained  (or,  having  gained). 

e.  The  following  verbs  have  no  perfect  active,  but  form  the  per- 
fect, &c.,  like  deponents,  and  are  called  seini-ciepone7its : 

audeo,^  ausus,  dare;  gaudeo,^  gavisus,  rejoica; 

fido,^  fisus,  trust;  soleo,^  solitu3,  be  accustomed. 

See  Exercise,  page  70. 


Lesson   26. 

Irregular  and  Defective  Verbs. 

PART    FIRST. 

Several  verbs    are    irregular   in   the  tenses   of  the 
present  stem.     The  most  common  of  these  are  — 

1.  volo,  Vi^j^le,  volui,  to  wish. 

2.  nolo  (rrorrvolo),  nolle,  nolui,  to  be  unwillittg. 

3.  malo  (magis  volo),  malle,  malui,  to  wish  rather. 


These  three  are  i 

nflected  as  -follows  :  — 

SUBI. 

INDIC.              SUBJ 

[.           INDIC. 

SUBJ. 

velim 

velis 

velit 

^^«^,BRES|^.^^^, 

nonvis            nolis ' 
nonvult          nolit 

w.^-^-^^S. 

volo 

vis 

vult 

inalo 

mavis 

mavult 

malim 

malis 

malit 

volumus 

vultis 

volunt 

velimus 

velitis 

velint 

nolumus        nolimus 
nonvultis       nolitis 
nolunt            nolint 

/^        IMPERFECT. 

malumus 
mavultis 
malunt 

malimus 

malitis 

malint 

volebam 

veUem 

nolebam        nsllem 

malebam 

mallem 

volam 

FUTURE, 
nolam 

PERFECT. 

malam 

volui 

-erim 

n51ui               -erim 
,^i^       PLUPERFECT. 

malui 

-erim    '^^ 

volueram 

-issem 

ndlueram       -issem 
FUTURE    PERFECT 

malueram 

-issem  ^- 

voluero 

noluero 

maluero 

ct<y,  -d-iit^^ 


Elementary  Lessons. 


.^, 


39 


IMPERATIVE. 
noli,       nolite,  do  not. 

nolltO,   nolltote,  thou  shalt  not,  ye  shall  not. 
nolltO,   nolunto,  he  ^lall  jwt,  they  shall  not. 

INFINITIVE. 

Pres.  velle    voluisse    nolle    noluisse    malle    maluisse 

PARTICIPLE. 


Present.    volens,_w////7/_^. 
Gkkund.     volenai,  volendo 


nole  ns ,_  zanvillinc^. 
nolendi 


4.  fero,  ferre,  tuli,  latum  *  to  bear. 


Pres. 


iNDic.     Active,  subj. 

fero  feram 

fers  feras 

fert  ferat 

ferimus  feramus 

fertis  feratis 

ferunt  ferant 

ferebam  ferrem 
feram 

tuli  tulerim 

tuleram  tulissem 
tulero 

fer:  ferte 

FuT.  feiio  fertote 

feito  feruiito 
Infix,  ferre.  ^ulisse,  laturuikesse 
Part,   ferens'.'^aturus  0^.^,^^*^- 


Passive.    subj. 
ferar 
feraris  (re) 


Imperf. 
Future. 
Perfect. 
Pluperf. 
F.  Perf. 
Imper.  Pr 


5.  eo,  ire,  ivi  (ii),  itum,  to  go. 
eo,  is,  it  Subj 


INDIC. 

ferpr 

ferris 

fertur  feratur 

ferimur  feramur     , 

ferimini  feramini 

feruntur         ferantur 

ferebar  ferrer 

ferar 

latus  sum      latus  sim 

latus  eram    latus  essem 

latus  ero 

ferre  ferimini 

fertor 

fertor  feruntor 

ferri,  latil^  esse,  latum  iri 

latu^  ferendus 


earn,  eas,  eat 
eamus,  eatis,  eant 
irem,  ires,  iret 

iverim  (ierim) 
ivissem  (issem) 


Ind.,  Pres.  S. 

P.  imus,  itis,  emit 

Imp.  ibam,  ibas,  ibat 

FuT.  ibo,  ibis,  ibit 

Perf.  ivi  (ii)      ' 

Plup.  iverara  (ierara) 

FuT.  P.  ivero 

Imper  at.  i,  ito ;  ite,  itote,  eunto 

Infin.  Pres.  ire  Perf.  ivisse  (isse) 

Part.  Pres.  iens,  euiitis  Fut.    itiirus 

6.  f io,  fieri,  factus :  |  used  as  passive  of  facio,^  to  7nake. 

Pres.  S.  fio,  fi-,  fit  fiam,  fias,  fiat 

P.  f  imus,  fitis,  fiunt  fiamus,  fiatis,  fiant 

Imp.  fiebam  fierem 

Fut.  fiam,  fies,  &:c. 

*  Regular  of  3d  Conjugation,  omitting  the  connecting  vowel  in  fers^  &c 
t   Regular  of  4th  Conjugation,  except  yf^r/  zxidi  ficrein. 


40  Latin  Method, 

Perf.         factus  sum  factus  sim 

Plup.  factus  eram  factus  essem 

FuT.  P.       factus  ero 

Imperat.   fi,  fite;  f  ito,  f itote,  f iunto 

Infin.  Pres.  fieri  \^  Perf.  factus  esse 

Part.  Perf.  factus    \  Ger.    faciendus    ^ 

IS^T    SECOND. 

1.  The  following  verl^sare  defective  — 

a.  coepi,  /  began  (for  the  present,  use  incipio ;  and  with  the 
passive  infinitive,  the  form  coeptus  sum). 

b.  odi,  I  hate^  with  the  participles  osus,  osurus. 

c.  memini,  /  remember;  imperative  memento. 

The  above  are  found  only  in  the  tenses  of  the  Perfect. 

d.  aio,  /  say^  ais,  ait,  aiunt,  aiebam,  etc. 

e.  inquam,  said  I;  inquit,  said  he  (only  in  quotations).  A  few 
other  forms  are  rarely  used. 

f.  queo,  /  can;  nequeo  (or  non  queo),  /  cannot.  These  are 
inflected  like  eo,  ire ;  but  only  a  few  of  their  forms  are  in  use. 

For  other  forms  of  defectives,  see  Gr.  §  38. 

2.  The  following  are  Impersonal :  — 

a.  pluit,  //  rains ;  grandinat,  //  hails ;  niugit,  //  snows ;  ful- 

gurat,  it  lightens.  

>#.  miseret,  //  g?'ieves;  paenitet,  it  repents ;  piget,  //  disgusts; 
pudet,  //  shames ;  taedft,  //  wearies.     These  take  an  accusative  of 
the^^r&pn  with  a  genitivfe  or  infinitive  :  as, 
miseret  me  tui,  I  pity  you; 
paenitet  me  hoc  fecisse,  I  repent  of  having  done  this. 

c.  libet,  it  pleases ;  licet,  //  is  allowed,  used  with  the  dative  of 
the  person :  as,  licet  mihi  loqui,  /  am  permitted  to  speak;  also 
oportet,  there  is  need :  as,  oportet  me  scribere,  /  must  wfite. 
These  have  the  regular  synopsis  in  the  third  person  :  as,  licet, 
licebat,  licebit,  licuit,  &c.  ;  also  libitum  and  licitum  est,  &c. 

d.  The  third  person  passive  of  intransitive  verbs  (see  Lesson  20): 
as,  pugnatur,  ihej'e  is  Jightijtg ;  mihi  invidetur,  I  am  envied. 

e.  Several  verbs  are  used  impersonally  in  special  meanino:s  :  as, 
certum  est,  /'/  is  resolved;  constat,  it  is  clear;  placet,  videtur,  // 
seeins  good ;  decet,  it  is  becoming;  praestat,  it  is  better;  interest, 
refert,  //  concerns  (with  genitive)  ;  vacat,  there  is  leisure;  with 
verbs  of  happening  and  the  like. 

See  Exercise,  page  72. 


Elementary  Lessons, 


41 


Lesson  27. 

Particles. 

1.  The  regular  Adverbs  of  manner  are  formed  from 
Adjectives,  as  follows  :  — 

a.  Adjectives  of  the  first  and  second  declensions  (ending  in  us 
or  er)  form  the  adverb  in  e :  as, 

callidus  {cunning),  callide;  dexter  {skilful),  dextre. 

b.  Those  of  the  third  declension  form  the  adverb  in  -ter  :  as, 
fortis  {brave),  fortiter ;  prudens  {prudent),  prudenter. 

c.  Many  case  forms  of  adjectives  are  used  as  adverbs :  as, 
multum,  much;  idlso,  falsely ;  recta,  straightway. 

For  the  comparison  of  adverbs,  see  Lesson  11;  for  their  classi- 
fication, see  Gr.  §  41,  2. 

2.  The  more  common  prepositions  in  the  following 
lists  should  be  committed  to  memory  :  — 

a.  The  following  Prepositions  require  the  accusative  :  — 


ad,  to. 

adversusX 
adversum,  towards. 
ante,  before. 
apud,  at,  near. 
circa,  or 
circum,  around. 
circiter,  about. 
cis,  citra,  this  side. 
contra,  aiiainst. 


erga,  tawards. 
extra,  outside. 
infra,  below. 
inter,  amo7tg. 
intra,  inside. 
juxta,  near. 
ob,  on  account  of 
penes,  in  the  power. 
per,  through. 
pone,  behind.       ^--^'^ 

ablative :  — 
e,  ex,  out  of 
prae,  ii>i  Mmpllrtsan  wilfht 

le,  without. 
tenvLB/up  to,  or  as  far  as. 


post,  after. 
praeter,  beyond. 
prope,  near. 
propter,  on  accoimt  of 
secundum,  next  to. 
supra,  above. 
trans,  across. 
ultra,    on  the  farther 

side, 
versus,  towards. 


b.  The  following  require  t 
a,  ab,  ^\>Q,from,  by. 
absque,  but  for,  without. 
coram,  /;/  presence  of. 
cum,  with.  C^^Od^^^^ <f<C^f/. 
de,y>77;;?.  / 

c.  The  following  may  take  eitner  c^e 

in,  into,  in;  sub,  under ;  subter,  beneath ;  super,  above. 

In  and  sub,  when  followed  by  the  Accusative,  signify  motion  to^ 
when  by  the  Ablative,  rest  in,  a  place. 


1 


42  Latin  Method, 

Lesson  28. 

Formation  of  Woi-ds :   1.  "Verb  Stems. 

1.  The  parts  of  a  word  which  most  commonly 
determine  its  meaning  are:  i.  the  Root;  2.  the 
significant  ending  found  in  the  Stem  ;  3.  the  Inflec- 
tion ;   4.  (in  compounds)  the  Prefix. 

For  example,  the  noun  flumen,  river^  is  formed  from  the  root 
¥i.v,Jlow,  and  the  termination  men,  denoting  act,  means,  or  result. 
In  the  verb  conjecerat,  he  had  hurled,  we  find:  i.  the  root  JAC, 
throw  (lengthened  in  the  perfect  to  jec)  ;  2.  the  inflectional  end- 
ing erat  of  the  pluperfect  third  person  (being  the  imperfect  of  esse 
added  to  the  perfect  stem)  ;  3.  the  prefix  con,  signifying  here  the 
force  or  vigor  of  an  action. 

Note.  —  Many  words  (as  most  Particles)  are  primitive  ;  and 
many  others,  though  derivative,  are  simple,  and  do  not  apparently 
come  under  the  rules  of  derivation. 

2.  The  Root  gives  a  word  its  radical  meaning. 
Roots  consist  of  a  single  syllable,  and  have  a  short 
vowel.  Verb-stems  are  formed  from  roots  in  one  of 
the  following  ways  :  — 

1.  By  lengthening  the  vowel :  as,  dig.  dico. 

2.  By  reduplication  :  as,  gen,  gigno ;  sta,  sisto. 

3.  By  inserting  m  or  n  :  as,  cub,  -cumbo  ;  Fm,  findo. 

4.  By  adding  d  or  n  :  as,  ten,  tendo  ;  tem,  temno. 

5.  By  doubling  final  1  or  r:  as,  fal,  fallo  ;  ver,  verro. 

6.  By  adding  sc  (inceptive) :  as.  Die,  disco  (:=  dicsco). 

7.  By  adding  t:  as,  mit,  mitto;  pec,  pecto. 

8.  By  adding  a  vowel:  as,  jac,  jacio  ;  cap,  capio. 

N.  B  —The  added  vowel,  a,  e,  i,  becomes  the  vowel  of  conju- 
gation (characteristic  or  connecting  vowel)  in  amo  (=  amao), 
moneo,  audio. 

For  the  formation  of  the  Perfect  and  Supine  stems,  see 
Lesson  18. 

3.  Give  the  principal  parts  of  the  verbs  which  fol- 
low (consulting  the  Vocabulary),  tracing  the  formation 
of  the  different  stems  from  the  root,  and  comparing 
the  appended  derivatives  ;  — 


Ele^neniary  Lessons,  43 

N.  B.  —  The  small  figures  i,  2,  3,  4,  represent  the  conjugations. 

1.  voco'  (voc),  call ;  vox,  voice. 

2.  seco'  (sec),  cut;  segmentum,  slice. 

3.  do'  (da),  give;  Aoiwivq.,  gift. 

4.  2iVi^eo'^  {a\]G),  increase ;  au^uatus,  august. 

5.  suadeo'^  (svad),  make  pleasant ;  suavis,  sweet. 

6.  oa.6.6^  {cad\  fall ;  casus,  accident. 

7.  sisto^  (sta),  stand  (compare  sto,  stare). 

8.  nosco^  (gno),  know ;  nomen,  naine. 

9.  cre-do''  (dha),  trust  {^place  confidence'). 

10.  finio"*  (from  fini-,  stem  of  finis),  end. 

11.  salio*  (sal),  leap ;  sal  to,  dance. 

12.  eo  (i),  go  (compare  ven-eo,  to  be  sold) ;  iter,  way. 

Lesson  29. 

Formation  of  Words  :   3.  Nouns  and  Adjectives. 

I.  The  following  are  some  of  the  more  important 
significant  endings :  — 

1.  tor  (m.),  trix  (f.),  doer  or  agent  :  as,  arator,  ploughman; 
victrix,  she  that  conquers. 

This  form  is  often  used  as  an  adjective  :  as,  victor  exercitus,  a 
victorious  army  ;  victricia  arma,  conquering  ar?Jts. 

2.  men,  mentum,  bulum,  culum  (n.),  means  :  as,  tegmen, 
covering;  frumentum,  corn  (fruor,  enjoy). 

3.  ulus  (olus,  ellus),  a,  um,  diminutive  :  as,  rivulus,  a  brook; 
filiolus,  a  little  son  ;  capella,  a  she-goat;  munusculum,  a  trifling 
gift;  catellus,  a  young  puppy  (catulus). 

4.  ax,  idus,  bundus,  active  verbal  :  as,  pugnax,  apt  to 
fight;  liioidus,  shining ;  vagabundus,  wandering. 

5.  ilis,  bilis,  ivu3,  mnus,  passive  verbal  :  as,  fragilis,  frail 
(frango)  ;  nobilis,  well-known  (nosco)  ;  captivus,  prisoner  (of 
war)  ;  alumnus  {dXo) ,  foster-child. 

6.  ia,  io,  tas,  tudo  (f),  quality:  as,  prudentia,  prudence; 
caritas,  dearness ;  latitude,  breadth. 

7.  alis,  aris,  arius,  acius,  ilis  (adj.),  belonging  to  :  militaris, 
of  a  soldier ;  hostilis,  of  the  enemy  ;  o-vlle,  sheep-fold ;  bubile  (n.), 
a  stall  for  cattle  ;  argentarius,  sihiers7nith  or  money-lender. 

8.  eus,  aceus,  osus,  ilus,  denoting  material  or  abundance  : 
as,  awxQXiS,  golden  ;  aeinvunosvis,  full  of  grief. 


44  Latin  Method, 

9.  ium,  etum,  office  or  group  :  as,  servitium,  slavery^  or  the 
servile  class  j  quercetum,  oak-forest. 

10.  atus,    itus,    utus,    participial:    as,    galeatus,   hebneted; 
auritus,  long-eared ;  cornutus,  having  hor?ts. 

11.  ides,  ades,  (m.),  as,  is,  eis  (f.),  patronymic  :  as,  Priamides, 
son  of  Priam;  Tyndaris,  daughter  of  Tyfidarus. 

12.  anus,  ensis,  patrial:  as,  Romanus,  Roman;  Atheiiiensis, 
Athenian. 

2.   Give  the  meaning  of  the  following  derivatives, 
as  shown  by  the  termination  :  — 

1.  venatrix:  venor,'^  hunt.  15.  facilis  :  facio,^ /^  ^<?. 

2.  nubilus:  nuhes,  cloud.  16.  eda.x:  edo,^ to eaL 

3.  mobilis:  moveo,- ///^^'^.  17.  migratio  :  mi^io,^  emigrate. 

4.  fertilitas :  feio,  dear.  18.  dumetum:  Awooms,  bramble, 

5.  flamen:  flo,i  to  blow.  19.  arbustum:  arbor,  tree. 

6.  puerulns  :  puer,  boy.  20.  cantor  :  cano,^  sing. 

7.  misellus  :  laiiBex,  wretched,  21.  hospitium:  Yios^pes,  host. 

8.  moribundus :  morior,^  to  die.  22.  civilis :  civis,  citizen. 

9.  castrensis  :   castra,  ^^;;/^.  23.  urbanus:  urbs,  <://>/. 

10.  calidus  :  caleo,^  to  be  hot.  24.  nodosus  :  nodus,  knot. 

11.  fortitudo:  ioxths,  brave.  25.  absentia:  2i}o%Gn.s,  absetit. 

1 2.  levitas :  levis,  light.  26.  Cretensis :  Creta  {an  island). 

13.  levamen:  levo,'  lift.  I'j .  Atrides:  Atreus. 

14.  mercator:  mercor,'  trade.  28.  Nereis:  T^qxqws  {a  sea-god). 

Lesson  30. 

Formation  of  "Words  :  3.  Derivatives  and  Compounds. 

I.  The  following  are  the  forms  of  the  derivative 
verbs  :  — 

1.  sco^  {inceptive  or  inchoative)^  beginning:   as,  fl5resco,  to 
put  forth  flowers ;  cslesco,  to  grow  warm. 

2.  esso,^    isso^   {intensive),    attemp-j:  :    as,   capesso,    lay  hold 
on;  facesso,  to  do  (with  energy)  ;  petisso,  seek  (eagerly). 

3.  to,'   ito^  {intensive^  frequentative),  force  or  repetition: 
as,  jacto,'  to  hurl ;  dictito,i  to  keep  on  saying. 

4.  illo^  {diminutive)^  feebleness  :   as,  cantillo^  to  chirp  or 
warble. 

5.  urio^  (^/fi-zV/^fr^Z/V^),  desire  :  as,  esurio,*  /  ^/// ^z/«^rj/ (from 
edo,^  eat).     [The  last  three  are  added  to  the  Supine  stem.] 


Ele7nentary  Lessons,  45 

6.  Many  verbs  of  the  first  conjugation  are  formed  from  nouns  or 
adjectives  :  as,  milito,'  to  serve  as  a  soldier;  caeco/  to  7nake 
blind  J  vigilo,'  to  keep  watch  ;  dominor/  to  be  inaster,  or  tyrant. 

2.  Compounds  are  formed  in  two  ways  :  — 

a.  By  joining  two  or  more  words  in  one,  each  retaining  its  own 
meaning :  as,  armiger,  armor-bearer;  maledico,^  to  speak  ill; 
magnanimus,  great-hearted;  tubiceu  {tuba,  cano),  trumpeter ; 
multiformis,  of  many  shapes;  suovetaurilia  {sTis,  ovis,  taurus),  a 
ceremony  including  the  sacrifice  of  a  hog,  a  sheep,  and  a  bull, 

b.  By  prefixing  a  Particle  :  most  frequently  a  Preposition  to  a 
Verb.  The  meaning  of  the  most  common  prefixes  is  seen  in 
the  following  :  — 

1.  a,  ab,  AWAY  :  as,  aufero  (abfero),  take  away. 

2.  ad,  TO,  TOWARDS  :  as,  affero  (adfero),  brittg. 

3.  ante,  BEFORE  :  as,  antefero, /r,^^ry  antecello,^  ^,tr^/. 

4.  circum,  around:  as,  cixcvLYO.mvLnio,'^  fortify  completely. 

5.  con,  together  or  forcibly  :  as,  confero,  bring  together; 

coUoco,'  to  set  firm. 

6.  de,  DOWN,  UTTERLY  :  as,  despicio,^  despise  {look  down  on) ; 

destruo,^  destroy. 

7.  di  or  dis,  asunder  :  as,  diduco,^  draw  apai't ;  disjungo,^ 

uvbind. 
8    e,  ex,  OUT  :  as,  effero  (ecfero),  carry  forth.,  uplift. 
9.  in  (with  nouns  or  adjectives),  not  :  as,  inf  initus,  boundless. 

10.  in  (with  verbs),  in,  on,  against:  as,  infero,  bear  against. 

11.  inter,  between,  to  pieces  :  as,  interrumpo,^  intentipt. 

12.  ne,  neo,  not  :  as,  nequeo,  cannot ;  necopinatus,  unlooked 

for. 

13.  ob,  towards,  to  meet  :  as,  offero,  offer ;  obvenio,''  ineet. 

14.  per,  prae,  very  :    as,  permagnus,  very  great ;  praeclarus, 

glorious. 

15.  per,  FORWARD  :  2.S, -poxrectvL^,  oictstretched. 

16.  re,  red,  back,  again  :  as,  refero,  report ;  redeo,  return. 

17.  se,  APART  :  2^^,  ^'QY>2iXO^  separate ;  secexno,^  p7it  aside. 

18.  sub,  UNDER,  in  LOW  degree:  as,  subdolus,  crafty;   sub- 

struo,^  build  beneath. 

19.  super,  UPON,  OVER  and  above:  as,  superfluo,^  overfloxb ; 

superstes,  a  survivor. 

See  Examples,  pp.  126-1^8. 


46  Latin  Method. 

PARALLEL    EXERCISES 

ON    THE    FCTREGOING    LESSONS. 


Lesson    3. 

First  Declension  of  Nouns. 

Vvcabtilary. 
a  or  2ih,from  (with  abl.).  in,  in  (with  abl.). 

ad,  to  (with  ace)-  i°»  ^^^^  (with  ace), 

cum,  wiih  (with  abl).  inter,  between,  among  (ace.)' 

e  or  ex,  out  of  (with  abl.).  per,  through  (with  ace), 

ala,  ae  (f.),  wing.  nympha,  ae  (f.),  nymph. 

aquila,  ae  (f.),  eagle.  umbra,  ae  (f.),  shadow. 

et  or  -que,  and;  sed,  but;  non,  not. 
Translate  into  English. 


I 


I. 

Nautae  filia. 

8. 

In  insula. 

2. 

Nympha  aquarum. 

9- 

Ad  portas. 

3. 

Via  per  silvas. 

ID. 

Cometes  inter  Stellas. 

4- 

Agricola  cum  filiabus. 

II. 

Inter  lunam  et  Stellas. 

5- 

Amicitia  puellarum. 

12. 

In  umbra  silvae. 

6. 

Ex  aqua. 

13- 

Ad  reginae  filias. 

7- 

In  aquam. 

14. 

Aquilae  alis. 

Write  in  L,atin. 

1.  The  queen's^  daughter.         4.  Between  Rome  and  Athens. 

2.  The  wings  of  eagles.  5.  To  the  gates  of  Rome. 

3.  A  way  through  the  wood.      6.  From  the  island  to  the  land. 

1  Genitive  •*  observe  that  "  queen's  "  is  the  same  as  "  of  the  queen." 

L  E  S  S  O  N   •  4. 
Second  Declension  of  Nouns. 

Vocabulary. 
argentum,  i  (n.),  silver,  murus,  i  (m,),  wall. 

ager,  gri  {u^feld.  oculus,  i  (m.),  eye. 

folium,  i  (n.),  leaf.  somnus,  i  (m  ),  sleep. 

hortus,  i  (M.),  garden.  taurus,  i  (m.),  bull. 

multum,  i  (n.),  much.  templum,  i  (x.),  temple. 


Parallel  Exercises,  47 

Translate  into  English. 

1.  Servi  filius.  10.  Umbrae  foliorum. 

2.  Magistrorunr  libri.  11.  Bella  Romanorum. 

3.  Tauri  oculus.  12.  Magister  cum  pueris. 

4.  Cum  Marco  puero.  13.  Nauta  cum  filiis. 

5.  Marce  lili.  14.  Multum  argenti.^ 

6.  Corinthi  murus.  15.  Belli  pericula. 

7.  In  somno.  16.  Via  ad  oppidum. 

8.  In  agris  magistri.  17.  Ager  inter  silvam  et  oppi- 

9.  In  agros  viri.  dum. 

Write  in  iLatin. 

1.  In  the  gardens.  7.  Into  the  town. 

2.  Into  the  master's  fields.  8.  To  the  walls  of  the  town. 

3.  The  queen's  slaves.  9.  Among  the  leaves  of  the 

4.  The  walls  of  Rome.  forest. 

5.  In  the  wars  of  the  Romans.^  10.  In   the   temples   of   the 

6.  Between  land  and  water.  gods. 

1  Words  of  Quantity,  as  much,  more,  less,  are  in"  Latin  used  with  the 
genitive  :  thus,  muck  silver  is  much  (a  great  deal)  0/  silver, — ^  Rbmdnus. 


Lesson    5. 

Adjectives  of  the  First  and  Second  Declensions. 

Vocabulary. 
collum,  i  (n.),  neck.  angustus,  a,  um,  narrow. 

pomum,  i  (n.),  apple.,  fruit.  funestus,  a,  Mva,  fatal. 

socius,  i  (m.),  companion.  maturus,  a,  um,  ripe. 

tenebrae,  arum  (f.),  gloom.  sanctus,  a,  um,  holy, 

noster,  tra,  trum,  our.  pulcer,"  era,  crum,  beautiful. 

Translate  into  ^English. 

1.  Regina  cum  parvis  filiabus.  6.  In  via  angusta. 

2.  In  magno  funestoque  bello.  7.  Niger  equus  in  agro. 

3.  Templa  sanctarum  dearum.  8.  Multa  folia  in  silvis. 

4.  Cum  sociis  et  filio  et  magnis  9.  Sancte  deus  ! 

dis.^  10.  Roma  patria  nostra. 

5.  Via  angusta  inter  silvam  et      11.  Tenebrae  sub  foliis  sil- 

oppidum.  varum. 

1  Later  and  commoner  form,  pulcher,         2  See  page  5,  e. 


4S 


Latin  Method. 


1.  My  friend  (voc). 

2.  The  long  neck  of  the  swan. 

3.  Many  gifts  in  the  temples 

of  the  gods. 

4.  Ripe  apples  in  the  master's 

garden. 


Write  in  Latin. 

5.  Shadows    of    the    dense 
forests. 

6.  A  long  way  through  fields 
and  forests. 

7.  Italy  our  native-land. 

8.  Seven^black  bulls  (ace). 


1  septem. 

Lesson    6. 

Simple  Sentence:  1.  Subject  and  Predicate. 

Vocabulaiy. 


anc5ra,  ae  (f.),  anchor. 
constantia,  ae  {¥.),  firmness. 
dominus,  i  (m.),  master^  lord. 
solatium,  i  (n,),  comfort. 
acutus,  a,  um,  keen. 


apertus,  a,  um,  open. 
arduus,  a,  um,  difficult. 
curvus,  a,  um,  crooked. 
fidus,  a,  ura.,  faithful. 
serenus,  a,  um,  clear,  still. 


Translate  into  English. 

1.  Filia  reginae  est  pulcra.  ii.  Magna  sunt  pericula  belli. 

2.  Ancorae  curvae  sunt.  12.  Nihil  viris  bonis  arduum 

3.  Portae  sunt  apertae.  est. 

4.  In  silvis  multae  erant  ferae.  13.  Miseri  semper  sumus  sine 


5.  Oculi  nautarum  sunt  acuti. 

6.  Agricola  erat  in  agro.  14. 

7.  Lucida  est  luna  in  caelo 

sereno.  15. 

8.  Corinthi  portae  altae  ^2i- 

tent  {are  open) .  16. 

9.  Pueri  sumus  non  viri. 

10.   Seneca   philosophus   erat     17. 
clarus  inter  Romanos. 


beneficiis  deorum. 
Maximis  curis  remedium 

est  patientia. 
NuUius    omnino  vita   est 

libera  curis. 
In    medio    templo   sedet 

regina. 
Mucins  vir  erat  Romanae 

constantiae. 


lYrite  in  Latin. 


1.  The  son  of  Aeneas  was 

Ascanius. 

2.  Anger  is  a  great  fault. 

3.  Athens  was  the  native-city 

of  many  great  men. 

4.  Few  slaves  were  faithful 

to  [their]  masters  (dat.). 


5.  Great  men  [are]  the  gift  of 

the  gods. 

6.  The  moon  and  stars  were 

bright  in  the  clear  sky. 

7.  You  are  men,  not  boys. 

8.  The   forces    of    the    Ro- 


Parallel  Exercises,  49 

Lesson    7. 

Simple  Sentence :  3.  Object- Accusative. 

Vocabulary, 
fugo,'  drive.  mico/  glitter. 

fulgeo,2  shine.  minus,  less. 

garrulus,  a,  um,  chattering.  moveo,^  move. 

impleo.^y?//.  placidus,  a,  um,  calm. 

intro,^  enter.  tener,  era,  erum.,  tender, 

libum,  i  (n.),  cake.  turbo,i  disturb. 

liquidus,  a,  um,  transparent.  uiida,  ae  (f.),  wave. 

magis,  more^  (adv.).  ventus,  i  (m.),  wind. 

Translate  into  English. 

1.  J^unam  et  Stellas  videmus  in  caelo  sereno. 

2.  Magnam  perieuli  procellam  Horatius  sustinet. 

3.  Silvam    magnam,  atram    tenebris,  prope   oppidum   in- 
tramus. 

4.  Ignavus  nauta  ventos  et  undas  culpat. 
^^  5.  Bona  consilia  das  fili©. 

6.  Locum  vera  gloria  habet  inter  astra. 
^  7.  Bonos  laudamus,  improbos  vituperamus. 

8.  Aquam  liquidam  agnus  non  turbat. 

9.  Atra  cura  placidum  somnum  membris  non  dat. 
10.  Tua  fata  docet  aliorum  fortuna.  ^■ 

,    II.  Romani  castra  movent  e  campo. 

12.  Saevus  lupus  agnam  teneram  lacerat. 

13.  Servi  pocula  magna  vino  implent. 

14.  Fessi  nautae  fretum  angustum  intrant. 

15.  Puellae  garrulae  multa  inter  se^  narrant. 

16.  Poetae  antiqui  sapientiam  docent. 

17.  Agricola  lupos  ex  agris  suis  fugat. 

"Write  in  Latin. 

1.  Slaves  fear  a  cruel  master.  ; 

2.  The  black^  darkness  of  the  forest  terrifies''  small  boys. 

3.  We  give  cakes  to  children.^ 

4.  The  queen  is  walking  in  [the]  garden  with*  [her]  two 
daughters. 

1  a7noug  Ihenisclvcs  [to  one  (inot/ier).       ^  ater.       3  puer.        *  cum. 


5  Plural.  4 


50  Latin  Method, 

5.  We  owe  a  great  [sum  of]  money  to  the  jeweller. 

6.  Few  [men]  love  glory  more  than  life.^ 
-      7.,  We  often  see  wolves' in  the  forest. 

8.  We  praise  the  good  less  than  we  blame  the  bad. 

9.  The  Tyrians^ praise  the  beautiful  queen. 

10.  We  have  riches  [as]  a  gift  of  the  bountiful  gods. 

11.  The  son  of  Anchises  enters  the  shades  of  Avernus.* 
8  Avernus,  i.  ^  Accusative.  2  Xyrii, 

Lesson    8. 

Simple  Sentence  :   3.  Special  Forms* 

Vocabulary . 
caecus,  a,  um,  blind.  impiger,  gra,  um,  vigorous. 

canorus,  a,  um,  melodious.    .        invideo,'^  envy  (with  dat.). 

cygnus,  i  (m.),  swan.  noceo,^  do  harm  (dat.). 
erga  (with  ace),  towards.  potius,  rather. 

frigidus,  a,  um,  cold.  stultus,  a,  \im,  foolish. 
ignavus,  a,  um,  lazy.  V2Xqo,^  prevail^  be  strong. 

Translate  into  Englisli. 

1.  Num  tu  laudas  stultum  ?  nonne  potius  rides? 

2.  Ubinam  in  terris  cygnum  canorum  videmus? 

3.  Cur  pericula  belli  timetis  t 

4.  O  quam  frigida  est  aqua  ! 

5.  Et  oculis^  et  animo  videmus. 

6.  Quomodo  vita  tyrannorum  veram  amicitiam  habet  ? 

7.  Quanta  sunt  tua  erga  me  beneficia ! 

8.  Virum  bonum  inimici  non  terrent. 

9.  Inter  stultos  maxime  valet'prudentia. 

10.  Quando  eras  tu  RomaQ.  aut  Corinthi  ?  ;':f^' 

11.  Et  stultos  et  caecos  saepe  videmus  multos. 

12.  Nee  nocet  inimicis  vir  bonus  nee  invidet. 

13.  Alter  puerorum  impiger  est,  alter  ignavus. 

1  Translate  with  (ablative  of  means). 
Write  in  Latin. 

I.  Do  you  see  a  narrow  road  in  the  forest  ?    Yes  ("  I  see  "). 
'2.  How-great  are  the  gifts  of  the  gods  ! 
3.  We  were  both^  weary  and  frightened. 

1  et. 


Parallel  Exercises,  5X 

4.  We  do  not  sea  wholly  either  with  the  eyes  or  with  the 
mind  (use  neque  .  .  nee). 

5.  The  queen  has  two  slaves,  the  one^  tall,  the  other^stout;: 
yd.  We  have  neither  riches  nor  glary. 

7.  Does  a  good  man  ever  envy  the  bad  ? 

8.  The  perils  of  war  frighten  cowards,  but  not  strong  men. 

9.  How-many  fingerj  have-you  on'  the  right-hand  ?  how 
many  on  the  left  ? 

10.  Pompey  was   an   honest  man,  no-doubt,*  and   a   good 
general ;  but  proud,  jealous,  sullen,  and-not^  a  true  friend. 
Y     2  alter  (ace).  3  i^.  4  quidem.  ^  neque. 

Lesson    9. 

Third  Declension  of  Xoung. 

Vocabulary. 

coram  (abl.),  m  presence  of.  quies,  etis  (f.),  rest. 

hirundo,  inis  (f.),  swallow.  sol,  solis  (m.),  the  sun. 

iter,  itineris  (n.),  journey^  inarch.  s61um,  i  (n.),  soil^  land. 

jucunditas,  atis  (f.),  delight.  tempus,  oris  (n.),  time. 

latro,  onis  (m.),  robber.  venator,  oris  (m.),  huntsman. 

me  (ace.  or  abl.),  7ne.  ver,  veris  (n.),  spring. 

mutatio,  onis  (f.),  change.  vulnus,  eris  (n.),  wound 

Translate  into  English. 

1.  Cantat  vacuus  coram  latrone  viator. 

2.  Milites  Romani  in  hostium  finibus  pugnant. 

3.  Mare  vastum  sub  oculis  militum  patet. 

4.  Hirundines  veris  tempore  videmus. 

5.  Virtus  in  astra  spectat ;  in  mortem  timor. 
x^6.  Nobilitas  sola  est  atque  unica  virtus. 

7.  Inter    heroas^    veteres    Herculem,  Thesea,^    Persea,^ 
lasona,^  Bellerophonta^  memoramus. 
V  8.   Somnus  est  mortis  imago. 
sr  9-  Immensas  arbor  habet  opes. 

10.  Subita  formido  occupat  corda  Romanorum. 

11.  Rectores  civitatis  boni  strenuique  erant  multi. 

12.  Hostes  vim  legionum  atque  equitum  non  sustinent. 
1  page  12.  e.  ^  page  5.^.  ^  §  11,  iii.  6.  c^  d. 


52  Latin  Methdd, 

,  13.  Homo  sum :  humani*  nihil  a  me  alienum  puto. 

^  14.  Fontem  liquidum  agnus  non  turbat. 

x   15.  L.  Junius  Brutus  et  L.  Tarquinius   Collatinus  primi 

erant  consules  Romae. 

16.  Lampadas   facesque  dextris  tenemus. 

17.  Fortuna  spondet  multa  multis  \  praestat  nemini. 

18.  Senex  bubulcus  libertatem  frustra  orat. 

19.  Post  equitem  sedet  atra  Cura. 

20.  Pallida   Mors   aequo  pulsat  pede  pauperum  tabernas 
regumque  turres. 

21.  In  solis  defectionibus,  soli  luna  obstat. 

22.  ^abet  multum  jucunditatis  soli  caelique  mutatio. 

23.  Ver  praebet  flores,  formosa  est  messibus  aestas. 

24.  Navita  de  ventis,  de  tauris  narrat  arator  ; 
Enumerat  miles  vulnera,  pastor  oves. 

25.  Venator  fera?  canibus  agitat. 

26.  Labor  et  requies  sunt  pariter  necessaria.® 

.27.  Itinere  et  frigore  et  vulneribus  fessus  erat  miles. 

28.  Senum  multorum  consilia  sunt  sana,  corpora  infirma. 

29.  Agricola   laudat   nemora  sua   amoena,   et   rura   plena 
jucunditatis. 

30.  Neque    est    trepidatio    diligentia,    neque   irapudentia 
fortitudo. 

*  That  is,  "of  what  belongs  to  man."  5  Neuter  plural  (§  47,  2.  b). 

"Write  in  I^atin. 

1.  The  ramparts^  of  the  city  are  high  and  long. 

2.  The  boy  is  in  the  garden  with  [his]  father  and  mother. 

3.  The  hunter's  dogs  are-hastening  to  the  woods. 

4.  Riches,  honor,  [and]  beauty  are  uncertain. 

5.  The  enemy  (plur.)  puts-to-flight^  the  Roman  legions. 

6.  A  fox  and  a  lion  were  once  partners^  in  the  chase."* 

7.  The  virtue  of  [one's]  parents  is  a  great  dovver.^ 

8.  A  constant  dropping  wears-away®  a  stone. 

9.  The  mind  of  man  (plur.)  is  ignorant  of  future  destiny. 

^  moenia.  ^  fi*goy  ^  saeius.  ^  venatio. 

5  dos  (f.).  ^  cavoy 


Parallel  Exercises,  53 

10.  The  broad  tree  of  Jove  furnishes  acorns  for  swine/ 

.11.  The  nymphs  are  guards  of  the  fountains. 

12.  Vulcan  furnishes  thunderbolts  to-Jove. 

13.  A  thousand  shining  fishes  are-swimming*  in  the  stream. 

"^  page  14,  3.  8  natoy 


Lesson    10. 

Adjectives  of  the  Third  Declension. 

Vocabulary, 
adhibeo,2  apply.  ingens,  tis,  vast^  mighty, 

aequor,  bris  (n.),  lev  el ^  sea.       iners,  tis,  idle^  inefficient. 
civitas,  atis  (f.),  state.  mergus,  i  (m.),  sea-gull. 

fallax,  acis,  treacherous.  pauper,  eris,  poor  (not  destitute), 

fidelis,  Q.faithpil.  paupertas,  atis  (f.),  poverty, 

ferens,  tis,  bringing.  recens,  tia,  fresh. 

ferox,  OCXS,  fierce.  xervoio^  fly  back. 

fortis,  e,  brave,  sceleratus,  a,  um,  wicked. 

impleo,2yf//.  torqueo,^  hurl. 

Translate  into  £ngrlish. 

1.  Silvam  veterem  in  montibus  videmus. 

2.  Inertes  semper  maxime  laborant.^ 

3.  Medio  celeres  revolant  ex  aequore  mergi. 
^,4.  Impia  sub  dulci  melle  venena  latent. 

5.  Amicorum  omnia^  sunt  communia. 

6.  Semper  gravis  est  ira  regum. 

7.  Filius  sapiens  laetificat  patrem. 

8.  Fortuna  fortes^  juvat. 

.   9.  Ignis  aurum  probat,  miseria  fortes  viros. 

10.  Paupertas  omnes  artes  docet. 

11.  Alteri*  divitiae,  alteri  ingentes  opes  sunt. 
.12.  Senex  est  debilis  et  annis  et  morbo. 

13.  Timeo  hostes  et^  dona  ferentes. 
.    14.   Servi  fideles  pocula  vino  recenti  implent. 

15.  Ferox  leo  agnum  asperis  lacerat  dentibus, 

16.  Voluptas  fallax  est,  et  inimica  virtuti. 

^  i.e.  take  most  trouble.  2  all  things  [every  thing). 

'  "  the  brave,^''  i.e.  brave  men.     ^  'Uo  the  one  are,''  i.e.  the  one  has.     ^  even. 


54  Latin  Method,  * 

17.  Salus  civitatis  est  civium  virtus. 

18.  Vires^  virorum  sunt  inter  se'  dispares. 

19.  Terribilia  sunt  fulmina  Jovis,  et  sceleratis  inimica. 

20.  Gravibus  morbis^  curationes  adhibemus  periculosas. 

21.  Tu  frigus  amabile  fessis  tauris  et  pecori  vago  praebes. 

22.  Navi  fragili  omnes  venti  sunt  contrarii. 

6  See  page  14,  3.        '^  from  one  another  (see  §  19,  3.  d).       ^  Dative. 
"Write  in  Liatin. 

1.  The  lion's  strength  (plur.)  is  vast. 

2.  In  the  tomb  the  poor  [man]  is  equal  to  the  rich. 

3.  With  mighty  force^  the  soldier  hurls  [his]  spear. 

4.  The  wicked  fear  the  dreadful  thunderbolts  of  Jove. 

5.  The  valor^  of  general    and   soldiers   is  the   safety  of 
the  state. 

6.  All  good  citizens  call-on^  the  gods  with  humble  prayers. 

7.  A  wise  father  often  has  a  foolish  son. 

8.  Why  do-you-fear  the  tiger  ?*     Because  he  has  mighty 
teeth  and  dreadful  claws. 

9.  The  horseman  pricks-up^  [his]  horse  with  sharp  spurs. 

10.  We  fill  the  bowls  daily  with  fresh  milk. 

11.  In  a  short  time  the  enemy  (plur.)  move  [their]  camp 
from  the  plain.  ^ 

1  vis.         2  virtus.         3  invocoy  *  tigris  (§  H,  iii.  d.  b).         ^  stinmlo.^ 

Lesson    II. 

Comparison  of  Adjectives. 

Vocabulary. 
aequalis,  e,  of  one's  own  age.        jucundus,  a,  ura.,  pleasa?it 
aequitas,  atis  (y.^^  justice.  plerique,  aeque,  aque,  most. 

egens,  tis,  needy.  posteri,  9rvira.,  posterity. 

facetus,  a,  um,  cheerful,  funny,     sagax,  acis,  sagacious. 
felix,  Ids,  fortunate.  validus,  a,  um,  strong. 

gravis,  e,  heavy.  velox,  ocis,  swift. 

Translate  into  English. 

1.  Quid  est  in  oti©  jucundius  quam  sermo  facetus  t 

2.  Quis  animi  maximi  aequitatem  summam  non  laudat  ? 

-.     3.  Labor  voluptasque,   dissimillima  natura,  societate  na- 
turali  sunt  conjuncta. 


«  Parallel  Exercises.  55 

4.  Argentum  villus  est  auro/  virtutibiis  aurum. 

5.  Nihil  est  praestantius  sapientia. 

6.  Romam,  urbem  Italiae  clarissimam,  laudant  poetae. 

7.  Liberi  saepe  parentibus  sunt  simillimi. 

8.  O  matre  pulcra  filia  pulcrior  ! 

9.  Caesarem,  et  virum  fortissimum  et  imperatorem  sum- 
mum,  nos  poster!  laudamus. 

10.  P.  Clodius  erat  nequissimus"  omnium  aequalium. 

11.  Hostes  maximum  oppidum  Hispanorum  oppugnant. 

12.  Hieme  pauperes  sunt  egentissimi. 

13.  Senem  sapientissimum  omnes  Catonem  vocant. 

14.  Magister  noster  omnium  est  doctissimus. 

15.  Lupi  ferociores  sunt  quam  canes, 

16.  Feliciores  erant  filii  quam  patres. 

17.  Filia  pulchra  pulcherrimae  matri  est  simillima. 

18.  Permulti'  seraes  validiores  sunt  quam  pleriq^ue  pueri. 

19.  Omnium  animalium  ferocissimus  est  tigris,  sagacissimus 
elephantus,  callidissinia  vulpes. 

1  thajigold  (abl.).  2  See  §  17,  2.  3  See  §  17,  5.  d. 

"Write  in   Latin. 

1.  No  one  of  the  Romans  was  more  eloquent  than  Cicero, 
no  one  more  wise  than  Cato. 

2.  It  was  a  very-heavy^  load. 

3.  Care  is  swifter  than  the  winds. 

4.  The  glory  of  the  Roman  people  was  greatest  in  war. 

5.  The  deeds  of  brave  men  are  often  very  obscure. 

6.  Dogs  are  more  sagacious  than  cats. 

7.  A  queen  is  often  the  most  wretched  of  all  women. 

8.  'Cornelia  was  the  elder  of  the  [two]  sisters. 

9.  Men  often  dread  even  the  smallest  evils. 

10.  In    the   forest    are   very-many   fierce    animals,   among 
others  boars,  wolves,  and  bears. 

11.  The  children  were  more  fortunate  than  [their]  parents. 

12.  The  farmer's    servant  is-giving   very    poor  fodder"^  to 
his  cattle.^  ^ 

^  Superlative.  ,   2  malum  pabuhitn.  3  ^(^^.^j  (see  page  14,3). 


56  Latin  Method, 

Lesson    12. 

Fourth  and  Fifth  Declensions. 

Vocabulary. 

acies,  ei  (f.),  edj^e,  line-of-battle.  orno/  adorn. 

adventus,  us  (m.),  coming.  partus,  a,  Mm.,  gotten. 

caesaries,  ei  (f.),  hair,  locks.  pendeo,^  hang^  depend. 

contra,  against.  posterus,  a,  um,  the  next. 

fluctus,  us  (m.),  billow.  praeclarus,  a,  um,  glorious, 

glacies,  ei  (f.),  ice.  roscidus,  a,  um,  dewy. 

male,  ill,  badly.  sudo,i  sweaty  distil, 

minax,  acis,  threatening.  unguis,  is  (m.),  claw. 

Translate  into  English. 

At 

1.  Ex  parvis  rebus  saepe  magnae, pendent. 

2.  Durae  quercus  sudant  roscida  mella. 

\r  3.  Est  mihi  domi  pater,  est  optima  mater. 

4.  Altas  quercus  in  silvis  videmus. 

5.  In  alto  lacu  plurimi  sunt  pisces. 
v6.  Puerum  minapja  tauri  cornua  terrent. 

7.  Domus  suitfsplendidae  in  oppido. 

8.  Plurimas  naves  in  portu  videmus. 

9.  In  magnis  fluctibus  maris  natant  pueri. 

10.  Validis    arcubus    Persae    pugnant,    longissimis    hastis 
Macedones. 

11.  Circiter  meridiem  milites  ad  magistratus  festinant. 

12.  Postero   die  Caesar  cum  omni  equitatu  confertissima 
acie  pugnat. 

13.  Pecunia  male  parta  materies  est  plurimorum  malorum. 

14.  Soror  fidei  est  justitia. 

15.  Solis    occasu    Caesar    aciem    Gallorum    militibus   suis 
monstrat. 

16.  Filio  suo  Aeneae  alma  Venus  caesariem  dat  decoram. 

17.  Spes  victoriae  milites  delectat. 

18.  Tauri  contra  leones  cornibus  pugnant. 

19.  Fortuna  est  domina  rerum  humanarum. 

20.  Cantibus  avium  parvarum  magnopere  gaudemus. 

V  21.  Non  domus  nostra  corpus  est,  sed  hospitium,  et  quidem 
breve. 


Parallel  Exercises,  57 

Write  in  L.atin. 

1.  The  father's  coming  delights  the  children. 

2.  The  face  of  the  goddess  was  most  beautiful. 

3.  Caesar,  with   all  his  cavalry,  fights  against  the  line-of- 
battle  of  the  Gauls. 

4.  We  see  very-hard  ice  upon^  the  lake. 

5.  A  good  man  always  keeps  his  promise.^ 

6.  Bulls  fight  with   [their]    horns,  boars  with  their  tusks, 
lions  with  their  claws. 

7.  In  the  most  wretched  case,^  hope  sustains^  [our]  minds. 

8.  About  sunset  the  enemy  (plur.)  hasten  towards^  the  city. 

9.  Of  all  things  the  sun  is  most  glorious. 

1  m  (with  abl.).  2  status  A  ^  sustento^  *  ^^. 

s  Jides. 

Lesson     13. 

Pronouns :  Personal  and  Demonstrative. 

Vocabulary. 

artifex,  icis  (m.),  craftsman.  ortus,  us  (m),  rising. 

collega,  ae  (m.),  colleague,  par,  paris,  equal  {^  16,  3.  a), 

formica,  ae  (f.),  ant.  poema,  atis  (x.),  poem. 

frugi  (indecl.  §  17,  2),  thrifty.  respondeo,^  answer. 

mandatum,  i  (x.),  commajid.  rideo,"^  laugh,  laugh  at. 
nonnuUus,  a,  um,  so77te  (§  41, 2  e,  R.).      seges,  etis  (f.),  standing  corn. 

occasus,  us  (m.),  settitig.  vehementer,  exceedingly. 

Translate  into  Englisli. 

1.  Horum  omnium  fortissimi  sunt  Belgae. 

2.  Saepe  eadem  mandata  servis  suis  dat  artifex. 

3.  Cur  stulta  ista  rana  bovi  magnitudinem^  invidet  ? 

4.  Nemo  hanc  animi  maximi  aequitatem   in  ipsa  morte^ 
non  laudat. 

1^5.  Pastor  canisque  ejus  sunt  fessi. 

6.  Ego  et  tu  et  frater  tuus  una  ambulamus. 

7.  Et  tu  et  nonnulli  collegae  tui  vehementer  erratis. 

8.  Formica  cibum  sibi  aestate  parat. 

'  enzy  to  the  ox  his  size,  i.e.  envy  the  ox  for  his  size. 
-  at  the  very  point  of  death. 


58  Latin  Method, 

9.  Labor  voluptasque,  dissimillima  natura,  societate  inter 
se  natural!  sunt  conjuncta. 

10.  Ranae   stultae  regem  a   Jove   orant.      Pater   deorum 
ridet,  atque  eis  dat  parvum  tigillum. 

11.  Ilia  seges  votis  respondet  frugi  agricolae. 

12.  Sol  nobis  signa  dat,  sive  ortu  sive  occasu. 

13.  Nemo  hostis  nobiscum^  paribus  armis  pugnat. 

14.  Ille  dies  erat  tristissimus  \  haec  nox  est  laetissima. 
-^15.  Omnia  mea^  mecum  porto. 

16.  Vos  vobiscum^  pugnatis. 

17.  Stultus  sibi  est  inimicus. 

18.  Virtus  et  vitium  semper  inter  se®  pugnant. 

19.  Ista  poemata  nobis  sunt  grata. 

20.  Non  omnes  eadem  laudamus. 

3  See  p.  \%f.  ^  my  possessions.       8  Less.  13,  a.  6  See  §  19,  3.  d. 

Write  in  Latin. 

1.  Fools  and  the  impatient  are  always  fighting  with  them- 
selves.^ 

2.  These  apples  are  sweet,  those  [are]  sour. 

3.  We  are  wretched,  you  are  happy. 

4.  Covetous  [men]  are  hostile  to  themselves. 

5.  You^  praise  yourself  too-much. 

6.  These  songs  are  most  pleasing  to  us. 

7.  I  am  a  shepherd,  you  are  a  robber. 

8.  He  has  his  brother  with  him  at-home. 

9.  One  of  these  boys  is  diligent,  the  other  lazy. 

1  seaim,  or  inter  se.  2  jj,se. 

Lesson    14. 

Pronouns:  Relative,  Interrogative,  and  Indefinite. 

Vocabulary. 
aestus,  us  (m.),  tide.  obtineo.^  hold^  keep. 

aliquamdiu,/'^r  some  time.  ora,  ae  (f.),  shore. 

auctoritas,  atis  (f.),  authority.         postulo.^  claim,  demand. 
cruor,  oris  (m.),  blood  {when  shed),     quivis  (§  21,  2.  c),  any,  every. 
f  initimus,  a,  um,  neighboring.  sanguis,  inis  (m.),  blood. 

iiisto,'  to  be  at  hajid.  tolero,^  endnre. 

maritimus,  a,  um,  of  the  sea.  tumultus,  us  (m.),  confusion. 


I 


Parallel  Exercises.  59 

Translate  into  English. 

1.  Cuivis  dolori  remedium  est  patientia. 

2.  Num  quod^  eloquentiae  vestigium  in  Numa  Pompilio 
apparet  ? 

3.  Miles  quern  laudas  fidem  non  servat. 

4.  Quern  deorum  non  invocamus  ? 

5.  Omnia    animalia     quae    sanguinem     habent,    habent 
etiam  cor. 

6.  Dies   instat,    quo   die   populus   Romanus   magistratus 
quotannis  creat. 

7.  Bestiae  in  quo  loco  natae  sunt,  se  ex  eo'^  non  com- 
movent. 

8.  Erat  luna  plena,  quo  die  maximi  sunt  aestus  maritimi. 
H^  9.  Sunt  nonnulli,  quorum  auctoritas  apud^  plebem  pluri- 

mum  valet. 

.    10.  Milites,  quibus  rex  gratissimus  erat,  maestum  aliquam- 

diu  silentium  obtinent. 

V  II.  Hie  quoque  sunt  matres  miserorum  et  parvuli  liberi, 

quorum  utrorumque"*  aetas  laborem  meum  postulat. 

12.  Thebae   ipsae,    quod   Boeotiae^^  caput   est,    in   magno 
tumultu  erant.^ 

13.  Ibi  vides  quicquid^  habeo  copiarum. 

14.  Res  Romana  cuilibet  finitimarum  civitatum  par  erat. 
/    15.  Quo^  major  exercitus,  eo'^  gravior  clades  est. 

J    16.  Ut   quisque   est    exercitus    maximus,^  ita    gravissima 
dlades. 

V    17.  Quibus  precibus  virgines  sfhctae  Vestam  fatigant ! 
18.-  Quae  caret^  ora  cruore  nostro  ? 

19.  Quem  virum  aut  heroa^*^  lyra  celebramus  ? 

20.  Tu,  quae^^  tua  est  fortitude,  adversam  fortunam  facillime 
toleras. 

^  any  (§  21,  i.  a).  -  Supply  loco,  and  translate  before  in  quo. 

3  with.  4  of  both  of  tvhom  (§  21,  2.  ^). 

^  Translate  was,  as  to  us  the  name  Thebes  is  singular. 
«  See  §  21,  2.  b.  7  See  §  22,  c. 

^  i.e.  the  greater  a7iy  army  is  (See  §  17,  5.  c). 

9  is  tuithotity  i.e.  is  clear  from  the  stain.  '^^  See  §  11,  iii.  (>.f. 

*l  such  is,  &c.  ^2  Boeotia,  a  district  of  Greece. 


6o  Latin  Method, 

21.  Estne  quisquam^^  {or,  num  quis   est)  omnium  morta- 
lium  justior  ac  fortior  quam  hie,  quem  merito  laudas  ? 

22.  Quemcumque^^  videmus  amicum,  eum  gratum  habemus. 

12  §  21,  2.  h.  13  See  p.  20,  a. 

TTrite  in  L.atin. 

1.  The  boys  whom  you  praise  are  very  idle. 

2.  What  was  the  cause^  of  the  war.?  Who  is-tending  the 
wounded'-^  soldiers  ? 

3.  Those  are  good  citizens  who  adorn  the  state  by  their 
warlike^  glory,  and  their  own  homes  by  their  virtues. 

4.  Whatever  I  have  of  riches,  I  give  all  to  you. 

5.  We  honor  Rome,  which*  is  the  head  of  all  Italy. 

6.  There  was  war  between  the  Romans  and  Samnites, 
both  of  whom^  were  brave  and  warlike  people.® 

7.  Anybody^  enters  the  town  in-the-day-time.® 

8.  Which  do  you  consider  the  greatest  general,  Csesar, 
Scipio,  or  Hannibal  ?  Which  the  better^  orator,  Cicero  or 
Demosthenes  .•* 

1  causa,  2  vulneratus  ^  bellicus.  *  Neuter. 

5  Nominative.        ^  Plural.       ^  quivis.       ^  interdiu.       ^  §  17,  5.  a. 


Lesson    19. 

Regular  Verb:  First  Conjugation  (Active), 
Vocabulary. 
avoco,^  call  away,  litus,  oris  (n.),  shore, 

caiius,  a,  um,  gray^  hoary.  luctus,  us  (m.),  grief. 

coloniis,  i  (m.),  farmer  (colonist).  lustre,'  purify. 

egregius,  a,  um,  remarkable.  nex,  necis  (f.),  death. 

foedus,  a,  um,  disgraceful.  occupo,^  seize. 

gens,  gentis  (f.),  race^  nafion.  quondam,  once.,  formerly, 

illustro,'  7nake  famous.  vehementer,  exceedingly. 

Translate  into  English. 

1.  In  medio  campo  errabant  timidae  oves. 

2.  Ferox  lupus  agnum  nece  injusta  laceravit,  nam  fontem 
liquidum  agnus  miser  non  turbaverat. 


I 


Parallel  Exercises,  6i 

3.  Lauda  mare  :  litus  ama. 

4.  Humida  solstiti^  atqu^  hiemes  orate  serenas, 
Agricolae. 

5.  Me  ne  commendaveris^  Caesari  tuo. 

6.  Et  tu  et  nonnuUi  collegae  tui  vehementer  erravistis. 
^7.  Nihil  sine  magno  labore  vita  dedit  mortalibus. 

8.  Magna  fuit  quondam  capitfe  reverentia  cani. 

9.  Foedus  hostium  timor  omnem  exercitum  occupaverat. 

10.  Sulpiciorum^  familiam  egregia  juris  scientia  illustravit. 

11.  Filium  meum  a  conjunctione  Caesaris"^  avocavi. 
^^2.  Luctus  filii''  mortui  animum  patris  agitabat. 

13.  Me  Vexant  luctus  et  longae  taedia  vitae. 

14.  Suevi,^  Germanorum  gens   bellicosissima,  fertilissima 
Germaniae  loca  occupaverant. 

15.  Cum  hostes  agros  devastaverint,  urbem  ipsam  oppug- 
nabuht. 

1  Prohibition  (see  p.  23,  i.  f).  2   77^^  Sidpicii,  a  Roman  family. 

*  Translate  with  Ccvsar.  *  Translate  yi?r,  &c. 

5  T/ie  Stievi,  or  Swabians. 

Write  in  Latin. 

1.  The  enemy  had  seized^  the  camp  by  night. 

2.  You  had  asked,  I  refused. 

3.  If  the  enemy  are-holding^  the  woods,  they  will  easily 
drive  our  cavalry. 

4.  The  soldiers  carry  ladders  with  them,^  and  easily  enter 
the  town. 

5.  Let"*  the  soldiers  carry*  corn  with  them  into  the  camp. 

6.  A  stag  praised  his  branching  horns,  but  blamed  the 
extreme  thinness^  of  his  legs. 

7.  Citizen  (plur.)  strove  with  citizen  in  valor.^ 

8.  Do  not  carry  all  the  corn  with  you. 

9.  Let  us  take-a-walk"'  in  the  garden. 

10.  The   farmer    sailed-over^   the    fields   which   he   lately 
ploughed. 

'  occupo.  2  teneo.  3  secuni.  *  Present  subj. 

•^  jtimia  tenuitas.  ^  virtus.  1  deamlmlo.  ^  navigo. 


62  Latm  Method, 

'    Lesson    20. 

Regular  Verb :  First  Conjugation  (Passive), 

Vocabulary. 
appello,^  call^  address.  oppugno,^  attack. 

domo,'  ui,  itum,  subdue.  perturbo,'  alarm, 

eSJemino}  enfeeble.  repudio,'  reject. 

extra,  outside  of.  *  trepido,i  tremble. 

fautor,  oris  (m.),  partisan.  voluntas,  atis  (f.),  will. 

honorificus,  a,  um,  honorable.  vulnero,'  wound. 

Translate  into  English. 

1.  Agnus  miser  nece  injusta  laceratus  est  a  lupo. 

2.  Monstrum  ingens  a  virgine  domitum  est. 

3.  Nos  omnium  miserrimae  virginum  appellatae  sumus. 

4.  Vos  a  Senatu  honorificentissime^  appellati  estis. 

5.  Totis^  trepidatum  est^  castris.^ 

6.  Diu  a  Gallis  acerrime^  pugnabatur. 

7.  Illis  locis^  extra  moenia  non  habitatur. 

8.  Haec  urbs  nostra  a  Gallis  oppugnata  est. 

9.  Regio  imperio^  duo  sunto,  iique  consules  appellantor. 

10.  Illius  viri  voluntati  semper  obtemperatur.* 

11.  Cur  tantum  perturbamini,  cives  ? 

12.  Maria  magna,  a  Carthaginiensibus  navigabantur. 

13.  "A  fautbribus  utriusque  poetae''  diu  disputatum  est. 

14.  De  agro  cum  regis  legatis  disceptatum  est. 

15.  .Kaquae  animos  effeminant  non  importantur. 

16.  Vera  gloria  nunquam  a  bonis  viris  repudiatur. 

17.  Ab  omnibus  promissa  p^rpetuo  servantor. 
V  18.  A  dis  quoque  habitabuntur  silvae. 

19.  Templis^  deorum  a  Romanis  temperatum  est. 

•  See  §  17,  \.  c  ;  \.      2  Translate,  throtighout  the  camp  (see  §  55,  3,/). 
3  there  %vas  terror.  ^  tjt,  &c.  ^  of  royal  power. 

^  Translate  is  heeded,  taking  the  will  as  subject.  "^  of  both  poets. 

8  See  Note  6. 

Write  in  X<atin. 

I.  All  the  soldiers  will  be  wounded. 
V  2.  The  faithful^  guards  were  praised  by  all  the  citizens. 

^  fidiis. 


Parallel  Exercises,  6^^ 

3.  The  nightingale^  is  charmed^  by  her-own  »ongs. 

4.  Wreaths  had  been  given  to  the  victorious*  soldiers. 

5.  Let  the  mountain  be  occupied^  by  our  [men]. 

6.  [A  battle]  will  be  fought  to-merrow.^ 

7.  Between  the  wolf  and  dog  there  was  a  long*^  dispute.^ 

8.  Are  you  alarmed,  Romans,  at^  the  dangers  of  war? 

9.  There  was-terror^  throughout^^  the  city. 

'^  luscinia.  ^  delecto.  *  victor.  ^  occupo.  ®  cr^u. 

"^  diu.  8    Verb,  impers.  passive.  ^  Ablative.  ^^  totus. 


Lesson    21. 

Regular  Verb:  First  Conjugation  (Noun  and  Adjective  Forms), 

~r  Vocabitlary. 

/'      / 
aedifico,^  build.  f    /  quamvis,  however.  . 

apto/y?/.     .           .         =^^  ^            redundo,^  overjlow. 

calco/  tread.  ~  vacat,^  there  is  leisure. 

debeo,2  owe^  ought.  vasto,*  ravage. 

jubeo,^  jussi,  co7nmand.  veto,*  ui,  itnm.,  forbid. 

maueo,^  wait,  await.  /  virilis,  e,  inanly. 

numero/  count,    y^  /^o\o}Jly. 
Translate  into  English. 

1.  Turpe  est  terga^  hostibus  dare  in  armis. 

2.  Beatus  esse  sine  virtute  nemo  p^^t. 

3.  Aut  prodesse  volunt,  aut  delectare  poetae. 

4.  Aptari  onus  viribus  debet. 

5.  Sine  pennis  volare  baud  facile  est. 

6.  Ciconiae,  in  alienas  terras  migraturae,  in  unum  locum 
congregantur. 

7.  Ager  quamvis  fertilis  sine  cultura  fructuosus  esse  non 
potest. 

;    8.  Neque  abesse  quicquam  debet,  neque  redundare. 

,  9.  Arandi  an-  navigandi  ars  utilior  est  ? 

5,10.  Omnes  una  manet  nox,  et  calcanda^  semel  via  leti.* 
V  II.  Animo  cupido  nihil  satis  festinatur.^ 

I  shcTcU  the  back  to,  i.e.  retreat  before.  '^  or  {%  71,  2.  a), 

3  \.Q..  we  must  tread.  *  Understand  <rj-A  ^  \.t.  goes  fast  enough. 


64  LaUn  Method,  ^  ^'ff 

12.  Num  potest  esse  bonus  imperator  sine  usu  rei-militaris,^ 
aut  sine  scientia  regionum  terrestrium^  aut  maritimaruni  ? 

13.  Summae  dementiae^  est  in  vitiis  perseverare.         \ 

14.  Aequam  memento  rebus  in  arduis  servare  mentem.     ,' 'v, 

15.  Divitem  me  esse  vicini  falso  existimant. 

16.  Leges  duo  ex  una  familia  magistratus  creari  vetuerunt. 

17.  Contra  libidines  est  pugnandum/ 

18.  Te  hilari  esse  animo  valde  me  juvat. 

19.  Inchoare  (or^  incohare)  haec  studia  non  vacabit.    = 

20.  Armatos  video  stantes  in  limine  primo. 

21.  Magiva.piars  hominum,  navigatura,^  de  tempesftate  non 
cogitat  "  \^ 

22.  Anco  regnante^  Lucumo  Romam^°  commigravit. 

23.  Hannibal  ad  vastandam  Italiam  paratus  erat. 

24.  Infandum,regina,jubes  renovare  dolorem. 

4  soldiership.  ^  See  §  16,  2.  a.  ^  a  mark  of,  &c. 

"^  i.e.  we  must,  &c.         ^  inteiiding  to  sail.         ^  in  the  reign  of  Aticits. 

1^  to  Rome. 

"Write  in  L.atin. 

1.  We  are  good  men  if  we  help^  those^  whom^  we  can  help. 

2.  Caesar  denies  that  he^  can*  give  to  any  a  way^  through 
the  province. 

3.  No-one  beholding  the  whole^  earth  will  doubt  oF  divine 
providence. 

4.  While  fighting,^  keep  an  even  temper. 

5.  I  see  that  you  are  of  a  cheerful  temper  (gen.  or  abl.). 

6.  No  one  [when]  about-to-sail  ought  to  think  of  storms. 

7.  Can  any-one^  be  a  good  commander  without  knowledge 
^^soldiership  ? 

8.  For  a  soldier^*^  to  refuse  obedience  is  disgraceful.^^ 

9.  The  Germans  were  prepared  to  ravage  Gaul.^'^ 

10.  The  ancient  laws  forbade  a  plebeian^'^  to  be   elected 
consul. 

11.  We  are  about-to-remove  into  the  city. 


1  prosum. 

2  Dative.             3  ^e.             4  Infinitive. 

5  iter. 

^  universus. 

■^  de.         8  inter  with  ace.  of  gerund. 

^  7tiim  qnis. 

1"  Accusative. 

11  turpis  (neut.).            12  Gallia. 

*3  plebeins. 

r 


Parallel  ExArSises,  65 

Lesson    22. 

Regnlar  Verb  :  Second  Conjugation. 

Vocabulary. 
adflicto,^  dash  about.  pendeo,^  pependi,  hang. 

coetus,  us  (m.),  assembly.  principium,  i  (n.),  beginning. 

delectus,   us   (m.),   a   levy  (of    sentes,  ium  (m.),  thorns. 
troops).  stipula,  ae  (f.),  stubble. 

habeo,^  ui,  itum,  have.,  hold.  sustiheo,^  ui,  tentum,  sustain. 

improbus,  a,  unj,  wicked.  tondeo,^  totondi,  tonsum,  cut.^ 

inrideo,2  risi,  risum,  deride.  mow. 

mitis,  e,  gentle.  vehementer,  vigorously. 

pareo,^  ui,  itum,  obey  (with  dat.).     vigeo,'-*  ui,  thrive^  Jiourish. 

Translate  into  £ng:lish. 

1.  Urbem  R»mam  a  principi*  reges  habuere. 

2.  Hostes  irapetum  legionum  atque  equitum  non  sustine- 
bant. 

3.  Ne  invideris^  fratri  tuo. 

4.  In  Romana  civitate  nulla  umquam  vehementius  quam 
eloquentiae  studia  viguerunt. 

5.  Necessitati  parere  semper  sapientis^  est  habitum. 

6.  lUe  patris  magni  parere  parabat  imperi^ 

7.  Nullum  ad  nocendum  tempus  angustum*  est  irnprobis. 

8.  N#n  mihi  quicquam  praest^i»s  yideUir  quam  posse 
eloquentia  te»ere  homimwm  coetus.  ^^ 

#-  9.   Impius  ne  audeto'*^  placare  donis  iram  dcorum. 

y\Q.  Uno  tempore  longas-naves*  aestus  complevit,  et  onera- 
rias^  tempestas  adflictabat. 

v-ii.   Non     modo     non     invidetur    juventuti,    verum 
favetur.  *    i\^ 

\r\2.  Bonus  homo  civibus  suis  gratum  se  videri  stiideti 

13.  Delectum  haberi  prohibebo. 

14.  Populi  Romani  auctoritati  parendum  est. 

15.  No*'ri  milites  a  pugnando  non  abhorrebant. > 

16.  Caesar  Catonem  inridere  visus  est. 

17.  Conscia  mens  recti  famae  mc»dacia  riilet. 

^  See  p.  23,  \.  c.  -  wise,  i.e.  the  act  of  a  wise  man.  3  tio4-short. 

*  let  not,  ^c.  (see  §  35,  2).  •'">  £»lley»,  «  [ships]  »/  burden. 

5 


66  Jl^tm  Method. 

W^e  in  Latin. 

^  I.  You  seem  to  me  to  be  of  a  very  cheerful  mind. 

2.  The  enemy  kept  themselves  hidden  in  the  woods. 

3.  The  consul  forbade   the   army  to  move  from  virinter- 
quarters.^ 

4.  We  shall  always  obey  the  laws  of  the  country. 

5.  Here   the   soldiers   stood,   and   stoutly^  sustained  the 
attack  joi  the  enemy. 

y  6.  Carthage  .was  destroyed  by  the  younger^  Scipio  Afri- 
canus. 

7.  It  is  difficult  for  a  coward"*  to  appear  brave.* 

8.  No  one  should^  envy  anybody.^ 

9.  Gaul  is  bounded  by  the  river  Rhine  and  the  ocean.  "^ 

10.  The  power  of  the  Romans  was  feared  by  all  nations., 

11.  Our  friends  were  warned  in  vain.  7 
v^  12.  The  frogs  were  frightened  by  the  sound  of  the  log. 

13.  A  monkey  sat  [as]  judge  between  a  wolf  and'  a  fox.-   . 
1  Ablative.  '^  for  titer.         3  minor.         *  Accusative.         ^  debett^ 


Lesson    23. 

Regular  Verb:   Third   Conjugation.  .^rcr 

\  -Vocabulary.  > 

ago,3  egi,  actum,  pass^  act.  peto,^  petivi  (ii),  itum,  seek.    - 

cespes,  itis  (m.),  turf.  irector,  oris  (m.),  ruler. 

cinis,  eris  (m.),  ashes.  rumpo,^  rupi,  ruptum,  break. 

exsisto,^^  stiti,  stitum,  arise.  tango,^  tetigi,  tactum,  touch. 

mitto,^  misi,  missum,  send.  tolerabilis,  e,  passable. 

natus.  a,  um,  boin.  traho,-^  xi,  ctum,  drag,  bring. 

Translate  into  English. 

1.  Rectores  civitatis  boni  sapientesque  exstitere  multi  ; 
oratores  autem  diu  nulli  boni,  vix  singulis^  aetatibus  singuli^ 
tolerabiles  inveniuntur. 

2.  Incipe,  parve  puer,  risu  cognoscere  matrem. 

3.  Ex  ducentis  viginti  navibus  triginta  fugerunt,  non- 
aginta  cum  pugnatoribus  captae  sunt,  demersae  ceterae. 

^  See  Grammar,  §  18,  2.  a. 


Parallel  Exercises,  67 

<■  4.  ^anae  ab  Jove   regem  petiere.^     Pater  deorum  risit, 
atque  illis  dedit  parvum  tigillum. 

5.  Homines  amplius  oculis  quam  auribus  credunt. 

6.  Vita  om.;iis  Germanorum  in  venationibus  atque  in  rebus 
militaribus  agi^^;  ab  parvulis  labori  ac  duritiae  student. 

7.  ArajtuSji^no  ignarus  astrologiae,  optimis  versibus  de 
caelo  stellisque  dixit. 

8.  Hominis^  est  animum  praeparare,  Dei  autem  est  regere 
eventus. 

9.  Cur  times  ^[^vum  Tiberim  tangere  ? 

ID.  Non  vivere  bonum  est,  sed  bene  vivere. 
II.  Philosophia  ars.et  ratio  est  bene  vivendi. 
^   12.  Ne  necesse  habueris^  epistolam  reddere. 

13.  Homines  ad  intelligendum  et  ad  agendum  nati  sumus. 

14.  Hoc  ne^  nunc  quidem^  difficile  factu  est. 

15.  Ne  sapiens  quidem  semper  sapit  j  stultus  non  semper 
desipit. 

16.  Haedui^   legatos     ad     Caesarem     miserant     rogatum^ 
auxilium. 

17.  Pontem  in  Arari  Caesar  faciendum  curat. 

18.  Non  est  injussu^  imperatoris,  id  est   Dei,  de   statione 
vitae  decedendum.  y 

19.  Veritas  et  justitia  veP  amicitiae  sunt  anteponenda. 

20.  Theramenes^°  conjectus  in  carcerem  venenum  hilariter 
ac  fortiter  bibisse  dicitur. 

21.  Alba  ligustra  cadunt,  vaccinia  nigra  leguntur. 

2  See  p.  27,  c*.  •*  i7ian''s  pmrt.  *  do  not  consider,  &'c. 

5  not  rjen.  ^  The  Aidui,  a  people  of  Gaul.  "^  Supine. 

8  See  §  12,  4.  b.  ^  even. 

^^   Thera7neneSy  a  politician  of  Athens,  one  of  the  Thirty  Tyrants, 
put  to  death  by  his  colleagues. 

Write  in  Liatin. 

1.  Cicero  wrote  many  letters  to  his  friend  Atticus. 

2.  Unrelenting^  labor  conquers  all  [things]. 

3.  Caesar  with  all  [his]  cavalry  made  an  attack^  upon^  the 
Germans,  who  presently*  sent  ambassadors  to  him  to-ask  peace. 

1  improhns.  2  impetus.^  3  {ji  (with  ace).  *  mox. 


68  •  ^  Latin  Method^   , 

4.  Antony  married^  Octavia,  the  sister  of  Octavianus. 

5.  Octavia,  th^  sister  of  Octavianus,^rnarrle'd*'Ahtoh){>'^v 

6.  The    mischievous^    boys    'were^funning    through,   my 
garden.  M        >^  ^\       ^  ,^ 

7.  The  forces  of  the  Romans  were  led  by  Crassus. 

8.  The   [commander's]   tent^  had  been  set-on-fire  by  the 
barbarians. 

9.  Two  stags  of  vast  size^°  were  caught  by  the  hunters. 

10.  The  women  weeping  threw"  themselves  at^"^  Caesar's^f. 
feet.  , 

11.  After   the    log,    Jupiter    sent   a   water-snake^^   to   the 
wretched  frogs,  which  devoured  them  daily. 

12.  The  senate  de(?reed  rewards  to  the  soldiers  who  had 
not  betrayed  the  t5wn. 

5  djico.  ^  niibo.  '^  Dative.  ^  improbtis.  ^  praetorium. 

^^  corpus  (abl.).  ^^  projicio.         ^2  ^d.         i"*  Dative.         ^^  hydrus. 

Lesson    24. 

Kegvilar  Verb:  Fourth  Conjugation. 

Vocabulary. 

aheneus,  a,  mvh,  0 f -brass.  rmtxio,'^  feed,  nourish. 

aperio/  ui,  apertum,  open.  palus,  udis  (f  ),  marsh. 

catena,  ae  (f.),  chain.  salio,-*  ui,  saltum,  leap. 

coerceo.2  ui,  itum,  check.  sentio,^  si,  sum.,  feel,  Jiidire. 

conscio,'*  be-conscious.  voco^  ussi,  ustura,  bu7-7t. 

invenio,"  veni,   ventum,  find,  urtica,  ae  (f.),  nettle. 

disconer.  vincio,'*  vinxi,  vinctum,  bind. 

maestus,  a,  um,  sorroiiniig.  vmea,  ae  (f.),  trellis  (f&r  vines). 

Translate  into  English. 

1.  Ubinam  in  terHg  eygnum  nigrum  inveni^mus  ? 

2.  Ad  rivum  em^^clem  lupus  et  agnus  venerant. 

3.  Nutritur  vento,  vento  restinguitur  ignis. 

4.  Saepius^  ventis  agitatur  ingens 
Pinus,  et  celsae  graviore  casu 
Decidunt  turres,  feriuntque  summos 


Fulgura  montes. 


1  See§  17,  5.  a. 


Parallel  Exercises.  6^ 

5.  Aliud^  est  audire,  aliud  intelligere. 

6.  Hie  mums  aheneus  esto  : 

Nil  conscire  sibi,  nulla  pallescere  culpa. 

7.  Alius  alio^  plura  in  venire  potest,  nem©  omnia. 

8.  Athenis  summa  dicendi  vis  et  inventa  est  et  perfecta. 

9.  Fame  coacta^  vulpes  uvam    alta  in  vinea   pendentem 
appetebat,  summis  saliens  viribus. 

10.  Minime  sibi  quisque  notus  est,  et  difficillime  de  se 
quisque  sentit. 

11.  Terra  salutiferas  herbas,  eademque  nocentes 

Nutrit ;  et  \irticae  proximo  saepe  rosa  est. 
la-  Cn.^  Julius  Agricola  prima'in  juventute  studium  philo- 
sophiae   acrius    hausit :    prudentia  matris  incensum    animum 
coercuit. 

13.  Divitis  audita  estcui'non  opulentia  Ctoesi  ? 

14.  Ludibrio  fratris  Remus  novos  transiliit  muros.  Inde 
ab  irato  Rom-ulo  interfectus  est. 

15.  Impium  lenite  clamorem,  sodales. 

16.  Jugurtha,  Numidarum  rex,  regie  vestitus  et  vinctus 
catenis,  tum  cjuobus  filiis,"currum  victoris  antecessit. 

17.  Hominem  mortuum  in  urbene  sepelito  neve  urito. 

18.  In  montibus  castellum  erat  ingens,  natura  munitum.  ^  t 

19.  Oppidani  portas  patefaciunt  Romanis. 

20.  Summo  labore  urbs  erat  munita. 

21.  Corneliae  filii  maxima  cura  a  matre  eruditi  erant. 

22.  Militum  corpora  a  sociis  sepulta  sunt. 

23.  Vere  colles  arvaque  floribus  vestiuntur. 

24.  Asinus  rudit,  bos  mugit,  canis  latrat,  catulus  gannit, 
equus  hinnit,  gallus  canit,  corvus  crocit,  leo  rugit,  ovis  balat, 
serpens  sibilat,  sus  grunnit,  infans  vagit. 

2  one  thing.  3  See  §  47,  9.  4  cogo.^  5  See  §  15,  4. 

6   by  whom  ? 

"Write  in  Latin. 

1.  The  body  of  Caesar  was  buried  by  his  sorrowing  friends. 

2.  The  Roman  camp  had  been  fortified  by  Labienus  with 
great  labor. 


7o  Latin  Method. 

3.  The  Helvetii  had  now^  arrived-at^  the  territory^  of  the 
Sequani. 
^^^  4.  A  great  crash  is  heard  in  the  woods,  from  falling  trees."* 

5.  The  Britons^  were  clothed  with  skins,  and  lived^  in  the 
woods  and  marshes. 

6.  Those  scoundrelly'^  robbers  were  severely  punished. 

N^    7.  Let  the  gates  of  the  city  be  opened  to  the  conquering 
army. 

8.  In  spring  the  trees  are  clad  with  blossoms,  in  summer 
are  laden^  with  fruits. 

9.  The  soldiers  bound  the  prisoner  with  chains. 

10.  In  punishing,^  anger  is  by-no-means^°  to-be-admitted.-^^ 
^11.  Let  the  voice^^  justice  be-heard.-^^ 
1  jafii.         ^  pervejiio  in.         ^  fines.         •*  Genitive.  ^  Britannus. 

^  habiio}         '  sceleshis.  8  onero?-  ^  Gerund.  ^'^  iTiinime. 

^.^    \  il  a^hibendii^  ^^  Pres.  subjuncdve. 

Lesson    25. 

Deponent  Verbs. 

Vocabulary.       ,  ^  .  • 

adipiscor,'  adep^tjig,  ^aiii,  gef}    loquor,^  lo^ufcus,  'speak: 
adsequor,^  seciitus,  ^^/;z,  real^Jr.    maternus,  a,;mm,  of  a  tjwther. 
aggredior,^  aggressus,.<^/Az^/^.  V^  mentior,^  speak  falsehood. 
arx,  arcis  (f.),  towen.  .  •  _•  nascor,^  natus,  be  born. 

classis,  is  (y.),  fleet.  polliceor,^  itxus,  promise. 

egredior,-^  egressus,  ^^  out.  populeus,  a,  um,  of  the  poplar. 

frons,  tis  (f.),  brow.  queror,^  questus,  bewail. 

fruor,''  fructus,  enjoy.  sequor,^  secutus, /^//^7£/. 

irascor,-^  iratus,  be  angry.  utor,^  usus,  use.,  employ. 

Translate  into  ^English. 

1.  Testis  fidelis  non  mentitur." 

2.  Nunquam  sapiens  irascitur. 

3.  De  multis  rebus  locuti  sumus. 

4.  Subita  tempestas  morabatur  classem. 

5.  Saepe  suas  Liber^  miratus-est  uvas. 

6.  Vocalem  Orphea"^  insecutae-sunt  silvae. 

1  A  name  of  Bacchus.  2  gee  p.  5,  g. 


Parallel  Exercises.  71 

7.  Improbus  plurima  ^ollice.tur,  pauca  perficit. 
1/-8.  Populea  Philomela^  sub  umbra 

Amissos  queritur  pullos.  ■  /"^ 

9.  Nemo  potentes  aggreditur  tutus.^ 

10.  Sine  studio  et  ardore  quodam  amoris  nihil  egregium 
quisquam  adsequetur.y^**'^^ 

11.  Cur  stulta  ista  rana  bovem  imitatur? 

12.  Erojis,  oculi,  vuljus,  saepe  mentiuntur. 

13.  Nox  atque  praeda  hostes  remorata  sunt. 

14.  Deos  deasque  omnes  ne  eveniat^  precamur. 

15.  Omnia'  vetustate  labuntur,  nee  quicquam  tutum  i. 
senectute  est. 

16.  Aliquando  oculi  suo  munere  non  funguntur. 

17.  Omnibus  in  vita  commodis^  una  cum  amicis  fruere.*^ 
^-18.  Puppibus  egressus  Latia  stetit  exsul  in  herba. 

19.  Deos  solos  venerabantur  Germani  Solem  et  Volcanum 
et  Lunam.  In  fluminibus  saepe  lavabantur,  et  pellibus  aut 
parvis  tegimentis  utebantur. 

20.  Sine  ullo  vulnere  victoria  Caesar  potitur. 

21.  Tu  voluptate  frueris,  ego  utor. 

22.  Senectutem  omnes  sperant,  eandem  accusant  adeptam.® 

23.  Orpheus  arte  materna®  rapidos  fluminum  lapsus  mora- 
batur. 

24.  Non  rastros  patietur  humus,  non  vinea  falcem  ; 
Robustus  quoque  jam  tauris  juga  solvet  arator. 

25.  Nocens  omnis^°  de  se  U^uentes  audire  videtur. 

3  nightingale.  *  See  §  47,  6.  ^  that  it  may  not  happen. 

6  advantages  (seep.  163,  31).  "^  Imperative.  ^  gge  p.  38,  d. 

9  with  his  mother's  skill:  Orpheus  was  the  son  of  Apollo  and  the  Muse 
Calliope.  ^^  Ace.  plur.  (see  §  16,  3.  <:-). 

Write  in  tatin. 

1.  The   Rauraci   go-forth^  along   with  the    Helvetii  into 
Gaul. 

2.  Many  of-  the  Greeks,  who  had  gone  forth  [to]  Troy 
never  returned^  home. 

3.  Orgetorix  persuades  Dumnorix  to-attempt"*  the  same. 

^  proficiscor.^      2  ^x.       ^  revertor^  sus.      *  conor  (use  iit  with  pres.  subj.). 


72  Latin  Meth9}d, 

4.  Gato  the  elder  died  in  the  eighty-fifth  year  of  his  age. 

5.  On-every-side^   flowers   sprang-up^   in   the   fields    and 
meadows.  "^^ 

6.  A  violent  storm  delayed   Caesar  [when]  about-to-sail 
for^  Greece. 

7.  Speak   little,^   promise    with-cau4ion,®    and    remember 
always  to  keep  [your]  word.^*^  ^ 

8.  The  lieutenant  will  measure-out"  corn  to  the  soldiery^ 
y^.  I  entirely  forgot  myself. ^^     ^^'-i'.iUi^-  '  W^ 

IP.  Pity  me/'^  pity  our  hardships. 

II.  My  son  has  reached^^  the  same  grades^*  of  honor. 
^j^ndique.  6  nascor.  7  in.  ^  pauca  {•i^.'^Xwx.).  ^  caute. 

Hservarejidem.  i^  metior.  ^'-^  Genitive.  ^^  consequor. 

"^  I*  gradus. 


Lessc^n    26.  • 

Irregular,  I>efecti.v(i|  and  Impersonal  Verbs.  ^'•'^■ 

^Vompklary .  *  •  # " 
conspicio,^  spexi,  ctum,  kfjwld.^^ffoi^xo,  display.  t' 


demum,  m  short.  \*  •  x*     repentinus,  a,  um,  sudcun.^  X 

f  inio,^  put  an  end  to.  '  retro,  backward. 

iracundus,  a,  um,  passio?iate.  \        supplex,  icis,  stippliant. 
nemus,  oris  (^.),  grove.  *      veuor,'  hunt. 

Translate  into  English. 

1.  Acriores  fiebant  dux  militesque.   . 

2.  Quid  est  tam  regium  quam  opem  ferre  supplicibus  ? 

3.  Idem^   velle   atque   idem   nolle,  ea   demum    vera    est 
amicitia. 

4.  Noli  esse  amicus  homini  iracundo. 

5.  Virtuti  retro  ire  non  licet,  i^&i^' 

6.  Potest  ex   casa   magnus  vir  exire  ;  virtus  omni  loco 
nascitur. 

7.  Aut  prodesse  volunt  aut  delectare  poetae. 

8.  Non  cuivis  homini  contingit  adire  Gorinthum. 

9.  Venatm©  Aeneas  unaque  miserrima  Dido 

In  nemus  ire  parant.  4  ^ 

1  alike. 


Parallel  Exercises,  73  s333^ 

10.  Fame  coacta  vulpes  uvam  alta  in  vinea  pendentem 
adpetebat,  summis  saliens  viribus.  Tangere  autem  non  po- 
tuit.  Tunc  disceden^,  "  Nondum  "  inquit  "  est  matura ;  nolo 
acerbam  sumere.,%  -^ 

11.  Ipse  animi  discessus  a  corpore  fit  sine  dplore,  et  fit 
plerumque  sine  senstv-nonnunc^am  etiam  cum  voluptate. 

12.  Romani  Sabini^ue  in  medik'yalle  redinteg^arunt^  proe- 
lium/  '  Tum  Sabinae  mulieres,  criniBus  passis^  scissaque 
veste,f  ausae  sunt  se  inter  tela .  volantia  inf erre,  hinc  patres 
hinc  viros  orantes.  Movet  res  cum^  multitudinem  tum^  duces. 
Silentium  et  repentina  fit  quies.  ],nde  duces  prodeunt,  nee 
pacerh  modo  sed  civitatem  unam  ex  duabus  faciunt,  regnum 
consociant,  imperium  omne  conferunt  Romam. 

2  See  p.  27,  c^.  ^  Participle  oi pando. 

4  with  dishevelled  locks  and  torn  garments.  ^  See  §  22,  d. 

"Write  in  tatfn. 

1.  Many  cannot  bear  the  pain  of  sickness. 

2.  Bad  citizens  bore  arms  against  [their]  country. 

3.  The  river   Rhine  flows^  a  long  distance  through  the 
territory  of  the  Germans. 

4.  The  Helvetii  wonder  that  Caesar^  has  S9-long  borne^ 
the  wrongs  brought  on  by  them.  _  - 

v^S-  The  sapling  at  length  becomes  a  treerj^^'i^-^'^^^' 


6.  Do-not^  tell-a-lie. 


V. 


7.  What  we  wish  we  gladly  believe.  -/     '   *-' 

8.  Love  others,  if  you  wish  to  be  loved  yourself.  *  ,     ^  ^' 

9.  Many  will  hate  you,  if  you  love  yourself  alone.  '^' 

10.  We^ are-allowed"*  to  be  free.^ 

11.  Remember  that  you  are  mortal. 

12.  Then  the  god  said  :  "  Because  you  would-not^  bear  your 
good,  endure"^  the  evil." 

13.  At  length  Caesar  (ace.)  was  weary  of  the  business. 

14.  While  the  greedy  dog  wishes  to  grasp  the  shadow,  he 
lets-falP  the  meat  from  his  mouth. 

1  Lit.  "is  borne."  ^  Accus.  and  infin.  ^  jiqH  |§  57^  7.  a), 

*  licet.  ^  Dative.  ^  nolo.  '^  per^ro.  8  omitto 


74  Latin  Method. 

Examples    in    Poetry. 


1.  Jam  glacialis  hiemps  squalentia  protulit  ora, 

Terraque  marmoreo  Candida  facta  gelu  est; 
Nix  jacet,  etglaciem  nee  sol  pluviaeve  resolvunt, 
Indurat  Boreas,  perpetuamque  facit.  —  Ovid. 

2.  Jam  satis  terris  nivis  atque  dirae 
Grandinis  misit  .Pater,  et  rubente 
Dextera  sacras  jaculatus  arces 

Terruit  urbem.  —  Horace. 

3.  Diffugere  nives,  redeunt  jam  gramina  campis, 

Arboribusque  comae  ; 
Mutat  terra  vices,  et  decrescentia  ripas 

Flumina  praetereunt  \ 
Frigora  mitescunt  Zephyris  ;  Ver  preterit  Aestas.  —  Id, 

4.  Molli  paulatim  flavescet  campus  arista, 
Incultis  rubens  pendebit  sentibus  uva, 

Et  durae  quercus  sudabunt  roscida  mella.  —  Virgil, 

5.  Cespes  Tyrio  mollior  ostro 
Solet  impavidos  ducere  somnos  : 
Aurea  rumpunt  tecta  quietem, 
Vigilesque  trahit  purpura  noctes  j 
Pectora  pauper  secura  gerit. 

6.  Beatus  ille  qui  procul  negotiis, 

Ut  prisca  gens  mortalium, 
Paterna  rura  bubus  exercet  suis, 

Solutus  omni  fenore  ; 
Neque  excitatur  classico  miles  truci, 

Neque  horret  iratum  mare  ; 
Forumque  vitat,  et  superba  civium 
*        Potentiorum  limina.  —  Horace, 
J .  Justum  ac  tenacem  propositi* virum 

Non  civium  ardor  prava  jubentium, 
Non  vultus  instantis  tyranni, 
Mente  quatit  solida.  —  Id. 


Constructions  of  Syntax.  75 


PART    SECOND. 


CONSTRUCTIONS    OF    SYNTAX. 

Note.  —  It  may  be  best  to  proceed  at  once  from  the  foregoing 
lessons  to  the  course  of  reading  provided  in  Part  Fourth,  reserving 
the  following  section  to  be  studied  as  the  constructions  occur  in 
reading,  and  for  systematic  practice  in  writing  Latin,  once  a  week 
or  oftener,  at  the  convenience  of  the  teacher.'  It  should  be  com- 
pared with  the  "Synopsis  of  Constructions"  given  at  the  end  of 
this  volume.  The  letter  R.  refers  to  the  short  rules  on  pages 
162,   163  (Grammar,  §  75). 

A.  —  Uses  of  Cases  :  1.  As  Objects  of  Verbs, 

Notice  that  all  of  the  four  Oblique  cases  may  be  used  in  Latin 
with  different  classes  of  verbs,  being  represented  alike  in  English 
by  the  Objective  case.     Thus,  — 

1.  hominem  video,  /  j^^ ///^ //z^;z  (Accusative). 

2.  homini  servio,  I  serve  the  man  (Dative). 

3.  hominis  misereor,  I  pity  the  7nan  (Genitive). 

4.  homine  amic5  utor,  I  treat  the  man  as  a  friend  (Ayh^atiyy). 

I.  Accusative  as  Direct   Object. 

Learn  §  52,  i.  (Object- Accusative),  with  a^  b^  d 
(verbs  of  feelings  cognate  accusative,  and  com- 
pounds). 

a.  The  accusatives  in  a  are  usually  rendered  with  a  preposition 
in  English,  though  sometimes  a  transitive  verb  may  be  supplied  : 
as,  ridere,  to  laugh  at  or  ridicttle j  dolere,  to  grieve  at  or 
lament,  &c. 

d.  With  the"  compounds  in  d  compare  those  of  §  51,  2.  d; 
noticing  that  there  is  usually  no  difference  in  the  translation  of  the 
two  classes  of  verbs,  which  are  generally  transitive  in  English  :  as, 
adire  aliquem,  to  approach  one;  obstare  alicui,  to  withstand  one. 


76  Latin  Method, 

Sxamples. 

1.  African o^  industria  virtutem,  virtus  gloriam,  gloria 
aemulos  comparavit. 

2.  Tres  jam  copiarum  partes  Helvetii  flumen  traduxerant. 

3.  Saepe  suas  Liber^  miratus  est  uvas. 

4.  Rastros  non  patietur  humus. 

U"  5.  Paulatim  Germani  Rhenum  transire  consueverant. 

6.  Posthac  vitam^  tutiorem  vivemus. 

7.  Joca  tua  plena  facetiarum  risimus  satis. 

8.  Iram  demetitur  Deus  suam  ;  clementiam  profundit. 

9.  Suas  quisque  miserias  dolet.  y 
^  10.  Nee  te,  juvenis  memorande,  silebo.   'f^^  ^/ 

^  Dative.  ^  A  name  of  Bacchus.  ^  Cognate  accus.  (§  52,  i.  b). 

Write  in  r.atin. 

1.  A  sudden  tempest  had  delayed  the  ships. 

2.  A  soft  answer  subdues^  wrath. 

3.  Appius  Claudius,  the  censor,  brought^  the  Appian 
water  into  the  city,  and  laid^  the  Appian  Way. 

4.  Hannibal  had  already  crossed  the  Alps. 

5.  Caesar  led  his  forces  across  the  Rhine. 

6.  They  afterwards  lived  a  safer  life. 

7.  Poverty  teaches  all  the  arts. 

8.  My  son  complains'*  [of]  his  fortune. 

9.  We  shall  go  once  [on]  the  last  journey. 

10.  All  men  laugh-at  folly  :   all  men  grieve-at  misery. 
1  frango.  2  indiico.  3  sterno.  *  qtieror. ' 

2.    Two  Accusatives, 

§  52,  2.  with  a  and  c  (appositive  and  secondary 
object:  R.  25)  ;  also  b  and  d  (compounds,  and  verbs 
of  hiding), 

Examples. 

1.  Te  tua  fata  docebo. 

2.  Deos  deasque  omnes  pacem  oramus. 

3.  Quid  me  ista  rogas  ?     Stoicos  roga. 

4.  Iter  omnes  celabo. 


Constructions  of  Syntax,  77 

5.  NonnuUi  utilia  solum  pueros  docent,  honesta  negligunt. 

6.  Tu  modo  posce  deos  veniam. 

7.  Juvenes  avum  Numitorem  regem  salutabant. 

8.  Consul  primus  rogatus  est  sententiam. 

9.  Illud  puer  saepe  admonitus  erat. 
10.  Nos  hoc  diu  celamur. 
ii.'-Melvetii  pacem  a  Cassare  petierunt. 

Write  in  L.atiii. 

1.  I  will  teach  you  your  destiny. 

2.  We  beseech^peace  [of]  all  the  gods  and  goddesses. 

3.  I  did  not  hide  from  you  [my]  friend's  ©pkHon. 

4.  Why  do  you  ask  me  that  ?     Ask  your  father. 

5.  The  consul  Nero^  skilfully  concealed  his  march  [from] 
Hannibal. 

6.  The  senate  saluted  Cicero  [as]  father  of  [his]  country. 

7.  Lucius  Junius  Brutus  was  called  the  liberator  of  Rome. 

8.  The  people  elected  Lucius  Junius  Brutus  and  Lucius 
Tarquinius  CoUatinus  [as]  first  consuls. 

9.  An    old   herdsman   in  vain  begged^  [his]   liberty  [of] 
Vespasian. 

1  Put  the  name  before  the  title.  2  org. 


3.  Dative  of  Indirect  Object, 

§  51,  I.  and  2.  with  a  and  <f(R.  14,  16)  ;  also  c^  e^ 
/,  reading  carefully  the  classes  of  verbs  in  a  and  3. 

a.  These  classes  of  verbs  will  be  learned  gradually,  in  the 
course  of  practice.  Some  of  those  in  a  (as  to  favor ^  envy,  serve, 
&c  )  seem  to  be  transitive.  In  fact,  however,  the  Latin  retains  a 
primary  meaning  which  is  lost  in  English  :  as,  invidere  {fo  eftvy) 
is  to  look  [askance]  at  one;  servire  is  to  be  a  slave;  suadere  is 
to  make  [a  thing]  pleasant  to  any  one  (compare  suavis,  sweet). 
See  Remark  i  (page  123),  and  the  second  paragraph  of  the  Note 
on  page  121  of  the  grammar. 

b.  The  verbs  in  2.  c  are  to  be  compared  with  those  of  Giving, 
&c.,  in  I  :  though  different  in  kind  as  seen  from  the  English  point 
of  view,  their  construction  in  Latin  is  the  same  :  thus  in  the  sen- 


78  Latin  Method, 

tence  invidet  mihi  divitias,  he  envies  7ne  for  my  riches,  divitiSs 
is  the  direct  and  mihi  the  indirect  object  of  invideo,  though  the 
opposite  is  the  case  in  English. 

^Examples- 

1.  Nil  pictis  timidus  navita  puppibus  fidit. 

2.  Homines  amplius  oculis  quam  auribus  credunt. 

3.  Nonnulli  levissimam  delectationem  gravissimae  utilitati 
anteponunt. 

4.  Dii  immortales  hoc  tibi  delictum  ignoscent. 

5.  Servi  dominis  suis  maledixerunt. 

6.  Milites  integri  et  recentes  fessis  succurrunt. 

7.  Innocentiae  nostrae,  judices,  subvenite. 

8.  A  bono  filio  matri  semper  parebitur. 

9.  A  victore  milite  templis  deorum  parcendum  est. 

10.  Uterque  consul  legioni  illi  indulserat. 

11.  Invidetur  praestanti  florentique  fortunae. 

12.  Mihi  numquam  persuaderi  potuit,  animos  esse  mortales. 

"Write  in  L.atin. 

1.  The  ant  gets  itself  food  in  summer-time. 

2.  The  sun  shall  give  thee  signs. 

3.  You  pardon  yourself  ;  others  you  pardon  not. 

4.  Men  believe  their  eyes  more  than  their  ears.* 

5.  Patience  heals-^  any^  pain. 

6.  He  told  me  every  thing. 

7.  I  mercifully  spared  the  wretched  man. 

8.  A  faithful  soldier  serves  the  state. 

9.  The  soldiers  spared^  the  temples  of  the  gods. 

10.  Our  men  pressed-hard^  the  flying  Gauls. 

{Passive^ 

11.  Your  glory  is  envied.^ 

12.  Liars  are  not  believed.^ 

13.  The  temples  of  the  gods  were  spared. 

14.  That  age  is  not  envied,  but  even  favored. 

15.  The  authority  of  the  senate  will  be  obeyed. 
i6.  Clodius  was  distrusted  by  all  good  citizens. 

1  medeofy  ^\  \  '^  quivis.  ^  temper o.  ^  ins  to. 


'■^K 


6  auris.    ;     V  f  See  Examples  10  and  19,  on  page  62.  ■?  credo. 


s 


Constructions  of  Syntax.  79 

4.    Genitive  as   Object, 

§   50,  4.   a,   b^   c  (verbs  of  memory^  feelings  &c.), 
bserving  the  peculiar  genitives  of  b^  and   the   con- 
struction of  the  Impersonals  in  c^  and  d;  also  e  {egeo). 

Examples. 

1.  Senex  veterum  meminit  dolorum. 

2.  Hunc  puerum  ignaviae  suae  neque  pudet  neque  taedet. 

3.  Taedet  me  quotidianarum  harum  molestiarum. 

4.  At  vos,  Arcadii,  caeci  miserescite  regis. 

5.  Catilina    admonebat   alium    egestatis,  alium   cupidinis 
suae. 

6.  Suae  quemque  fortunae  paenitet. 

7.  Arguitur  Verres  repetundarum. 

8.  Conjurati  omnes  capitis  damnati  sunt. 

9.  Reminiscere,  inquit,  pristinae  %irtutis  Helvetiorum. 

Write  in  Latin. 

.  Cato  admonished  the  judges  of  the  laws  and  of  [their] 


.  We  have-no-need^  of  your  help. 
3.  I  shall  always  remember  this  day  and  place. 
.  The  man  is  neirfier  ashamed  nor  sorry  for  his  cowardice. 

5.  The  Athenians  charged  Socrates  with  impiety. 

6.  Forget  slaughter  and  conflagration. 

7.  I  lack  not  gold  or  silver.  ^^ 

8.  You  have  charged  me   in-my-absence^  with   a  capital 
offence.^ 

9.  Brutus  condemned  to  death'*  his  two  sons. 

^  religio.  ^  jiifiH  indigere.  3  absens.  <  §  50,  4.  b. 

^  res  capitalis. 

5-   Ablative  as   Object. 

§  54,  6.  J  (ablative  with   ntor,  &c.  :  R.  31). 

Observe  that  these  are  in  reality  ablatives  of  7neans,  and  that 
they  may  generally  be  represented  in  English  by  a  phrase  with  a 
preposition  :  as,  vescitur  carne,  he  eats  {feeds  on)  Jiesh ;  amicitia 
mea  abutuntur,  they  abuse  {take  advantage  of)  my  friendship. 


8o  Latin  Method. 

Examples. 

1.  Impedimentis  castrisque  Romani  potiti  sunt. 

2.  Aliquando  oculi  suo  munere  non  funguntur. 

3.  Omnibus  in  vita  commodis  una  cum  amicis  fruimur. 

4.  Frater  mens  omnibus  vitae  officiis  fungitur. 

5.  Divitiis,  nobilitate,  viribus  male  utimini. 

6.  Britanni  aere  pro  nummo  utebantur. 

7.  Dii  nee  escis  nee  potionibus  vescuntur. 

8.  Lacte,caseo^carne  vescor,  scribit  Anacharsis  Scythes. 

9.  Quo  usque  tandem  abutere,  Catilina,  patientia  nostra? 

Write  in  tatiii. 

1.  The  ancient  Germans  fed^  chiefly  on  milk  and  meat. 

2.  'llie  Macedonian' phalanx  employed-^  very-long^  spears. 

3.  We  deem'*  Cicero  worthy*  of  the  highest  praise  of  elo- 
quence. 

4.  A  brave  man  bravely  performs  his  duty. 

5.  A  base  man  takes-advantage-of  ^  the  ignorance  or  folly 
of-others. 

6.  We  enjoy  the  gifts  of  the  earth,  which  therefore  we  call 
fruits  and  crops. 

7.  The  soldiers  of-the-legion^  used  a  shield,  a  javelin,  and 
a  short  sword. 

1  vescor.       2  utor.      ^  praclongus.      ^  dignor.^       ^  abutor.       ^  Icgiomirms. 
7  Macedojiicus . 


4t 


B.  —  Uses  of  Cases :  2.  As  Modiff/ing  Adjectives, 

Note.  —  Some  of  the  foUowins;  are  also  to  be  classed  among 
the  adverbial  uses  of  cases  ;  but  they  are  distinguished  by  being 
used  to  complete  the  meaning  of  the  adjective  on  which  they  depend. 

6.    Genitive  with  Adjectives. 
§  50,  3.  b^  c^  d  (relative  adjectives,  genitive  of  sfc- 
cijicatioii^  adjectives  of  likeness^  &c.). 

Compare  the  lists  of  adjectives  in  §  50,  3.  d  with  thnt  in 
§  51,  6.  c.  These  adjectives,  when  followed  by  the  genitive,  have 
in  fact  become  nouns  (compare  §  47,  3)  :  as,  cognatus  Ciceronis, 
Cicero's  kinsman  j  Ciceroni  cognatus,  kindred  with  Cicero. 
[Compare  such  phrases  as  meus  aequalis,  my  conte^nporary.'] 


Constructions  of  Syntax,  8i 

£x  am  pies. 

1.  Galli  sunt  barbari,  et  nostrae  consuetudinis  imperiti. 

2.  Mens  hominum  nescia  fati  est,  sortisque  futurae. 

3.  Misi  homines  earum  regionum  peritissimos. 

4.  Habetis  ducem  memoreni  vestri  oblitum  sui. 

5.  Cassandrae  inerat  mens  provida  rerum  futurarum. 

6.  Homini  erat  mens  ferox,  impotens  irae. 

7.  Corpus  patiens  erat  inediae,  vigiliae,  algoris. 

8.  Nostra  vita  insidiarum  est  et  metus  plena. 

9.  Nulla  aetas  virtutis  feracior  erat. 

10.  Orbus  auxilii  opumque  ad  te  confugio>f 

Write  in   Latin. 

1.  This  man  is  eager^  for  glory  and  greedy^  of  praise. 

2.  Most  boys  are  careless^  about  antiquities. 

3.  Catiline  was  able-to-endure'*  fasting,  watching,  cold. 

4.  Gaul  is  full  of  Roman  citizens. 

'   5.  Night  alone  was  conscious  of  this  deed.^ 

6.  This  boy  is  very  like  his  father.        ^-'T^ 

7.  The  consul  was  full  of  plans,  sparin^rVin  words. 

8.  The  river  Rhine  is  common  to  Gaul  and  Germany. 

9.  Achilles,  bravest  of  the  Greeks,  was  ungovernable^  in 
wrath. 

1  cicpidtis.  '^  avidtis.  ^  negUgens.  *  patiens.  ^  faciims. 

*'  farms.  7  impotens. 

7.  Dative  of  Nearness.,  &c. 

§  51,  6.  (words  of  likeness.,  nearness .,  fitness .^  service 
or  help:  R.  15),  with  «,  h  (use  of  prepositions),  and  d 
{propior,  &c.).  ,  i     \ 

Examples.  /  '  y     \ 

T.  Amara   sunt   vitiosis,    ac   male   viventibus,   praecepti    i\ 
justitiae.  ^v'^ 

2.  Auctumnus  gravis  est  urbi  agrisque.  ^ 


3.  Tyrannis  aliena  virtus  semper  form idolosa  est.    ^  /\     ] 

4.  Rex  infidis  consiliis  semper  est  obnoxius. 

5.  Ista  oratio  dignitati  tuae  alienissima  est. 


82  Latin  Method. 

6.  Mantua,  vae,  miserae  nimium  vicina  Cremonae. 

7.  Unicuique  virtutum  finitimum  vitium  est. 

8.  Ceteri  filii  superstites  patri  erant. 

9.  Is  dolor  communis  erat   tribus  fratribus. 

10.  Haec  virtus  fructuosa  vobis,  mihi  periculosa  est. 

11.  Patres  filiis  suis  nonnunquam  sunt  iniqui. 

12.  Rara  avis  in  terris,  nigroque  simillima  cygno. 

Write  in  Liatin. 

1.  Death  is  like  a  sleep. 

2.  To  a  frail  ship  all  winds  are  contrary. 

3.  The  death  of  Socrates  was  harmonious^  with  his  life. 

4.  I  have  noticed  a  harbor  fit^  for  our  ships. 

5.  Livius  was  of-the-same-age^  with  Ennius. 

6.  Not  even  the  gods  —  so  they  boast  —  are  a-match-for* 
the  Swabians.^ 

7.  Radishes^  are  bad^  for  the  teeth,  says  Pliny.^ 

8.  This  thing  is  easy  for  me,  [but]  hard  for  you. 

9.  Simple  food  is  good^  for  children. 

10.  The  speech  of  Marius  was  very  pleasing  t®  the  people. 
^  ccnseiitaneiis.  2  idonetis.  '^  aeqiialis.  ^  par.  ^  Suetn. 

^  raphamis,  i,  m.        "^  inhnhus.  8  jitilis. 

9  ait  Plinius. 

8.  Ablative  of  Want, 

§  54,  I.  ^,  <f  (adjectives  of  freedom    and  want,  w^ith 
of>its  and  usus:  R.  28). 

Examples. 

1.  Urbs  nuda  praesidio  poscit  opem. 

2.  Animus  per  somnum  sensibus  et  curis  vacuus  est. 

3.  Nos  plerique  patriae,  sed  omnes  fama  atque  fortunis 
expertes  sumus. 

4.  Auctoritate  tua  mihi  opus  est. 

5.  Etiam  sapienti  amicis  opus  est. 

6.  Priusquam  incipias  consulto,  et  ubi  consulueris  mature 
facto  opus  est. 

7.  Exempla  nobis  opus  sunt. 


Constructions  of  Syntax,  83 

"Write  in  Latin. 

1.  What  Roman  is  free  from  this  dishonor^  ? 

2.  The  army  was  in  lack^  of  all  necessaries. 

3.  The  common-people  were-in-terror  [when]  deprived  of 
tribunes. 

4.  Cato,  said  his  friends,  was  clear^  of  every  human  fault. 

5.  This  counsel  is  foreign  to*  the  dignity  of  the  empire. 

6.  The  senate  was  bereft^  of  counsel  and  authority. 

7.  I  have  need^  of  your  help. 

*  dedecus.        2  egens.        ^  vacuus.       ^  alienus  a.        ^  orbus.        6  opus. 

9.  Ablative  of  Source. 
§  54,  2.  «  (participles  of  birth  and  origin  :  R.  29). 

Examples. 

1.  Ti.  Gracchus,  matre  nobilissima  genitus. 

2.  Nate  dea,  quae  nunc  animo  sententia  surgit.^ 

3.  Natus  erat  pulcra  origine  Caesar. 

4.  Consul  loco  obscuro  tenuique  fortuna  ortus. 

5.  Non  sanguine  humano  sed  stirpe  divina  satus  es. 

Write  in  Latin. 

1.  ^neas  was  son^  of  Anchises  and  Venus. 

2.  Thou    art  sprung^  not  from   human   blood,  but  from 
divine  stock. 

3.  The  youth  was  born  of  a  most  noble  mother. 

4.  The  consul  Marius  was  sprung  from  an  obscure  place 
and  slender  fortune. 

1  nattcs.  '-  ortus. 

10.  Ablative  of  Comparison, 

§54,5    (iablative  after  comparatives:  R.  32),  with 
«,  c  (use  o(  qua7nj  construction  o{  plus,  etc.), 

Examples. 

1.  Honesta  mors  turpi  vita  potior  est. 

2.  Quaedam  remedia  ipsis  periculis  sunt  graviora. 

3.  Nihil  inter  homines  rarius  perfecto  oratore  inventum  est. 


84  Latin  Method, 

4.  Humana  omnia  inferiora  virtute  ducimus. 

5.  Non  ego  hac  nocte  longiorem  vidi. 

6.  Punico  bello  secundo  nullum  neque  majus  neque  peri- 
"culosius  Romani  gessere. 

7.  Saepe  dixi  Graecam  linguam  locupletiorem  esse  quam 
Latinam. 

8.  Hujus  orationes  exiliores  sunt  et  redolentes  magis  anti- 
quitatem  quam  aut  Laelii  aut  Scipionis. 

9.  Hispanorum  non  plus  quam  quattuor  milium  effugerunt. 

10.  Plus  septingenti  aut  in  proelio  aut  in  castris  capti  sunt. 

11.  Spatium  est  non  amplius  pedum  DC. 

12.  Apes  nunquam  plus  unum  regem  patiuntur. 

13.  Amplius  sunt  sex  menses  {it  is  more  than,  &>c^, 

14.  Bella  fortius  quam  felicius  gerebat. 

15.  Consilium  magis  honestum  quam  utile. 

Write  in  I^atiii. 

1.  The  earth  is  larger  than  the  moon,  the  sun  than  the 
earth. 

2.  Ignorance  of  future  evils  is  better  than  knowledge. 

3.  From^  the   tongue   of   the  old  Nestor,  says^   Homer, 
flowed  speech  sweeter  than  honey. 

4.  A  base  escape  from  death^  is  worse  than  any'*  death. 

5.  All  riches  we  hold  inferior  to  wisdom. 

6.  These  thinjjs  are  harder  than-one-would-think.* 

7.  In  this  march  the  Romans  suffered  more  than  usual® 
from  hunger  and  cold. 

8.  You  have  rendered^  no  man  more  kindnesses  than  to  me. 

9.  This  thing  has  in  it  more  joy'^  than  grief.^ 

10.  In  the  battle  at- Cannae  the   Rom^s  lost  more  than 
40,000  men. 

11.  The  speech  of  the  consul  was  more  true  than  pleasing* 
to  the  people. 

12.  A  pestilence  more  threatening  than  destructive^  felP'' 
upon  the  city. 

13.  There  is  nothing  stupider"  than  a  stupid  laugh. 

1  ex.       2  (iH^       i  Genitive.       *  oinnis.       ^  opinio.       ^  solitum.       '^  tribiio. 
^  Comparative  (§  47,7).         ^  pernio iosus.        ^^  incido.         1^  ineptus. 


Constructions  of  Syntax,  85 

II.  Ablative  of  Means  and  Suffly, 

§  54,  6.  (accompaniment,  means,  and  instrument : 
R.  30),  with  c  (words  oi fillings  &c.). 

a.  All  the  words  under  §  54,  d.c  are  either  participles,  like  abun- 
dans,  completus ;  or  were  originally  participles,  as  plenus.  When 
used  as  pure  adjectives^  they  take  the  genitive  under  §  50,  3.  b. 

b.  The  ablatives  under  Rule  30  (§  75)  are  of  various  origin,  and 
must  be  translated  according  to  the  English  idiom:  as,  dignus, 
worthy  of;  -pxaeditna,  gifted  wit/i,  &c.  (compare  §  54,  3.  ay  10.  a). 

Examples. 

1.  Verris  domus  plena  erat  raptis  ornamentis. 

2.  Exercitum  Ti.  Sempronius  domum  reportavit  plenissi- 
mum  praeda. 

3.  Erant  plena  laetitia  et  gratulatione  omnia. 

4.  Alveus  Tiberis  completus  erat  ruderibus. 

5.  Pater  ille  tuus  florebat  omni  genere  virtutis. 

6.  Sum  pecore  et  multa  dives  tellure. 

7.  Macte  virtute  diligentiaque  esto. 

8.  Boni  homines  metuunt  vitam  plenam  et  confertam 
voluptatibus. 

W^rite  in  I.atin. 

1.  Twelve  ships  were  laden^  with  the  spoil. 

2.  The  house  of  Croesus  was  full  of  treasures.^ 
^.  The  city  was  full  of  grief  and  lamentation.^ 

4.  Sulla  advanced  with  his  army  into  a  region  abounding^ 
in  all  good  things. 

5.  Corinth  was  the  richest  city  of  Greece  in  pictures,^ 
statues,^  and  gold. 

.  1  o}tustus.      2  divitiae.      3  luctus.      *  abtmdans.      5  tabula.      ^  signum. 

12.  Ablative  of  Difference, 

§  54,  6.  e^  with  Remark  (degree  of  difference). 

Notice  that  §  54,  5  (ablative  of  comparison)  and  6.  e  (ablative 
of  difference),  expressing  different  relations,  may  be  used  together 
with  the  same  adjective  :  as,  multo  divitior  Crasso,  uiuch  richer 
than  Crassus. 


86  Latin  Method, 

Examples. 

1.  Quo  occultius  est  periculum,  hoc  difficilius  vitatur. 

2.  Recte  uon  credis  de  numero  militum  :  ipso  dimidio^ 
plus  scripsit  Clodia. 

3.  Hibernia  dimidio  minor  est,  ut  aestimatur,  quam  Bri- 
tannia. 

4.  Iter  alterum  per  provinciam  nostram,  multo  facilius 
atque  expeditius. 

5.  Quanto  diutius  abest,  magis  cupio  tanto. 

6.  Galli  segnius  sequebantur,  quanto  longius  ab  domo 
trahebantur. 

7.  Romani  duobus  milibus  plures  erant  quam  Sabini. 

8.  Decem  post  diebus  pugnatum  est. 

9.  Catilina  paucis  ante  diebus  eruperat  ex  urbe. 

10.  Sol  multis   partibus  major  atque   amplior   est,   quam 
terra  universa. 

1  full  half. 
Write  in  Latin. 

1.  Cicero  was  six  years  older  than  Caesar. 

2.  The  empire  of  Rome  was  much  more  powerful  and 
lasting  than  [that]  of  Athens. 

3.  The  more  cautiously  you  go,  the  sooner'^you  will  arrive. 

4.  The  greater  severity  he  showed,^  the  more  numerous^ 
were  the  mobs. 

5.  Veii  was^  about  twenty  miles  distant^  from  Rome. 

6.  The  battle  of  Cannae''  was  fought  seventeen  years 
before^  [that]  of  Zama.^ 

^  utor.         ^  creber.         3  abesse  a.       *  Cannensis.         ^  Insert  quam. 
6  Zamejisis.  ^  citius, 

C.  —  Uses  of  Cases :  Miscellaneous. 

13.  Adverbial  Accusative. 

§  52,  3.  with  a^  b,  c  (use  with  intransitive  verbs, 
adverbial  phrases,  Greek  accusative:  R.  24). 

Note.  —  The  accusatives  under  a  are  usually,  translated  as 
adverbs  (see  examples).  Those  under  <;  are  mostly  poetical,  and 
should  be  avoided  in  writing  Latin  prose. 


Constructions  of  -Syntax,  87 

Examples. 

1.  Suevi  maximam  partem  lacte  atque  pecore  vivunt. 

2.  Tuam  vicem  magnopere  gaudeo. 

3.  Nostram  vicem  indignaris. 

4.  Vir  erat  cetera  egregius. 

5.  Id  temporis  eos  ventures  esse  dixeram. 

6.  Cum  esset  illud  aetatis,  imperator  factus  est. 

7.  Dexterum  genu  lapide  ictus  est. 

8.  Os  humerosque  deo  similis. 

9.  Eeminae  Germanorum  nudae  erant  brachia  et  lacertos. 

Write  in  Latin. 

1.  The  Suevi  live  for-the-greatest-part^  on  milk  and  nueat. 

2.  I  am  often  sorry  on  your  account.^ 

3.  At  that  time  Romulus  was  king. 

4.  A  man   at  that  age  ought  to  be  more  discreet^  than 
daring.'^ 

5.  Hannibal  was  severely  wounded  right  in  the  thigh^  with 
a  dart.« 

6.  They  bind  their  [own]  heads  with  wreaths  of-myrtle. 

7.  The  commander  exhorted  his  [ii>€n]  at-length.' 

8.  The  maidens  put  on  a  long  robe. 

^  plurimum.  ^  ma's.  ^  prudens.  ■*  atidax  (comparative). 

^  adversicm  femur.  ^  tragula.  "^  multa. 

14.  Accusative  of  Exclamation, 
§  52,  4.  a. 

Examples. 

1.  Heu  dementiam  hominum  !  • 

2.  Beatos  quondam  duces  Romanos  ! 

3.  In  balneis  delituerunt :  testes  egregios  ! 

4.  Huncine^    hominem  !    hancine    impudentiam,   judices ! 
hanc  audaciam  ! 

5.  O  fallacem  hominum  spem,  fragilemque  fortunam,  et 
inanes  nostras  contentiones  ! 

IVrite  in  I^atin. 

I.  O  the  folly^  of  man,  and  [his]  uncertain  fortune,  and 
our  idle^  hopes  ! 

*  See  §  20,  i.  Note.  2  dementia.  3  inanis. 


88  Latin  Method, 

2.  A  famous^  [set  of]  doctors  ! 

3.  Ah  !^  the  faith  of  gods  and  men  ! 

4.  What  a  man  !  what  impudence  !  what  audacity  ! 

5.  Happy  the  Roman  chiefs  of-old.^ 

6.  Ah  !^  unhappy  me  ! 

*  nobilis.  *  pro.  ^  quondam.  ^  ^^^. 


15.  Dative  of  Possession,  &c, 

§  51,  3.  with  a,  b  (compounds  of  esse;  nomen  est: 
R.  17). 

Examples. 

1.  Est  et  fideli  tuta  silentio  merces. 

2.  En  Priamus  !  sunt  hie  etiam  sua  praemia  laudi. 

3.  Addam  cerea  pruna :  et  honos  erit  huic  quoque  porno. 

4.  Di,  quibus  imperium  est  animorum  ! 

5.  Est  mihi  namque  domi  pater,  est  injusta  noverca. 

6.  Sunt  nobis  mitia  poma, 
Castaneae  molles,  et  pressi  copia  lactis. 

7.  Homini  cum  deo  similitudo  est. 

8.  Puero  ab  inopia  Egerio  inditum  nomen. 

9.  Hoc  mihi  volenti  est. 

10.  Sp.  Tarpeius  Romanae  praeerat  arci. 

11.  Nihil  tibi  meae  litterae  proderunt. 

12.  Multis  proeliis  miles  ille  interfuit. 

13.  Druides  rebus  divinis  intersunt. 

14.  Huic  homini  virile  ingenium  inerat. 

15.  Origin!  Romanae  et  dii  adfuere  et  non  defuit  virtus. 

Tl^rite  in  I.atin. 

1.  We  have  and  shall  have  the  same  laws. 

2.  A  sick  man  always  has  hope. 

3.  I  had  a  dispute  with  your  friend. 

4.  The  surname  of  Lucius  Scipio  was  Asiaticus  ;  of  Pub- 
lius  his  brother,  Africanus. 

5.  A  brave  soldier  will-be-at-hand^  in  all  dangers. 

1  ad  sum. 


Constructions  of  Syntax,  89 

6.  The  name  of  this  disease  is  avarice. 

7.  In  this  man  was  a  manly  soul.^ 

8.  My  letter  will  do^  you  no  good.^ 

9.  We  used  to  give  him  the  nickname*  of  sluggard. 
ID.  Caesar  had  been-present-at^  many  battles. 

•*  pro  sum,  ^  cognomen,  ^  inter  sum. 


16.  Dative  of  Service, 
§  51,  5  (purpose  or  end  :  R.  20). 

The  Dative  (of  service)  under  §  51,  5.  may  sometimes  be  trans- 
lated as  predicate  ii07ninative j  but  more  commonly  with  the  pre- 
position OF.     It  is  sometimes  called  the  Predicate  Dative- 

Examples. 

1.  Mihi  ea  res  curae  erit. 

2.  Magno  malo  est  hominibus  avaritia. 

3.  Is  fuit  et  mihi  et  liberis  meis  magno  usui. 

4.  Sic  et  vobis  honori,  et  amicis  utilitati  eritis. 

5.  Ea  res  magno  tibi  erit  impedimento. 

6.  Ea  gens  mihi  semper  odio  erit. 

7.  Tua  amicitia  maximo  mihi  erat  detrimento. 

8.  Testimonio  hujus  rei  sunt  clarissimi  poetae. 

9.  Nos  diis  immortalibus  curae  sumus. 

10.  Consul  Hannibali  ludibrio  erat. 

11.  Plerumque  Gallis  brevitas  nostra  contemptui  est. 

12.  Veteribus  Romanis  divitiae  oneri  miseriaeque  fuere.      <• 

Write  in  liatin. 

1.  This  book  was  of  great  service^  to  me. 

2.  Caesar  left  two  legions  as  a  guard^  to  the  camp. 

3.  That  thing  will  be  a  great  hindrance^  to  you. 

4.  We  are  the  care  of  the  immortal  gods. 

5.  We  regard  this  as  a  fault  in  Cicero. 

6.  For  whose  advantage'*  is  this  ? 

7.  The  Germans  came  to  our  relief.^ 

1  usus,  2  praesidium.  3  impeditnentum.  ^  bo7ium. 

^  auxilium. 


90  Latin  Method, 

17.  Dative  of  Reference, 
§  51,  7  {datizms  cominodi  et  incomfnodi). 

The  Dative  (of  reference)  in  §  51,  7.  merely  expresses  a  more 
re?note  7'elation  than  those  under  2  (indirect  object)  :  compare  the 
first  examples  under  each. 

Kxamples. 

1.  Quis  huic  rei  testis  est  ? 

2.  Domus  pulcra  dominis  aedificatur,  non  muribus. 

3.  E  bestiarum  corporibus  multa  remedia  morbis  et  vul- 
neribus  eligimus. 

4.  Non  mihi  ex  cujusquam  amplitudine  aut  praesidia 
periculis  aut   adjumenta  honoribus  quaero. 

5.  Duo  milites  nequaquam  visu  ac  specie  aestimantibus 
pares. 

6.  Sita  Ortygia  est  in  dextra  parte  portum  magnum  Syra- 
cusarum  intrantibus. 

7.  Hie  mihi  quisquam  misericordiam  nominat  ? 

8.  Quid  sibi  vult  haec  oratio  ? 

9.  Ova  alia  sunt  Candida,  ut  columbis,  perdicibus  ;  alia 
pallida,  ut  aquaticis  ;  alia  punctis  distincta,  ut  meleagridum  ; 
alia  rubri  colons,  ut  phasianis. 

Write  in  Latin. 

T.  I  seek  for  myself  no  defence  against  danger^  or  helps 
to  honors.^ 

2.  The  Germans  chose  them^  a  place  for  an  abode. 

3.  A  good  man  seeks  wealth  not  for  himself  only,  but  for 
his  children  and  friends. 

4.^The  calamity  of  the  Sicilians  came-before^  my  eyes. 

5.  [Is  it]  for  Hannibal  [that]  you  have  saved  this  city  .^ 

6.  SuchMamentation^  stirs  the  temper  of  the  fiery^  youth. 

7.  The  wood  strews'  you  wild*^  leaves®  and  acorns. 

8.  We  culP'^  many  remedies  for  sickness  and  wounds. 

9.  Anticyra  is  situated^^  on  the  left  as  you  enter  the 
Corinthian  gulf. 

^  Dative.  -  sihi.  3  oh'ersor.^  *  tantiis.  ^  co7iipI oratio. 

^  ferox.         "^  spar  go.         ^  agrestis.        ^  frons.         '^  eligo.         •*  situs. 


Constructions  of  Syntax,  91 

18.   Ablative  of  Separation. 

§  54,  I.  (verbs  meaning  remove^  deprive^  &c.),  with 
a  (compounds),  and  e  {egeo^  indigeo,  with  genitive). 
For  the  translation,  see  examples. 

^Examples. 

1.  L.  Brutus  civitatem  dominatu  regio  liberavit. 

2.  Usu  urbis  prohibere  peregrinos  sane  inhumanum  est. 

3.  Apud  veteres  Germanos  quemcumque  mortalium  arcere 
tecto^  nefas  habebatur. 

4.  Cedo  vobis  possessione  hortorum. 

5.  Ea  philosophia  spoliat   nos   judicio,   privat    approba- 
tione. 

6.  Ne  ab  obsidibus  quidem  iram  belli  hostis  abstinuit. 

7.  Ego  te  culpa  absolve,  supplicio  non  libero. 

8.  Ciceroni  aqua  atque  igni  interdicitur. 

9.  Caesaris  oratio  Helvetios  ea  spe  dejecit. 

10.  Ilia  lex  tyrannos  reditu  semper  arcebit. 

11.  Adventus  peditatus  equites  metu  levaverat. 

12.  Desine,  quaeso,  istis  laudationibus. 

1  i.e.  to  turn  any  stranger  from  the  door. 
"Write  in  I.atin. 

1.  The  Helvetii,  cast  down  from  that  hope,  desisted  from 
their  attempt. 

2.  I  am  quite  free  from  fever,  and  feel  finely.^ 

*  3.  The  engines^  presently  stripped^  the  wall  of  its  de- 
fenders. 

4.  Caecilius  had  cheated''  Varius  of  a  large  sum-of-money. 

5.  The  barbarians,  having  caught-sight-of^  the  standards 
afar-off,®  desist  from  the  attack. 

6.  Caesar  departed   from"^   Italy,   and   led    his   army  into 
Gaul. 

7.  Sulla  laid-down^  the  dictatorship.® 

8.  The  engines  drove  the  enemy  from  the  walls. ^^ 

1  belle  se  habere.  '^  nudoA  3  tormenta  (plur.).  ^  frando} 

5  coiispicory  6  procul.  "^  ex.  8  j-^  abdicare.  ^  dictatura. 


92  Latin  Method, 

19.  Ablative  of  Cause, 

§  54,  3.  with  a^  3,  c  (certain  verbs  and  adjectives; 
obov propter;  causa,  gratia), 

Examples. 

1.  Ser.   Tullius  regnare  coepit  non  jussu  sed  voluntate 
atque  concessu  civium. 

2.  Quidam  morbo  aliquo  et  sensus  stupore  suavitatem  cibi 
non  sentiunt. 

3.  Quod  benevolentia  fit,  id  odio  factum-^  criminaris. 

4.  Multi  homines  officia  deserunt  molHtia  animi. 

5.  Quam  multi  luce  indigni  sunt,  et  tamen  dies  oritur  ! 

6.  Amplissimis  honoribus  dignus  erat  adulescens  Scipio. 

7.  Ignavia  ac  stultitia  saepe  fit^  ut  res  maximae  dilaban- 
tur. 

8.  Haud  equidem  tali  me  dignor  honore. 

9.  Non  te  Romanus  populus  illo  magistratu  dignatus  est. 

1  as  being  done.  2  happetts 

Write  in  Ijatin. 

1.  Tarquin,   relying^   on    [his]   victories,    was-wanton    in 
insolence. 

2.  For  the  sake  of  the  republic,  I  accuse  Lucius  Catiline. 

3.  He  wept  at  the  grief ^  of  his  friends. 

4.  The   Roman  people  held^  the  young  Scipio   worth/ 
of  the  highest  honors. 

5.  I  judge**  him  most  unworthy  of  every  honor. 

6.  Do  this  for  my  sake. 

7.  Ducks  delight^  chiefly  in  marshy^  places. 

1  subnixus.  '^  dolor.  ^  dignor.^  *  aestimo\  ^  detector \ 

'°  paluster. 


20.  Ablative  of  Means, 

§  54,  6.  (accompaniment,  means,  instrument),  with 
a,  3,  (use  of  cmn). 


Constructions  of  Syntax,  93 

Examples. 

1.  Venatio  et^  cibi  genere  et  quotidiana  exercitatione  et 
libertate  vitae  vires  alit. 

2.  Non  viribus  aut  celeritate  corporum  res  maximae  ge- 
runtur. 

3.  Dei  providentia  mundus  administratur. 

4.  Summis  suppliciis  fures  afficiuntor. 

5.  Caelum  hominibus  virtute  recluditur. 

6.  Pax  ornata  venit  ramo  felicis  olivae. 

7.  Galli  huic  terrae  igni  ferroque  minitantur. 

8.  Luctantes  ventos  vasto  rex  Aeolus  antro 
Imperio  premit,  ac  vinclis  et  carcere  frenat. 

9.  Frondibus  et  stipula  tauri  pascuntur,  et  herba. 

10.  Armis   munimenta,  non   munimentis   arma,  tuta  esse 
debent. 

11.  Nutritur  vento,  vento  restinguitur  ignis  ; 

Lenis  alit  flammas,  grandior  aura  necat. 
1  both. 
"Write  in  Latin. 

1.  We  accomplish  more  by  wisdom  than  by  force. 

2.  Rome  fell  by  her  own  strength. 

3.  Bulls  defend  themselves  with  [their]  horns,  boars  with 
[their]  tusks. 

4.  The  priest's  head  was  covered  with  a  long  mantle. 

5.  Great   things  are-done^  not   by  strength  or  speed  of 
body,  but  by  counsel  and  valor. 

6.  Links  of-steeP  are  worn-out^  by  constant  use. 

I  gero?  ^  f err  ens.  ^  contero? 


21.  Ablative  of  Manner  and  Quality, 

§  54,  7.  with  ^,  b  (description  ;  manner  with  cum^  ; 
compare  §  50,  i.  g  (genitive  of  quality). 

^Examples. 

1.  Vir  acerrimo  ingenio  civitatem  tum  regebat. 

2.  Campi  suapte  natura  humentes  inutiles  sunt. 


94 


Latin  Method. 


3.  Regina  ad  templum  forma  pulcherrima  Dido  incessit. 

4.  Sabini  brachio  laevo  gemmatos  magna  specie  anulos 
gerebant. 

5.  Erat  inter  Labienum  atque  hostem  difficili  transitu 
flumen  ripisque  praeruptis. 

6.  Duo  viri  egregia  virtute  consulatum  eo  anno  petebant. 

7.  Haec  res  immani  corporum  magnitudine  homines  efficit. 

8.  Galli  eadem  celeritate  ad  nostra  castra  contenderunt. 

9.  Horridiores  sunt  Britanni  in  pugna  adspectu ;  capillo- 
que  sunt  promisso,  atque  omni  parte  corporis  rasa  praeter 
caput  et  labrum  superius. 

10.  Agesilaus  et  statura  fuit  humili,  et  corpore  exiguo,  et 
claudus  altero  pede. 

Write  in  Latin. 

1.  The  barbarians  were  of  vast  size^  of  body  (plur.). 

2.  Three  Graces,  of  exquisite^  beauty,  wait-on^  Venus. 

3.  A  mountain  of  great  height  overhangs'*  the  town. 

4.  Caesar  was  a  man  of  extraordinary  force^  of  intellect,® 
and  of  remarkable  skilF  in-war.^ 

5.  A  giant  of  monstrous  stature,  whose^  name  was  Poly- 
phemus, devoured^^  the  companions  of  Ulysses. 

1  magnitudo.  ^  eximius.  3  comitor)  *  impetideo?        ^  vis. 

6  ingeniiwi.         •  scientia.       ^  rei  bellicae.       ^  Dative.         ^^  devSro)- 

22.  Ablative  of  Price, 

§  54,  8.  with  a  (genitive  of  indefinite  value  :  R.  ii  ; 
compare  §  50,  i.  ^*). 

Examples. 

1.  Viginti  talentis  unam  orationem  Isocrates  vendidit. 

2.  Eriphyle  auro  viri  sui  vitam  vendidit. 

3.  Hunc  fundum  maxima  pecunia  mercatus  sum. 

4.  Duobus  milibus  nummum  hunc  equum  emi. 

5.  Ea  Poenis  victoria  multo  sanguine  stetit. 

6.  Tritici  modius  duobus  sestertiis  veniit. 

7.  Domum  meam  ternis  sestertiis  locavi. 

8.  Mea  mihi  conscientia  pluris  est  quam  omnium  sermo. 


Constructions  of  Syntax »  95 

Write  in  liatin. 

1.  I  have  sold  my  house  for  fifteen  talents. 

2.  Virtue  is  not  salable^  for  gold  or  gems.^ 

3.  That  oration  cost^  him  a-great-deal-of  labor. 

4.  Mean   men  are  bribed^  with   money ;    the    ambitious* 
with  honors  and  vain  glory. 

1  venalis.  -^  sto\  ^  corrumpo^  *  ambitiosus. 

^  gemma. 

23.  Ablative  of  Specification, 

§   54,  9.  (that  in  respect  to  which ;  in   accordance 
with  which). 

Examples. 

1.  Specie  urbs  libera  est,  non  re  vera. 

2.  Ex  omnibus  filiis  natu  minimus  Marcus  erat. 

3.  Scelere  par  es  Marco,  industria  inferior. 

4.  Iste  servus  aeger  est  pedibus. 

5.  Altero  oculo  captus  erat  Hannibal. 

6.  Tota  mente  et  omnibus  artubus  contremuit. 

7.  Omnes  Galli  lingua  institutis  legibus  inter  se  differunt. 

8.  Belgae  omnibus  Gallis  virtute  praestant. 

9.  Latini  Trojanis  studio  ac  fide  erga  regem  cessere. 
10.  Non  tu  quidem  tota  re  sed  temporibus  erras. 

"Write  in  Liatin. 

1.  In  glory  Cicero  was  far  inferior  to  Caesar,^  but  superior 
in  eloquence  and  wisdom. 

2.  In  laws  and  language  the  Greeks  widely^  differ  from 
the  Romans,  but  in  warlike^  gloi'y  they  are  nearly  equal. 

3.  My  brother  is  lame  of  the  left^  foot. 

4.  The  Spartans  excelled^  all  the  other  Greeks^  in  fidelity 
and  reverence  to  the  laws.' 

5.  The  Germans  were  a  race  of  tall^  stature,  fair  complex- 
ion, blue^°  eyes,  courage  in  war,"^  and  great  bodily'*^  strength. 

1  Ablative.  '^  multum.  '  rei  bellicae  (gen.).  *  laevus. 

5  antecello.^  ®  Dative.  "^  Genitive.  ^  grandis. 

9  corporis  (gen.).  l**  caeruleus. 


96  Latin  Method, 

24.  Locative  Ablative, 

§    54,   10.  (idiomatic  expressions),  with  a    (list  of 
verbs  and  verbals  under  this  use). 

Examples. 

1.  Castra  opportunis  locis  posita  erant. 

2.  Terra  marique  res  maximae  gestae  sunt. 

3.  Meliore  loco  res  nostrae  sunt. 

4.  Parentis  loco  habebatur  patris  amicus. 

5.  Reliquis  oppidi  partibus  acriter  pugnatum  est. 

6.  De  amicitia  alio  libro  dictum  est. 

7.  Vehementer  animo  angebar. 

8.  Silvisque  agrisque  viisque  corpora  foeda  jacent. 

9.  Urbe  tota  gemitus  fit. 

10.  Caesar  nuntios  tota  civitate  Aeduorum  dimittit. 

11.  Menippus    tota   Asia    illis    temporibus    disertissimus 
erat. 

12.  Adventu  Caesaris   in  Galliam,  Helvetii  bellum  para- 
bant. 

13.  Bello    Punico    secundo,  tota   Italia   Hannibal   paene 
potiebatur. 

14.  Extrema  pueritia,  Caesar  Cinnae  filiam    in    matrimo- 
nium  duxit. 

Write  in  Latin. 

1.  At   the   death   of   Caesar  grief    and   terror   prevailed^ 
throughout  the  city. 

2.  The  Romans  carried-on^  war  by  land  and  sea. 

3.  At  this  news  I  was  glad  at  heart. 

4.  I  regard^  my  father's  brother  in  the  light*  of  a  parent. 

5.  Caesar  pitched^  his  camp  on  favorable  ground.* 

6.  Your  affairs  are  in  excellent  case.* 

7.  This  subject®  is  discussed^  in  the  third  book. 

1  exsisto?  ^  gero?  3  habeo!^  *  locus.  ^  pono? 

<>  de  hac  re.  "^  disserd^  (impers.). 


Constructions  of  Syntax,  97 

25.  Predicate  Genitive, 

§  50,  I.  ^,  d  (for  predicate  appositive ;  use  of  phrase 
or  clause),  with  Remark  {sa^ientis^  &c,), 

Examples. 

1.  Omnia  quae  mulieris  fuerant  matrimonio  viri  fiebant. 

2.  Ego  totus  Pompeii  sum. 

3.  Hie  versus  Plauti  non  est. 

4.  Tiiebae  populi  Romani  beUi  jure  factae  sunt. 

5.  Non  gloriam  meam  laborem  illorum  faciam. 

6.  Albani  dicionis  alienae  facti  sunt. 

7.  Hoc  non  est  judicii  mei. 

8.  Marcellus  id  nee  juris  nee  potestatis  suae  esse  dixit. 

9.  Boni  imperatoris  est  hostium  consilia  antecapere. 

10.  Ut  Athenae  et  Lacedaemon  Atheniensium  Lacedae- 
moniorumque  causa  conditae  sunt,  omniaque  quae  sunt  in 
his  urbibus  eorum  populorum  recte  esse  dicuntur,  sic  quae- 
cumque  sunt  in  omni  mundo  deorum  atque  hominum  putanda 
sunt. 

TTrite  in  liatin. 

1.  All  the  property^  of  the  father  became  the  son's  by 
inheritance.^ 

2.  That  oration  is  not  Cicero's. 

3.  After  the  battle  of  Cannae,  Capua  became  [the  pos- 
session] of  the  Carthaginians. 

4.  The  kingdom  was  [the  share]  of  Numitor ;  the  wealth,^ 
of  Amulius. 

5.  That  is  not  [an  affair]  for  your  decision."* 

6.  Desire^  belongs  more  to  the  young^  than  to  the  old. 

^  bona  {y^\^xx.).  "^  hereditas.  ^  pecunia.  ^judicium. 

^  libido.  6  adulesceiis. 


26.  Relations  of  Time  and  Space, 

§  55,  I.  with  b  (relations  of  time);  3.  with  «,  3,  c,  d 
(relations  of  place,  witli  locative  forms)  and/ (locative 
use  of  ablative). 

7 


p8    "*-  Latin  Method, 

Compare  the  Note,  §  55,  3.  (relations  of  Place)  with  §  42,  i.  (on 
prepositions)  and  the  note  on  p    1 13  (on  the  use  of  Cases). 

£xauiples. 

1.  Proxima  nocte  Caesar  castra  movit, 

2.  Tota  aestate  vos  exspectamus. 

3.  Quadraginta  annis  Alba  stetit. 

4.  Frater  meus  decimo  aetatis  anno  Roma  abiit. 

5.  Vere  diffugiunt  nives. 

6.  Primo  silentio  noctis  Tiburtes  Romam  venerunt. 

7.  Tertia  vigilia  Caesar  castris  excessit. 

8.  Heroicis  aetatibus  non  multi  florebant  philosophi. 

9.  Per  decern  dies  Latini  ludos  fecerunt. 

10.  Sum    totos  dies   cum   Marco,   noctisque  saepenumero 
partem. 

11.  Hanc  urbem  decern  aestates  continuas  circumsedimus. 

12.  Triduo  servus.miserrime  peribit. 

13.  Paucis  diebus  ad  te  veniam. 

14.  Altero  et  tricesimo  anno  aetatis  suae  Galba  mortuus  est. 

15.  Gaia  testamentum  fecit,  atque  his  paucis  diebus  obiit. 

16.  Ab  Africa  ad  Siciliam  Aeneas  navigavit. 

17.  Consul  legiones  per  Italiam  in  Galliam  duxit. 

18.  Ex   Hispania  per  Galliam  in  Italiam  exercitum  duxit 
Hannibal. 

19.  Servos    Romae,   Tarenti,    Athenis,  Veils,    Karthagini, 
Sardibus  alui. 

20.  Numa  Curibus  habitabat ;  sed  postea  Romae  quadra- 
ginta annos  regnavit. 

21.  Delo  Rhodum  pater  meus  navigavit. 

22.  Milites  Albae  constitere,  in  oppido  munito. 

23    Archias  Antiochiae  vixit,  celeberrima  quondam  urbe. 

24.  Nunc  domi  sum  :  eras  rus  ibo. 

25.  Frater  meus  mox  rure  domum  redibit. 

26.  M.  Regulus  Karthagine  Romam  de  pace  missus  est. 

27.  Multa corpora fessorum  vulneratorumque  humi jacebant. 

28.  Maximam  domi  militiaeque  gloriam  Cn.  Pompeius  adu- 
lescens  erat  adsecutus. 

29.  Is    dies  erat   ante   diem  sextum   (a.  d.  vi.)    Kalendas 
Martias  (see  §  56,   i.  /). 


Constructions  of  Syntax,  99 

Write  in   Latin. 

1.  In  winter  and  summer  the  Arabs  roam-over^  the  plains. 

2.  At  the  beginning  of  summer  the  consul  passed^  into 
Spain. 

3.  Agamemnon  scarcely  in  ten  years  took  one  city. 

4.  Within  three  days  I  will  finish^  the  work. 

5.  Caesar  moves  [his]  camp,   and  in   about  fifteen   days 
arrives  at  the  bounds*  of  the  Belgse. 

6.  I  was  yesterday  at  Caesar's  house  {apud  Caesarem). 

7.  That  most  illustrious^  commander  had  strengthened^  the 
republic  at  home  and  abroad  by  his  victories. 

8.  Brutus    learned   philosophy   at    Athens,   eloquence    in 
Rhodes. 

9.  My  sisters  are  passing"^  their  life  in  the  country.^ 

10.  I  have  lived  in  Rome,  Carthage,  Athens,  Sardis,  and 
Corinth;  and  have  now  been^^  three  years  at  home  in  Gaul. 

11.  Amynander  sent  ambassadors  both  to  Rome  to  the 
Senate,  and  to  the  Scipios  in  Asia.^ 

12.  Cicero  after  [his]  exile  sailed^^  from  Greece  to  Italy, 
and  remained  a  few  days  at  Brundisium ;  then,  through 
friendly  cities,  returned  to  Rome. 


*  peragro.^ 

2  transeo.            3  perficio?            ^  fines. 

5  dartcs. 

^  augeo?- 

"7  ago?         8  §  55,  3.  d.         9  Accusative. 
ii  Present. 

10  navigo^ 

1>.  —  JJse  of  Moods  and  Tenses, 

27.  Independent   Uses  of  the  Subjunctive, 

§  57,  2.  with  a  (classification:  R.  43);  3,  4,  6 
(hortatory,  optative,  dubitative)  ;  compare  §  60,  2.  a,  h 
(potential,  hypothetical)  ;  and  §  57,  7.  a  (prohibitions). 

^Examples. 

1.  Haec  sint  falsa  sane  :  invidiosa  certe  non  sunt. 

2.  Malim  te  esse  bonum  quam  videri. 

3.  Hoc  vero  sine  uUa  dubitatione  confirmaverim,  eloquen- 
tiam  esse  rem  unam  omnium  difficillimam. 

4.  Me  quidem  eo  proficiscentem   baud  sane   quis  facile 
retraxerit. 


lOO  Latin  Method, 

5.  Jam  vero  quis  audeat  dicere  vera  omnia  esse  somnia  ? 

6.  Quid  hoc  homine  facialis  ? 

7.  Felix  vivas,  moriare  felix  ! 

8.  Valeant  cives  mei,  valeant !  Sint  incolumes,  sint  flo- 
rentes,  sint  beati.  Stet  haec  urbs  praeclara.  Tranquilla 
republica  cives  mei  perfruantur. 

9.  Si  certum  est  facere,  facias  ;  verum  ne  post  conferas 
culpam  in  me. 

10.  Nihil  ignoveris,  nihil  gratiae  causa  feceris,  misericordia 
commotus  ne  sis. 

11.  Isto  bono  utare  dum  adsit;  cum  absit,  ne  requiras. 

12.  Vendat^  aedes  vir  bonus  propter  aliqua  vitia,  quae  ipse 
norit  ceteri  ignorent :  pestilentes  sint^  et  habeantur  salubres  ; 
ignoretur^  in  omnibus  cubiculis  apparere  serpentes;^  male 
materiatae,  ruinosae  —  sed  hoc,  praeter  dominum,  nemo  sciat.^ 
Quaero,  si  hoc  emptoribus  venditor  non  dixerit,  num  id 
injuste  fecerit  ? 

I  Render  these  subjunctives  by  "suppose,"  &c.  *  vermin. 

Write  in  Latin. 

i.  Let  the  advantage^  of  the  commonwealth  prevail.^ 

2.  Let  us  accordingly^  bring  up"*  [our]  child  with  every 
indulgence. 

3.  Plant^  no  tree.  Varus,  sooner^  than  the  sacred  vine. 

4.  This  thou  shalt  do  -J  this  thou  shalt  not  do.® 

5.  Let  him  write  to  me  what  he  has  done.® 

6.  I  could  not  easily  say®  that  this  is  better. 

7.  I  wish^  [that]  Athens  may  conquer.^ 

8.  This  thing  may  [perhaps]  seem  absurd^''  to  you. 

9.  Some-one^^  may  [perhaps]  think  that  I  am-wrong.^^ 

10.  No  one  can  easily  restrain  Caesar  from  victory .^^ 

11.  I  would  rather^^  be  at  home  than  abroad.-^^ 

12.  Suppose  your  friend  should  fall  sick^^  or  die,  what  will 
you  do? 

13.  Let  justice  be  done  [though]  heaven  fall. 

1  titilitas.         2  valeo?       3  proinde.       *  nutrio.^       ^  sero?       ^  prius, 
7  Fut.  imperat.  ^  Perf.  subj.  ^  Pres.  subj.  ^"  absurdus. 

II  quispiam.     ^^  errd^  (infin.).     '>*  Compare  Latin  example  4  (above). 

^4  inalim.  ^^  foris.  ^^  in  morbum  cadere. 


Constructions  of  Syntax'  loi 

28.  Historical  Infinitive, 

§  57,  8.  h:  R.  40.      (For  other  uses  of  the  Infinitive, 
see  page  114-) 

Examples. 

1.  Brevi  spatio  hostes  ex  omnibus  partibus  decurrere, 
lapides  in  vallum  conjicere  ;  nostri  primo  integris  viribus  for- 
titer  repugnare,  neque  ullum  frustra  telum  mittere  :  ut  quae- 
que  pars  castrorum  premi  videbatur,  eo  occurrere  et  auxilium 
ferre. 

2.  Circumspectare  tum  patriciorum  vultus  plebeii,  et  inde 
libertatis  captare  auram,  unde  servitutem  timuerant.  Pri- 
mores  patrum  odisse  decemviros,  odisse  plebem. 

3.  Interea  Catilina  Romae  multa  simul  moliri :  consuli 
insidias  tendere,  parare  incendia,  opportuna  loca  armatis  ho- 
minibus  obsidere,  ipse  cum  telo  esse,  item  alios  jubere ;  dies 
noctisque  festinare,  vigilare,  neque  insomniis  neque  labore 
fatigari. 

Write  in  Liatin. 

1.  Every  single^  article-of-plate^  that^  [man  would]  take 
into  [his]  hands,  praise,  admire. 

2.  And  now  not  even  the  back*  was  spared  •}  some^  were 
beaten'^  with  rods,^  others  brought  to  the  block.^ 

3.  Under  the  dominion^^  of  Lucius  Sulla,  everybody 
[would]  rob,  carry-off,  covet^^  —  one  man  a  house,  another 
lands  ;^^  the  victors  kept^^  no  limit^*  or  restraint, ^^  [but]  did 
shocking^®  and  cruel  [things]  among  the  citizens. 

1  unumquodque.  ^  vas.  3  iste.  *  Ablative. 


5  abstineo  (impers.). 

6  alius. 

^  verbero.^               8  z^irga. 

9  securi  subjicere. 

10  dominatttsA 

11  ra/>io,  tra/iOf  cupio.'^ 

12  ager.           ^^  habeo. 

14  modus. 

15  modestia.           ^^  foedus. 

29.  Sequence  of    Tenses, 

§  58,  9,  10.  (tenses  of  the  Subjunctive,  and  rule  for 
Sequence  of  Tenses),  with  the  classification  as  given 
in  the  Remark  (p.  162),  which  is  to  be  carefully 
studied,  as  well  as  the  examples  above. 


I02  Latin  Method. 

Observe  that  the  general  rule  for  the  sequence  of  tenses  is  the 
same  as  in  English  ;  but  in  Latin  a  dependent  verb  is  put  in  a  past 
tense  by  this  rule,  when  either  the  principal  or  a  subordinate  verb, 
on  which  it  depends,  is  in  the  past,  even  though  the  construction 
may  be  otherwise  in  English  (see  example  7,  below). 

Note.  —  The  imperfect  and  pluperfect  subjunctive  under  this 
rule  may  express  a  relatively  future  action  (see  §  59,  4  f\  as  rep- 
resenting in  indirect  discourse  the  future  and  future  perfect  indica- 
tive :  as,  si  discessisset  =  //"  y^^  shall  depart  {shall  have  departed) 
(C^SAR,  B.  G.  i.  45). 

Examples. 

1.  Non  possunt  multi  rem  amittere,  ut  non  plures  secum 
in  eandem  calamitatem  trahant. 

2.  Rex  adeo  saevus  erat,  ut  filio  suo  non  temperaret. 

3.  Mos   est   hominum,  ut  nolint  eundem  pluribus  rebus 
excellere. 

4.  Quorum  haec  est  condicio,  uti  omnibus  in  vita  com- 
modis  una  cum  iis  fruantur,  quorum  se  amicitiae  dederint. 

5.  Singulas  naves  nostri  expugnaverunt,  ut  perpaucae  ex 
omni  numero  ad  terram  pervenerint. 

6.  Cicero  se  ex  patria  excessisse  dicit,  ut  bellum  civile 
averteret. 

7.  Tantum  profecisse  videmur,  ut  a  Graecis  ne  verborum 
quidem  copia  vinceremur.^ 

8.  Omnem  coetum  hominum  vitat,  quasi  omnibus  invisus 
sit.2 

i  Translate  by  the  present  tense. 

2  Translate  by  the  past  tense  (see  §  61,  i.  R.). 

Write  in  Latin. 

1.  I  write  that  I  may  admonish  you. 

2.  I  wrote  yesterday  that  I  might  inform  you. 

3.  He  runs-away-^  as  if  he  were^  frightened. 

4.  He  undertook  this  task  as  if  he  were  'a  good  workman.* 

5.  I  will  come  to-morrow  to-see^  you. 

6.  We  went  out  yesterday  to  see'*  the  battle. 

7.  I  have  toiled^  so-long^  that  I  am  completely  tired-out."^ 

1  effugio.^  2  Present  subj.  ^  faber.  ^  ?^/,  with  subj. 

5  labor oy  ^  tarn  diu.  ^  defessus. 


Constructio7is  of  Syntax.  103 

8.  Caesar  was  so  merciful^  that  not  even  [his]  beaten^  ene- 
mies^ feared  him. 

9.  This  man  is  so®  just  that  no  one  ever  feared^^  to  con- 
fide in  him. 

6  cleifiens.         "^  victus.        8  inimicus.  9  adeo.         10  Perfect  subj. 


^,  —  Huhordinate  Constructions. 

30.  'Conditional  Clauses. 

§  59:  general  definition,  with  i.  a,  b  (Protasis  and 
Apodosis),  and  the  Classification  on  page  167  (com- 
mitting to  memory  the  models,  with  their  meaning)  ; 
also  3.  a,  b,  and  4.  a,  b^  c  (present,  past,  and  future 
conditions). 

N.  B.  —  Notice  the  exceptional  use  of  the  Indicative  in  the 
apodosis  contrary  to  fact,  as  given  in  3.  d^  e;  comparing  these 
with  §  60,  2.  c^  and  the  Remark. 

^Examples. 

1.  Nisi  me  animus  fallit,  hand  multum  a  me  aberit  infor- 
tunium. 

2.  Hoc  si  tecum  patria  loquatur,  nonne  impetrare  debeat, 
etiam  si  vim  adhibere  non  possit  ? 

3.  Si  scripserim  ad  fratrem  meum,  Romam  statim  properet. 

4.  Si  calamus  mihi  adesset,  scriberem  ad  Marcum. 

5.  Sapientia  non  expeteretur  si  nihil  efficeret. 

6.  Servi  mei  si  me  isto  pacto  metuerent,  ut  te  metuunt 
omnes  cives  tui,  domum  meam  relinquendam  putarem. 

7.  Si  te  parentes  timerent  atque  odissent  tui,  neque  eos 
ulla  ratione  placare  posses,  ab  eorum  oculis  aliquo  concederes. 

8.  Si  meum  consilium  auctoritasque  valuisset,  tu  hodie 
egeres,  nos  liberi  essemus,  respublica  non  tot  duces  et  exer- 
citus  amisisset. 

9.  Mens  prope  uti  ferrum  est :  si  exerceas,  conteritur  ; 
nisi  exerceas,  rubiginem  contrahit. 

10.  Nulla  est  igitur  excusatio  peccati,  si  amici  causa  pec- 
caveris. 


I04  Latin  Method, 

Write  in  Latin. 

1.  If  you  should  see  your  father  to-morrow,  what  should 
you  say  ? 

2.  If  I  had  not  known  that  you  would  come,  I  should 
have  written. 

3.  I  should  not  have  gone*yesterday,  if  I  had  known. 

4.  I  should  go  to-day  if  you  wished. 

5.  I  should  go  to-morrow  if  you  should  be  ill.^ 

6.  Hannibal  would  not  have  fought  at^  Zama  if  he  could 
have  helped^  [it]. 

7.  I  would  not  have  gone*  unless  Caesar  had  ordered. 

8.  You  can  always  do  that  if  you  try.^ 

9.  If  it  is  allowed,^  I  shall  be-glad-to'^  speak. 

10.  If  it  would  be  allowed,  I  should  be-glad-to^  speak. 
*  aegrotoy  2  ^^,  8  defugio.^      <  proficiscor.^  ^  conor.^ 

«  licet  (fut.).  7  libenter  (adv.). 

31.  Disguised  Conditions. 

§  60,  general  remark,   also  i.  with  a  (usual  forms 
of  disguised  conditions). 

Examples. 

1.  Nemo  unquam,  sine  magna  spe  immortalitatis,  se  pro 
patria  offeret  ad  mortem. 

2.  Manent  ingenia  senibus,  modo  permaneat  studium  et 
industria. 

3.  Tum  ego:  "  Etiamne,  si  te  in  Capitolium  faces  ferre 
vellet  ?  "     "  Nunquam  "  inquit  "  voluisset." 

4.  Omnes  labores  contemnendo  fiunt  tolerabiles. 

.    5.  Nee  ego  Seriphius  nee  tu  Atheniensis  clarus  unquam 
fuisses. 

6.  Illo  tempore  aliter  sensisses. 

7.  Neque  agricultura  neque  frugum  perceptio  et  conser- 
vatio  sine  hominum  opera  esse  potuisset. 

8.  Magnitudo    animi,   remota   a   communitate    conjuncti- 
oneque  hominum,  feritas  sit  quaedam  et  immanitas. 

9.  Pons  sublicius  iter  paene  hostibus  dedit,  ni  unus  vir 
fuisset. 


Cunst7'tictio7is  of  Syntax.  105 

Write  in  L<atin. 

1.  At  another  time  I  might  think^  so. 

2.  Without  friendship  no  man's  life  could  be  truly  called 
happy.  .g 

3.  [If  he  were]   intending-to-return'Miome,  he  would  not 
delay^  so  long  in  business.'' 

4.  A  life  remote  from  the  society  of  men  and  the  protec- 
tion of  laws  would  justly^  be  reckoned"  wild'  and  dreary.^ 

5.  Without  help  of  the  Gauls,  Caesar  could  not  have  over- 
come^ the  Germans. 

6.  In  extreme  poverty^*^  old  age  cannot  be  a  light  [burden]. 
1  Present  subj.  2  Future  participle.  ^  morory 

4  negotior^  (gerund).  ^  rede.  *>  Present  subj.  "  agrestis. 

8  tristis.  9  stipero.^  ^^  suinnia  inopia. 


32.    Comparative  Particles, 

§  61,  I.  (particles  of  comparison  introducing  con- 
ditional clauses)  ;  also  the  Remark,  comparing  §  59, 
3.  b  (condition  contrary  to  fact). 

^Examples. 

1.  Sed  quid   his   testibus   utor,  quasi   res   dubia  aut  ob- 
scura  sit  ? 

2.  Me  juvat,  velut  si  ipse  in  parte    laboris    ac   periculi 
fuerim,  ad  finem  belli  Punici  pervenisse. 

3.  Parvi  primo  ortu  jacent,  tanquam  omnino  sine  animo 
sint. 

4.  Quasi  vero  haec  similia  sint ! 

5.  Perinde  ac  si  in  banc  formulam  omnia  judicia  legitima 
comprehensa  sint ! 

6.  Quasi  vero  ego  ad  ilium  venire  debuerim  ! 

Write  in  Latin. 

1.  He  walks  as  if  he  were  lame.^ 

2.  You  speak  to  me  as  if  you  thought  I  were  deceiving^ 
you. 

^  daudus.  -  dedpio}^ 


io6  Latin  Alcthod, 

3.  You  spoke^  to  me  yesterday  as  if  you  thought  I  was 
deceiving  you. 

4.  He  spends^  [his]  money  as  if  he  reckoned^  himself  a 
rich  [man]. 

5.  He  looks  as  if  he  had  lived  a  year  in-the-country. 

6.  He  spoke  of  the  monuments  and  antiquities  as  if  he 
had  lived  a  year  at  Rome. 

3  loquor?  *  largiorA  ^  existimoS 


33.    Temporal  Clauses, 

§  62,  2.  w^ith  Note  (absolute  and  relative  time)  ; 
also  «,  b  (construction  of  iibi^  -postqiiam^  etc.,  and  of 
cum  temporal),  and  e  {ctwi  causal  and  concessive). 

a.  Cum  followed  by  the  present  or  perfect  subjunctive  is  almost 
always  causal  or  concessive,  and  is  to  be  translated  since, 
while,  or  although. 

b.  Cum  followed  by  the  imperfect  or  pluperfect  subjunctive  is 
more  commonly  temporal.  In  this  case,  it  is  sometimes  to  be 
translated  when  j  but  is  often  best  rendered  hy  2^  participle,  present 
ox  perfect,  in  English. 

Examples. 

1.  Cum  ad  villam  veni,  hoc  ipsum  nihil  agere  me  delectat. 

2.  Cum  fortuna  reflavit,  affligimur. 

3.  Ubi  id  Verres  audivit,  Diodorum  ad  se  vocavit. 

4.  Pompeius  ut  equitatum  suum  pulsum  vidit,  acie  excessit. 

5.  Simul    ac   primum    Verri    occasio   visa   est,  consulem 
deseruit. 

6.  Postquam  id  difficilius  visum  est,  neque  facultas-'  "per- 
ficiendi  dabatur,  ad  Pompeium  transierunt. 

7.  Ita  mulier,  dum  pauca  mancipia  retinere  vult,  fortunas 
omnes  perdidit. 

8.  Dixerat  hoc  ille,  cum  puer  rediit. 

9.  Cum  ego  ilium  vidi,  jam  consilium  mutaverat. 

10.'  Cum  ver  esse  coeperat,  Verres  dabat  se  labori  atque 
itineribus. 

1  and  110  opportunity. 


Constructions  of  Syntax,  107 

11.  Jam  ver  adpetebat,  cum  Hannibal  ex  hibernis  movet. 

12.  Argumentum  tempestatis  nautae  putant,  cum  multae 
transvolant  stellae. 

13.  Epaminondas  cum  vicisset  Lacedaemonios  apud  Man- 
tineam,  atque  ipse  gravi  vulnere  exanimari  se  videret,  quae- 
sivit  salvusne  esset  clipeus. 

14.  Res  cum  haec  scribebaim^  erat  in  extremum  adducta 
discrimen. 

15.  Cum  vita  sine  amicis  insidiarum  et  metus  plena  sit, 
ratio  ipsa  monet  amicitias  parare. 

16.  Homines,  cum^  multis  rebus  infirmiores  sint,  hac  re 
maxime  bestiis  praestant,  quod  loqui  possunt. 

17.  Phocion  fuit  perpetuo  pauper,  cum  ditissimus  esse 
posset. 

18.  Cum  multae  res  in  philosophia  nequaquam  satis  adhuc 
explicatae  sint,  tum  perdifficilis  et  perobscura^  quaestio  est  de 
natura  deorum. 

19.  Cum  sit  in  nobis  consilium,  ratio,  prudentia,  necesse 
est  deum  haec  ipsa  habere  majora. 

2  See  §  58,  8.  3  .^/^//^.  4  See  §  17,  5.  d, 

"Write  in  liatin. 

1.  When  you  come  (fut.  perf.),  I  shall  go  away.^ 

2.  I  was  asleep^  when  the  doctor  came. 

3.  I  had  scarcely^  read  your  letter,  when  Lentulus  ap- 
proached.* 

4.  When  he  had  said  this,  he  went  away. 

5.  This  he  had  said,  when  news-was-brought®  that  the 
enemy  were  in  sight.^ 

6.  When  summer  had  begun,'^  he  used-to-make  his  quarters® 
at  Syracuse. 

7.  When  I  reached  home,  my  father  had  already  gone.® 

8.  While  he  was  speaking  thus,  his  father  arrived. ^^ 

9.  When  I  come  home  at  night,^^  I  take-comfort^^  in- 
doing^^  nothing. 

1  abeo.       2  (formioA       '^  vix.       *  appropinqtioy       ^  nuntio^  {impers. ). 
•*  conspectus.  '^Add"tobe."  8  stativa.      ^  projiciscor. 

^"  venio.^  H  vesperi.  ^2  ,,^^  delector.  ^^  Gerund. 


io8  Latin  Method, 

10.  As  soon  as  he  saw  his  father  coming,  he  ran-away.^* 

11.  Since  the  time  is-near/^  it  becomes  us  all  to  be  ready. 

12.  While  I  do  not  believe  him  to  be  a  robber,  yet  I  dis- 
trust him. 

13.  Will  you  not  believe,  when  the  thing  is  so  plain  ?^® 

14.  I   congratulate^'  you  that^^  you  have  recovered^^  your 
property^^  at-last.^ 

^*  ^ff^'^'(>'^  ^^  adsum.  ^<»  manifestus.  i*^  gratulor^  (dat.). 

i**  quod  (followed  by  indie).         ^^  recipio!^        20  tandem  (before  the  verb). 


34.  Purpose  and  Result, 

§  64,  I.  with  a  (Final  Clauses,  with  ut^  ne,  quo)  ; 
§  65,  I.  with  a^  b  (Consecutive  Clauses,  with  «/,  quo- 
nimus^  qimi), 

a.  The  clause  of  Purpose  is  often  to  be  translated  by  that,  or 
m  order  that,  with  jnay  or  might  (English  Potential) ;  but  oftener 
by  the  Infinitive  with  to  :  as,  veni  ut  viderem,  /  came  to  see  {that 
1 7night  see) . 

b.  The  clause  of  Result  is  expressed  in  English  sometimes  by 
the  Infinitive  with  to,  so-as-to,  or  an  equivalent :  as,  tarn  longe 
abfui  ut  non  viderem,  /  was  so  far  away  that  I  did  ?tot  see  {too 
far  away  to  see). 

c.  After  verbs  of  hinderittg,  quominus  is  most  commonly 
rendered  by  from  with  the  verbal  noun  in  -ing  :  as,  turba  impe- 
divit  quominus  videremi,  the  crowd  hindered  jne  from  seeing. 

d.  But  If  the  verb  of  hindering  is  7iegatived  by  not,  or  some 
equivalent,  quin  is  used  instead  of  qnominus :  as,  turba  non  im- 
pedivit  quin  viderem,  the  crowd  did  not  hinder  7ne  fro7n  $eei7ig. 

e.  Purpose  is  never  to  be  expressed  in  Latin  by  the  simple 
infinitive,  as  it  often  is  in  English.  For  the  ways  in  which  it  may 
be  expressed,  see  §  64,  2. 

Note.  —  Observe  that  in  Latin  these  two  constructions  are 
precisely  alike  in  the  affirmative,  but  that  in  the  negative  one  takes 
ne,  and  the  other  ut  non.  Thus,  custoditus  est  ne  effugeret,  he 
was  gitarded  so  that  he  WIGHT  7iot  escape ;  but  custoditus  est  ut 
non  effugeret,  he  was  guarded  so  that  he  did  not  escape. 


Constructions  of  Syntax,  lOp 

Examp^les. 

1.  Capuam  proficiscar,  quo  facilius  de  Pompeii  rebus 
cognoscam. 

2.  Ager  non  semel  aratur,  sed  novatur  et  iteratur,  quo 
meliores  fetus  possit  et  grandiores  edere. 

3.  Haec  ideo  ad  te  scribebam/  ne  me  oblitum  esse  man- 
datorum  tuorum  piitares. 

4.  Quamobrem  discede,  atque  hunc  mihi^  timorem  eripe : 
si  est  verus,  ne  opprimar ;  sin  falsus,  ut  tandem  aliquando 
timere  desinam. 

5.  Helvetii  legatos  ad  Caesarem  miserunt  qui  pacem 
peterent, 

6.  Sunt  multi  qui  eripiunt  aliis^  quod  aliis  largiantur, 

7.  Verba  reperta  sunt  quae  ^/z^/V^r^/^/voluntatem. 

8.  Arria  gladium  dedit  marito  quo  se  interficeret. 

9.  Helvetii  diem  dicunt/  qua^  die  ad  ripam  Rhodani 
omnes  conveniant, 

10.  Natura  oculos  membranis  tenuissimis  vestivit  et  sepsit, 
quas  primum  perlucidas^  fecit,  ut  per  eas  cerni  posset^  firmas 
autem,  ut  coiiti7ierentur ;  sed  lubricos  oculos  fecit  et  mobiles, 
ut  et  dediiiarent  si  quid  noceret,  et  aspectum  quo  vellent 
facile  cojiverterent. 

11.  Non  dubito  quin  hoc  xi\xx\\Xo  gaiideas. 

12.  In  virtute  multi  sunt  adscensus ;  ut  is  gloria  maxima 
excellat^  qui  virtute  plurimum  praestet. 

13.  Exspectari  diutius  non  oportuit,  quin  ad  castra  iretiir. 

14.  Caesar  cognovit,  per  Afranium  stare^  quominus  dimi- 
carctur. 

15.  Non  recusabo  quominus  omnes  mea  scripta  lega7tt. 

»  See  §  58,  8.  2  See  §  51,  2.  e.  .3  See  §  66,  2. 

4  appoint.  5  See  §  13,  2.  n.  6  See  §  17,  5.  d. 

'^  that  it  was  ozuing  to  Afranitis. 

Write  in  Latin. 

1.  Aeneas,  that  he  might  win^  the  hearts  of  the  Aborigines, 
called  both  the  nations  Latins. 

2.  Romulus,  lest  the  greatness  of  the  city  should  be  void,^ 
opened  a  certain  place  [as]  an  asylum. 

1  sibi  conciliare.  2  -nanus. 


i<b  '  Latin  Method, 

3.  The  Clusians  sent  ambassadors  to  Rome,  to  ask  aid 
from  the  Senate. 

4.  I  sent  [a  man]  to  Antony,  to^  tell  [him]  this. 

5.  A  pen*  was  given  me  to  write  with.^ 

6.  He  lived  honorably,  that^  he  might  quit"   life  with   a 
more  calm  mind. 

7.  Again  and  again  I  beg  you  to  do  it. 

8.  Thrice  I  have  begged  you  to  come  as-soon-as-possible.** 

9.  What  prevents  you  from  coming  at-once .''  ® 

10.  I  shall  not  prevent  your  returning  home  to-morrow. 

3  qui.  ^  calamus.  ^  quo  scriberem.  ^  quo.  7  excedo^^  e. 

8  quam  primuni.  ^  statim. 

35.    Clause  of  Characteristic. 

§  65,  2.  with  ^,  b^  c,  d,  e,  f  (relative  Clauses  of 
Characteristic). 

The  Clause  of  Characteristic  is  to  be  translated  variously, 
according  to  the  context :  see  examples  in  the  Grammar,  noticing 
particularly  e  (cause  or  hindrance). 

N.  B.  —  The  constructions  which  have  now  been  given  are  the 
only  ones  in  which  the  Subjunctive  affects  the  translation  into 
English.  '^ 

Examples. 

1.  Qui   sunt   qui   audeaiit  in   provincia    contra   fortunas 
praetoris  judicare? 

2.  Nemo  fuit  quin  mala  mea  inrideret. 

3.  Nulla  acies  ingenii  humani  tanta  est,  quae  penetrare 
in  caelum  possit. 

4.  Nunc  dicis  aliquid  quod  ad  r^xn  per fineaf. 

5.  Nihil  bonum  est,  quod  non  eum  qui  id  possideat  melio- 
rem  faciat. 

6.  Digna  res  est,  quam  diu  multumque  consideremus . 

7.  Nulla  mihi  videbatur  aptior  persona  quae  de  senectute 
loqueretiir. 

8.  Major  est  quam  cui  nocere /^J"i"/>. 

9.  Miserior  erat  quam  cui  invideri  posset. 
10.  Voluptas  est  sola  quae  nos  vocet  ad  se. 


Cofistructions  of  Syntax,  iii 

11.  Nemo  est  tarn  senex,  qui  se  annum  non  putef  posse 
vivere. 

12.  Nemo  est  quin  ubivis,  quam  ibi  ubi  est,  esse  malit. 

Write  ill   Latin. 

1.  Innocence  is  a  quality^  of  the  mind  which  harms^  no 
one. 

2.  Who  is  there  that  does  not  laugh  sometimes  ?  * 

3.  There  is  no  one  who  has  not  heard  this. 

4.  He  is  an  honest  man,  so  far  as  I  know.^ 

5.  This  man  is' not  fit^  for  you  to  imitate.^ 

6.  The  load  is  too  heavy  for'  a  boy  to  carry. 

i  affectio.  -  noceo.'^  ^  aliquaiido.  *  quod  sciam. 

5  idoneus.  ^  imitor.^  '^  quam  quod,  &c. 

36.  Intermediate  Dependent   Clauses, 
§  66  (the  general  statement,  comparing  R.  47)  ;   i. 
with  c,  d,  and  2.  (implied  indirect  discourse,  and  de- 
pendent subjunctive)  :   compare  §  67,  i.  (general  rule 
of  Indirect  Discourse). 

Elxainiiles. 

1.  Caesar  dat  negotium  Senonibus,  uti  ea  quae  apud 
Belgas  gerantur  cognoscant,  seque  de  his  rebus  certiorem 
faciant. 

2.  Caesar  graviter  eos  accusat  quod  ab  iis  non  subievetur, 
praesertim  cum  eorum  precibus  adductus  bellum  susceperit. 

3.  Laudat  Africanum  Panaetius  quod fuerit  abstinens. 

4.  Quinto  die  Volusenus  ad  Caesarem  revertitur,  quaeque 
\h\  perspexisset  nuntiat. 

5.  Ariovistus  respondit :  "  Si  quid  ipsi  a  Caesare  opus 
esset,  sese  ad  eum  venturum  fuisse."^ 

6.  Helvetii,  auctoritate  Orgetorigis  permoti,  constituerunt 
ea  quae  ad  proficiscendum /^r//;/<?;r;?/  comparare. 

7.  Xerxes  infiammasse  templa  Graeciae  dicitur,  quod 
parietibus  induderent  deos,  quibus  omnia  deherent  esse  paten- 
tia  ac  libera ;  quorumque  hie  mundus  omnis  templum  esset 
et  dom.us.  '^ 

1  would  have  come  (see  §  67,  i.  c). 


112  Latin  Method, 

^.  "Write  in  Latin. 

1.  He  promised  to-give^  what  I  had  asked. 

2.  I  ordered  him  to  bring^  whatever  was  necessary.* 

3.  The  lieutenant*  on-his-return^  reported  to  Caesar  what 
he  had  seen  in  the  enemy's  camp. 

4.  Cicero  praises  Pompey  [on  the  ground]  that  he  was  a 
commander  of  the  highest  merit.^ 

5.  The  ambassador*  replied  that,  if  this  [demand]  were 
refused,'  the  Romans  would  at-once**  declare^  war. 

6.  I  will  declare^*^  frankly"  what  I  think  to  be  for  the 
advantage^^  of  the  state. 

1  se  daturum.  -  adfero.         3  opus.         .  *  legatus.  ^  reversus. 

6  virtus.  "^  nego?-  8  statifn.  ^  indico.^  iw  confirino.^ 

^^  aperte.  i-  utilitas. 

^*j.  Indirect  Discourse, 

§  67,  General  Definition  with  Remark  ;  and  i.  (gen- 
eral rule  of  Indirect  Discourse)  with  a  and  h  (use  of 
subject-accusative,  and  of  relative  clauses). 

a.  The  form  of  speech  called  Indirect  Discourse,  and  distin- 
guished by  the  use  of  the  Infinitive  and  Subjunctive  moods,  is 
constructed  as  follows  :  — 

1.  The  leading  statement  is  put  in  the  main  clause^  with  its 
verb  in  the  Infinitive  and  the  subject  in  the  Accusative :  it  is  a 
SUBSTANTIVE  CLAUSE,  construed  as  the  Object  of  some  verb  or 
other  expression  of  knowing,  thi7iki?ig,  tellitig,  or  perceivi?ig  (see 
the  following  section,  where  examples  of  it  will  be  given). 

2.  Subordinate  clauses,  introduced  by  Relatives,  relative  or 
conditional  Particles,  and  the  like,  have  their  verbs  in  the  Subjunc- 
tive :  these  are  intermediate  dependent  clauses  (as  in  the 
foregoing  section). 

b.  The  English  word  to  introduce  Indirect  Discourse  is  that  : 
as,  dicit  scire  se  haec  esse  vera,  he  says  that  he  knows  that 
this  is  ti'ue.  But  it  is  frequently  well  (as  in  the  above  example)  to 
omit  "that"  in  translation,  or  even  to  change  the  form  to  direct 
discourse,  as  if  the  statement  were  independent,  inserting  the  verb 
of  saying,  &c.  (if  necessary)  in  a  parenthetical  clause.  Thus,  in 
the  passage  — 


I 


Present. 
I.  dicit    se 


Constructions  of  Syntax,  113 

P.  Scipionem,  eum  qui  primus  Publius    Scipio,  the  same  who 

Africanus    appellatus    est,    dicere  was  first  called  Africanus,  used  to 

solitum,  scripsit  Cato,  qui  fuit  ejus  say  —  as    Cato    writes,    who    was 

fere    aequalis,  nunquam  se   minus  nearly   of   his   time — that  he   was 

otiosum  esse    quam   cum   otiosus,  never  less  idle  than  when  at  leisure, 

nee  minus  solum  quam  cum  solus  and    never   less   alone   than   when 

esset.  —  Cic.  Off.  iii.  i.  alone. 

-  An  attention  to  this  remark  will  often  make  a  sentence  read 
easily  and  clearly  in  the  English  idiom,  without  departing  from 
the  order  of  thought  or  even  of  words  as  found  in  Latin. 

c.  The  use  of  tenses  in  Indirect  Discourse  may  be  seen  in  the 
following  examples  :  — 

scribere,  he  says  that  he  is  [now]  wt'iting. 
scripsisse,    he    says  that  he    wrote  {has    or    had 
written  or  was  writing). 
1  scripturum  [esse],  he  says  that  he  will  write. 

Past.        f  scribere,  he  said  that  he  was  [then]  writing. 
2.  dixit   se  \  scripsisse,  he  said  that  he  had  written. 

I  scripturum  [esse],  he  said  that  he  would  write. 

Future      f  s^"^®^®*  ^^  "^^^^  ^^7  ^^^^  ^^  ^^  [then]  writing. 
dicet  se  J  s^^^P^^^^®'  ^^  ^^^^  ^^y  ^^^^^  ^^  ^^^  written,  &c. 

I  scripturum  [esse],  he  will  say  that  he  is  going  to 
[_      write. 
Observe  that   in   the   future   of    Indirect    Discourse,   with   the 
participle  in  -iirus,  the  infinitive  esse  is  more  commonly  omitted. 

d.  With  verbs  of  hoping,  promising,  threatening,  and  the  like, 
the  Latin  use  differs  from  English  in  requiring  the  subject  always 
to  be  expressed  :  as, 

1.  sperat  se  venturum,  he  hopes  to  come  {Wt   "he  hopes  that  he 

shall  come  "). 

2.  minatus   est  se    urbem   deleturum,  he   threatened  to  destroy 

the  city. 

e.  As  in  English,  a  double  construction  is  found  in  the  passive 
of  indirect  discourse,  the  verb  of  saying,  &c.,  being  either  personal 
or  impersonal.  Thus  we  may  say  dicitur  Caesar  abiisse,  Ccpsar 
is  said  to  have  gone ;  or,  dicitur  Caesarem  abiisse,  //  is  said  that 
Ccesar  has  gone.  In  the  former  case  (as  more  commonly  in  Latin), 
the  subject  of  the  verb  is  Caesar ;  in  the  latter,  the  clause  Caesa- 
rem abiisse  (compare  §  70,  2.  «■). 

8 


114  Latm  Method, 

F.  —  Substantive  Clauses* 

38.  Infinitive   Clauses, 

§  70,  2.  (the  infinitive  clause  as  Subject  and  as 
Object:  R.  38,  39),  also  §  57,  8.  a  and  e.  Compare 
the  illustration  and  examples  in  Lesson  21,  page  32. 

a.  In  English  the  sign  of  the  Infinitive  is  to.  It  is  often  used 
in  such  sentences  as  these  :  "  I  think  it  to  be  right ;  "  "I  know 
it  to  be  true  ;  "  "  He  is  said  to  be  rich  ;  "  "  You  ordered  it  to  be 
done  ;  "  when  we  might  say,  "  I  think  that  it  is  right,"  and  so  on. 
In  Latin  the  infinitive  construction  is  used  in  this  way  after  any 
verb  or  other  expression  of  knowiiig^  thmktng^  tellings  or  pei'- 
ceiving. 

b.  The  present  infinitive  (§  58,  11.  with  d)^  when  depending  on 
a  past  tense,  is  to  be  translated  by  a  past  tense :  as,  renuntiavit 
hostes  esse  in  conspectu,  he  brought  word  that  the  e7ieiny  were 
/;/  slight  J  sometimes  by  the  perfect  infinitive  :  as,  scire  potuit,  he 
might  HAVE  KNOV^N  ;  hoc  fieri  oportuit,  this  ought  to  have  been 
DONE.  In  these  cases,  the  past  possibility,  necessity,  &c.,  are 
indicated  in  Latin  by  the  leading  verb,  as  they  are  not  in  English. 

c.  The  perfect  infinitive  in  Latin  may  stand  in  indirect  discourse 
for  a7iy  past  tense  of  the  indicative  (see  §  58,  11.^,  with  the  special 
use  of  memini). 

^Examples. 

1.  Dulce  et  decorum  est  pro  patria  mori. 

2.  Accusatores  multos  esse  in  civitate  utile  est. 

3.  Gives  civibus  parere  aequum  esse  censeo. 

4.  Magna  laus  est  tantas  res  solum  gessisse. 

5.  Fama  est  ludibrio  fratris  Remum  novos  transiluisse 
muros. 

6.  Renuntiatur  Germanos  castra  tum  habuisse  juxta 
Rhenum. 

7.  Te  hilari  esse  animo  valde  me  juvat. 

8.  Majori  parti  exercitus  placuit  castra  defendere. 

9.  Memini  me  epistolam  scribere  cum  hie  rumor  adlatus 
est. 

10.  Mihi  non  licet  esse  otioso  (non  licet  me  esse  otiosum). 

11.  Eum  non  licet  ante  tempus  consulem  fieri. 


Constructions  of  Syntax.  115 

12.  Vestra  interest  manus  hostium  distineri. 

13.  Oratorem  irasci  minime  decet,  simulare  non  dedecet. 

14.  Senatui  placuit  C.  Cassium  proconsulem  provinciam 
Syriam  obtinere. 

15.  Facinus  est  vincire  civem  Romanum  ;  scelus  verberare  ; 
prope  parricidium  necare :  quid  dicam  in  crucem  tollere  ? 
verbo  satis  digno  tarn  nefaria  res  appellari  nullo  modo  potest. 

Write  in  Latin. 

1.  It  is  a  grand^  thing  to  be  made  consul. 

2.  It  is  beneficial^  for  a  sick^  man  to  sleep. 

3.  It  is-better"*  to  live  honorably^  than  to  be  born  honorably. 

4.  It  is  said  that  he  was  writing  at  the^  time. 

5.  There  was,  however,  a  rumor  that  the  election'  would 
be«  put  off.^ 

6.  It  is  lawful  for  no  man  to  lead  an  army  against  [his] 
country. 

7.  The  scouts^''  report   that  the  Germans  have  already 
crossed^^  the  Rhine. 

8.  It  was  to  the  interest  of  Clodius  that  Milo  should  perish. 

9.  I  hear  that  Cicero  has  set  out^^  [for]  Athens. 

10.  Divitiacus  said  that  he  knew  these  things  were  true. 

11.  I  remember  that  [when]  a  boy  I  saw  the  orator  Hor- 
tensius. 

12.  I  take  it  ill^^  that  I  am  poor.^^ 

^  magnificus.  2  utiUs.  3  aegrotus.  *  praestat.  ^  honeste. 

6  is.         '  comitia  (plur.).         "^  fore  ut.  9  differ o.         ^^  explorator. 

11  transeo.       ^^  proficiscor?       ^'^  aegre  fero.        ^^  Compare  §  70,  5.  b. 

39.   Substantive  Clauses  of  Purpose, 

§  70,  3.  (clauses  with  ut  and  ne  developed  (rom pur- 
pose), with  a,  3,  c,  d,  ^,/ (clauses  of  influence,  wish, 
permission,  resolve,  effort,  2iX\d  fearing),  with  the  two 
Remarks  on  page  196  (omission  of  ut  or  ne). 

The  clause  of  Purpose  may  be  translated  by  that  with  the 
auxiliaries  may,  ini^ht,  shall,  should  (English  potential)  ;  but 
often  by  the  simple  infinitive  (compare  37,  a'..ove). 


Ii6  Latin  Method. 

Examples. 

1.  Navem  idoneam  ut  habeas  diligenter  videbis. 

2.  Videant  consules  7ie  quid  respublica  detrimenti  capiat. 

3.  Satis  undique  provisum  atque  praecautum  est,  ne  quid 
adversus  vos  in  pugna  praeter  hostes  esset. 

4.  Jugurtha  oppidanos  hortatur  ;//  moenia  defendant. 

5.  Caesar  huic  imperat  adeat  civitates*  hortetur(\\xQ  ut 
populi  Romani  fidem  sequantur^  seque  celeriter  eo  venturum 
nuntiet. 

6.  Cave  enim  putes  me  pacem  desperare. 

7.  Galli  timebant  ne  Caesar  sibi  bellum  inferret. 

8.  Orn amenta  metuo  ut possim  recipere. 

9.  Vereor  ut  Dolabella  ipse  satis  nobis  prodesse /^j-x/V. 

10.  Tu  ad  me  de  istis  rebus  omnibus  scribas  velim  quam 
diligentissime. 

11.  Publicola  instituit  primus,  «/ singulis  consulibus  alter- 
nis  mensibus  Wctox qs  praeirent. 

Write  in   L.atin. 

1.  He  gave-orders^  that  the  Senate  should  return  to  [their 
usual]  apparel.^ 

2.  The  Senate  voted^  that  the  consuls  should  hold  a 
levy.* 

3.  The  general  made-proclamation^  that  no  one^  should 
fight  without  his  orders.^  . 

4.  Divitiacus  implores"^  that  Caesar  will  pardon^  his 
brother^  [his]  fault.^"^ 

5.  I  wish  you  would  inquire,"  and  write  to  me. 

6.  Galba  persuaded  the  soldiers  to  go  away. 

7.  I  fear  he  will  come. 

8.  I  fear  he  will  not  come. 

1  edico.^  2  vestitus.'^  '^  decerno.^  4  delectus}  ^  ne  qiiis. 

6  injussu  suo.  7  iniploro^  8  ignosco.^  9  Dative. 

^^  peccatwn.  '^  inter rogo} 


Constructions  of  Syntax,  ii'7 

40.  Substantive  Clauses  of  Result, 

§  70,  4.  (clauses  with  ut  and  ut  non,  developed 
from  result)^  with  a,  d,  e^  g  (clauses  of  happenings 
tantum  abest  ut^  facere  ut,  and  hindering) . 

The  clause  of  Result  may  be  translated  by  that,  with  or  with- 
out the  auxiliaries  can,  could j  occasionally  by  the  simple  Infinitive  ; 
sometimes  by  the  participial  noun  in  -ing  (see  examples  under  ^), 
especially  verbs  of  hindering. 

In  general,  the  learner  may  be  advised  to  use  the  Infinitive 
in  rendering  a  Latin  object-clause,  wherever  the  English  idiom 
permits. 

Examples. 

1.  Restat  /// pauca  dicam  de  senectute. 

2.  Reliquum  est  iit  ofBciis  certemus  inter  nos. 

3.  Sequitur  ut  officioruin  genera  distinguam. 

4.  Facere  non  possum  giiin  quotidie  litteras  ad  te  mittam 
ut  tuas  accipiam. 

5.  Tantum  abest  ut  nostra  miremur^  ut  nobis  ipse  non 
satisfaciat  Demosthenes. 

6.  Non  est  dubium  quiii  totius  Galliae  plurimum  Helvetii 
possint. 

7.  Sequitur  ut  futurum  sit  ut  rex  interficiatur. 

8.  Credidiy^r^  ut  puerum  ignaviae/z/^<?r^/. 

9.  Haec  prima  lex  amicitiae  sanciatur :  ut  ab  amicis 
honesta  petamus ;  amicorum  causa  honesta  faciamus ;  ne 
exspectemus  quidem,  dum  rogemur  ;  studium  semper  adsit, 
cunctatio  absit. 

Write  in  I.atin. 

1.  It  remains^  that  I  speak  briefly^  concerning  peace. 

2.  It  cannot  be  doubted  that^  we  ought  to  obey^  the  laws 
of  virtue. 

3.  Dionysius  was  so  far^  from  being  happy,  that  he  was  of 
all  men  most  wretched. 

4.  The  soldiers  were  hardly^  held-back'  from^  bursting^ 
into  the  town. 

'^restat.        ^  pattca.        "^  qiun.        ^  pareo?-        ^  tajittwi  aberat  {\\x\^tx^.). 
^  aegre.  ^  retiiieo!^  8  quin.  9  iiirumpo.^ 


Ii8  Latin  Method. 

41.   Substantive   Clauses  with  ^uod. 
§  70,  5.  with  a  and  b  (indicative  clause  with  quod, 
introducing  a  statement  of  fact,  specification,  or  object 
of  feeling). 

The  quod-clause   is   generally   to  be  translated  by  that,  or 
THE-FACT-THAT ;  occasionally  by  whereas,  or  as-to-what. 

£xainples. 

1.  Non  ea  res  me  deterruit,  quod  tu  ad  me  nullas  litteras 
miseras. 

2.  Percommode^  factum   est,  quod  de   morte   primo  die 
disputatum  est, 

3.  Non  pigritia  facio  quod  non  mea  manu  scribo. 

4.  Hoc  uno  praestamus  vel  maxime  feris,  quod  exprimere 
dicendo  s&ns?i  possumus. 

5.  Me  una  consolatio  sustentat,  quod  tibi  nullum    a  me 
pietatis  officium  defuit. 

6.  Quod  spiratis,  quod  vocem  mittitis,  quod  formam  homi- 
num  habetis,  indignantur. 

1  See  §  17,  5.  d. 

Write  in   Latin. 

1.  It  alarms^  me  that  I  hear  nothing  from  my  brother. 

2.  This^  is  my  chief  comfort,^  that  I  have  done  no  wrong* 
willingly.^ 

3.  The  Romans  excelled  the  Greeks  in  this,  —  that  they 
knew-how^  to  give  liberty  to  conquered'  states. 

4.  I  am  glad    that  you  have  returned^  at  length  to  [your] 
country. 

5.  As  to  what  you  say  of  [your]  health,^  I  am  glad  to  hear 
that  you  are  recovering.^^ 

1  terreoP'  ^  illud.  ^  solacium.  *  injuria.  ^  volens. 

6  scio.^  "^  victus.  8  revertor.  ^  valetudo.  ^^  convalesco.^ 

42.  Indirect  ^icstions. 
§   67,   2.    (construction    of  the   Indirect   Question), 
with  a  and  e  (use  odhaperifhrastic  future,  nescio  quis, 
etc.)  ;  also  the  Remark,  p.  191  (passive  construction). 


Constructions  of  Syntax.  119 

Observe  that  an  Indirect  Question  occurs  only  when  an  inter- 
rogative clause  (or  one  introduced  by  an  interrogative  word)  is  made 
thi  subject  or  object  of  some  verb,  or  equivalent  phrase.  Thus  the 
words  who  is  there?  are  a  direct  question  ;  in  the  sentence  I  do 
not  know  [it  is  uncertain]  who  is  there,  the  same  words  are  an 
INDIRECT  QUESTION.  This  form  is  to  be  carefully  distinguished 
from  dependent  relative  clauses  under  39,  above  ;  also  from 
direct  questions  in  the  subjunctive  mood  {dubitative  subjunctive) : 
as,  quid  faciam  ?  what  shall  I  do  f  quid  facerem?  what  was  I 
to  do? 

Examples. 

1.  Si  quid  in  mentem  venit,  velim  scribas  et  ipse  quid  sis 
acturus. 

2.  Caesar  ab  iis  quaesivit,  quae  civitates  quantaeque  in 
armis  essent,  et  quid  in  bello  possent. 

3.  Incertum  est  quando  domus  nostras  visuri  simus. 

4.  Videamus  deorumne  providentia  mundus  regatur. 

5.  Quaero  num  quando  amici  novi  veteribus  sint  ante- 
ponendi. 

6.  Deinde  ex  eo  quaesitum  est,  Archelaum  nonne  beatum 
putaret. 

7.  Quaero  utrum  Alexandrum  an  Caesarem  magis  mireris. 

8.  Interrogatus   scutumne    amisisset,   respondit    id    esse 
tutum. 

9.  Mihi   non    minori   curae    est   qualis    respublica    post 
mortem  meam  futura  sit,  quam  qualis  hodie  sit. 

"Write  in  Latin. 

1.  Do  you  not  remember  what  I  said  a-little-while-ago.* 

2.  No  man  knows  when  he  shall  die. 

3.  I  wrote  what  I  was  going-to-do.^ 

4.  I  asked  what  you  were  going-to-do  :^  what  had  to  be 
done.* 

5.  You  ask  me  whether  I  have  lost  my  friend. 

6.  Bring-me-word^  whether  your  brother  is  at  home. 

7.  I  should-like-to-have-you^  inform'  me  whether  you  will 
come  or-not.® 

1  patdo  ante.  2  acturus.  ^  f acturus.  *  faciendum  esse. 

^  renuntio.^  6  ■velim.  "^  certiorem  facere  (subj.).  ^  neciie. 


I20  Latin  Method, 

O.  —  Participial    Constructions* 

43.  Participles:  Predicate  Use. 

§  72,  I.  with  b  (use  of  the  participles;  perfect  of 
deponents)  ;  2,  3.  with  Remark  and  a  (adjective  and 
predicate  use)  ;  4.  with  a^  b  (the  future  participle  in 
urus) . 

In  these  constructions,  the  translation  must  be  varied  to  conform 
to  the  English  idiom  (see  §  72,  3.  with  the  Remark). 

Examples. 

1.  Pastor  elatam  securim  in  regis  caput  dejecit. 

2.  Catilinam  Lentulus  et  Cethegus  deprehensi  non  terru- 
erunt. 

3.  Non  multo  ante  urbem  captam,  exaudita  est  vox  e  luco 
Vestae. 

4.  Ab  orto  usque  ad  occidentem  solem  pugnatum  est. 

5.  Querimur  de  Milone  per  vim  expulso. 

6.  Major  ex  civibus  amissis  dolor  quam  laedtia  fusis 
hostibus  fuit. 

7.  Post  expulsos  reges  consules  creati  sunt. 

8.  Aer  effluens  hue  et  illuc  ventos  efficit. 

9.  Tarquinius  elatum  e  curia  regem  in  inferiorem  partem 
per  gradus  dejecit. 

10.  Fugientes  Gallos  Caesar  adsecutus  trucidavit. 

11.  Intentum  animum  tanquam  arcum  habebat  Appius 
senex. 

Write  in  L,atin. 

1.  Each  man  claimed^  for  himself  the  glory  of  having 
slain^  the  king. 

2.  From  the  founding^  of  the  city  to  the  expulsion*  of  the 
kings  and  the  liberation^  of  the  city  was  two  hundred  and 
forty  years. 

3.  Caesar  overtook^  the  Helvetii  in-their-flight,'  at^  the 
river  Arar. 

1  expeto?  2  itjterficio?  ^  coitdo.^  *  exigo?  ^  liber oy 

'°  adsequor.^  '^  fugio!^  ^  ad. 


Co7istructio7is  of  Syntax.  121 

4.  After  the  storming^  of  Massilia  a  league  was  struck.^^ 

5.  Six  years  after  the  capture^  of  Veil,  Rome  was  taken  by 
the  Gauls. 

6.  By   the  conquest^^  of   the   Veientes,  the   consul   had 
increased^^  the  Roman  state. 

^  expiigno^-  1^  ico.^  ^^  devinco?  12  augeo?- 

44.  Ablative  Absolute. 
§  54,  10.  ^,  with  Note  (ablative  absolute  of  time  or 
cif'cumstance)  ^  and  c  (impersonal  use  of  adjective  or 
participle). 

a.  The  Ablative  Absolute  is  very  rarely  found  except  wjth  the 
present  active  and  the  perfect  passive  participle. 

b.  As  the  Nominative  Absolute  is  rarely  admissible  in  English, 
a  change  of  form  is  generally  required  in  translation.  Thus  the 
present  participle  is  oftenest  to  be  rendered  by  a  relative  clause 
with  when  or  while ;  and  the  perfect  passive  participle  by  the 
perfect  active  participle  in  EngHsh.  These  changes  may  be  seen 
in  the  following  example  :  — 

"At  illi,  intermisso  spatio,  impru-  "But  they,  having  paused  a  space 

dentibtis  nostris,  atque  ocatpatis  in  xvhile  our  men  were  unaware  and 

munitione  castrorum,  subito  se  ex  busied  in  fortifying  the  camp,  sud- 

silvis  ejecerunt ;  impetu(\\\&  m  eos  denly  threw  themselves  out  of  the 

facto,  qui  erant  in  statione  pro  cas-  woods  ;  then  making  a7i  attack  upon 

tris  collocati,  acriter  pugnaverunt ;  those  who  were  on  guard  in  front 

dnabusqiie  missis  subsidio  cohortibus  of  the  camp,  fought  fiercely  ;  and, 

a  Caesare,  cum  hae  {perexiguo  in-  though  two  cohorts  had  been  sent  to 

tennisso  loci    spatio  inter  se)  con-  their  relief  by  Caesar,  after  these 

stitissent,     novo     genere     pugnae  had  taken  their  position    ( leaving 

perterritis  nostris,  per  medios  auda-  very  little  space  of  ground  between 

cissinie    perruperunt,    seque    inde  them),  as  our  ?nen  were  alarmed  by 

incolumes   receperunt."  —  C^sar,  the  strange  kind  of  fighting,  they 

B,  G.  V.  15.  dashed  most  daringly  through  the 

midst  of  them,  and  got  off  safe." 
Examples. 

1.  Caesar,  confirmata  re  ab  exploratoribus,  omnem  equi- 
tatum  praemisit. 

2.  Paucis  a  me^  stantibus,  non  desperabo. 

^  on  my  side. 


122  Latin  Method, 

3.  Non  te  invito  filium  tuum  Romam  mittam. 

4.  Pythagoras,  Tarquinio  Superbo  rege,  in  Italiam  venit. 

5.  Latini  exercitu  a  consulibus  deleto  pacem  Romanes 
poposcerunt. 

6.  Caesar  castris  munitis,  vineas  agere,  quaeque  ad  oppug- 
nandum  usui  erant  comparare  coepit. 

7.  Catilina  necato  filio  vacuam  domum  scelestis  nuptiis 
fecit. 

8.  Lysias,  filio  e  civitate  pulso,  multos  annos  Sardibus 
vixit. 

9.  Cognito  super  humeros  fratris  paludamento  sponsi, 
quod  ipsa  confecerat,  virgo  solvit  crines.^ 

^  ^  A  sign  of  mourning, 

"Write  in  Latin. 

1.  After  ending^  the  war  with  the  Veneti,  Csesar  put^  all 
the  senate  to  death^  [and]  sold  the  rest  [of  the  inhabitants] 
at-public-sale.^ 

2.  We  strive^  in  vain  when  nature  opposes.^ 

3.  The  father,  not-expecting^  the  arrival  of  his  son,  set-out^ 
for  Rome. 

4.  The  Latins,  having  lost^  [their]  army,  begged  peace  of 
the  Romans. 

5.  The  Romans,  when  the  city  was  taken  by  the  Gauls, 
retreated^  to  the  Capitol. 

1  conficiff^  (abl.  abs.)-  ^  neco^  (abl.  abs.).  '  stih  corona. 

4  coiitendo.^  ^  repugno.^  ^  deeper o}  '  projiciscor!^ 

^  amitto.^  ^  se  recipere? 

45.   Gerundive   Constructions, 
§  72,  5.  with  c  (participial  and  adjective  use)  ;  §  73, 
1,2.  (Gerund  and  Gerundive)  ;  3.  with  ^,  <5,  c,  d  (the 
gerundive  constructions). 

Note.  —  In  this  Gerundive  use  the  form  in  dus  is  always 
to  be  rendered  by  an  active  form  in  English  (usually  by  the 
participial  noun  in  -ing,  followed  by  the  objective  :  see  examples 
3,  4,  5);  while  in  the  Predicate  use  it  is  always  passive  (trans- 
lated ought,  must,  &c. ;  see  Lesson  16,  2.  d). 


Constructions  of  SyniaxT  123 

£xaniples. 

1.  Vitia  senectutis  diligentia  compensanda  sunt. 

2.  Rem  tibi  omittendam  esse  censeo. 

3.  Helvetii  legates  pacis  petendae  causa  miserunt. 

4.  Vivis,  et  vivis  non  ad  deponendam  sed  ad  confirrn- 
andam  audaciam. 

5.  Caesar  pontem  in  Arari  faciendum  curavit. 

6.  Praetor  decemviros  agro^  Samniti  metiendo  dividendo- 
que  creavit. 

7.  Habenda  ratio  valetudinis  ;  utendum  exercitationibus 
modicis  ;  tantum  cibi  et  potionis  adliibendum,  ut  reficiantur 
vires  non  opprimantur. 

8.  Principes  civitatis  tuorum  consiliorum  reprimendorum 
causa   Roma  profugerunt. 

9.  Cretum  leges  laboribus  erudiunt  juventutem,  venando, 
currendo,  esuriendo,  sitiendo,  algendo,  aestuando. 

10.  Caesari  omnia  uno  tempore  erant   agenda  :   vexillum 
proponendum,    signum   tuba   dandum,    ab    opere    revocandi 
milites,  acies  instruenda,  milites  cohortandi,  signum  dandum. 
1  Dative. 

"Write  in  Latin. 

1.  The  consul  gives  heed^  to  propitiating^  the  gods. 

2.  All  hope  of  taking  the  town  was  lost. 

3.  Caesar  perceives^  that  the  war  must  be  put-off'^  tilP 
summer. 

4.  The  consul  gave  Fabius  one  legion  to  lead  into  Spain. 

5.  Conon  provided-for''  the  repair^  of  the  walls  of  Athens. 

6.  A  short  time^  of  life  is  [long]  enough  to^  live  well  and 
happily. 

7.  By  always  obeying  the  magistrates,  the  youth  won^* 
[themselves]  good  fame. 

8.  The  grass^^here  is  very  convenient^^  for  sleeping. 

9.  You  have  lost  much  time  in  play.^^ 

1  opera. 


'^  placoy 

3  animadverto'^ 

\              4 

differo.             ^  ad. 

7  reficio? 

^  spatiwH. 

»  ad. 

1"  adseqtwr? 

1^  conwioibis.                 1- 

ludo:^ 

13 

grdmen  (n.). 

124  Latin  Method, 


PART    THIRD. 


ON    READING    LATIN. 

Note.  —  The  following  section,  consisting  chiefly  of  hints  and 
directions  to  aid  the  learner  in  his  subsequent  reading,  is  not  de- 
signed to  be  used  as  lessons  for  class  mstrtiction^  but  to  be  reserved 
for  reference  or  occasional  use,  according  to  the  teacher's  judgment. 
Its  chief  advantage  may  perhaps  be  found  at  a  later  period  of  study 
than  that  covered  by  the  Reading  Lessons  contained  in  this  book. 

I.      THE     MEANING     OF     WORDS. 

In  his  reading,  the  learner  should  always  be  guided,  not 
merely  by  the  dictionary  meaning  of  the  words,  but  by  the 
meaning  of  the  Root,  or  Stem,  and  terminations,  as  explained 
by  the  laws  of  derivation  and  the  groupings  of  families  of 
words  (see  pages  42-45).  To  aid  in  this,  the  following  illus- 
trations may  be  of  service. 

I.  Notice  the  meaning  of  the  significant  endings^ 
and  their  force  in  the  derivative  words. 

As  an  example  of  analysis,  take  the  word  pabulatio.  The  ter- 
mination tio  is  seen  to  be  a  "  verbal  abstract ;  "  that  is,  to  express, 
in  a  general  or  abstract  way,  the  action  of  a  verb.  The  long  a 
points  to  a  verb  of  the  first  conjugation,  formed  from  an  adjective 
or  noun  of  the  first  or  second  declension.  This  leads  us  to  the 
noun  pabulum;  and  the  verb  would  ^\gmiy  doing  S07ftethi7tg  vi\\\\ 
that  noun.  In  the  list  (p.  43),  bulum  is  found  as  a  termination 
of  nouns  of  means :  pabulum  is  the  means  of  doing  the  action  ex- 
pressed in  the  root  pa.  As  roots  are  not  given  in  our  lexicons,  we 
must  learn  to  recognize  them  in  the  present  ste7ns  of  verbs  (see 
Lesson  28).  If  the  meaning  of  pascor  is  known,  pabulum  will 
appear  to  be  a  meatis  of  feeding;  pabulor  (deponent)  is  to  obtain 
the  means  of  feeding;  and  pabulatio,  in  the  connection  where  we 
find  it,  can  only  m^^in  foraging. 


The  Meaning  of  Words,  125 

Even  when  the  meaning  of  the  root  does  not  appear  at  all,  the 
grouping  of  the  derivations  may  still  be  very  instructive.  Thus, 
humus,  ^rouHc/y  humilis,  /ow  (on  the  ground)  ;  homo  (homin-), 
mafi  (creature  of  earth)  ;  humanus,  ^^w//^,  as  belonging  to  man  in 
distinction  from  brutes  ;  hunianitas,  ^^^///^//^j-j-  or  refinement. 

The  chief  advantage,  however,  is  in  the  knowledge  of  immediate 
and  conscious  derivatives.  Thus,  aedilioius  can  only  mean  belong- 
ing to  an  csdile,  while  aedilis  itself  must  have  something  to  do  with 
public  edifices  (aedi-ficia) ;  sermunoulus  must  mean  a  little  talk ; 
esurio,^  desire  to  eat,  hence  to  be  hungry j  emax,  eager  to  buy, 
and  so  on.  Compare,  for  illustration,  the  following  words  from 
one  root ;  medeor,  medious,  medicina,  medicinalis,  medioor, 
medicamentum,  medicamentarius,  medicabilis,  medicamento- 
sus,  meditor  (frequentative,  with  an  earlier  meaning  preserved). 
Notice  the  modes  of  formation  in  the  foregoing  words. 

Even  if  no  advantage  were  gained  in  acquiring  or  retaining  the 
meaning,  yet  the  words  become  more  interesting  and  lively,  and  the 
knowledge  of  them  more  intelligent  and  fruitful.  Thus  in  redinte- 
gratio  we  have  the  prefix  red-,  back  again  (to  its  former  state)  ;  the 
ending  -tio  (verbal  abstract)  ;  the  verb  is  integro  (are),  denomin- 
ative from  integer,  whole  or  sound  (in,  not;  tag,  root  of  tango, 
touch;  ra,  participial  =  tus  or  nus)  :  hence  the  meaning  restora- 
tion (making  uninjured  again). 

In  such  derivatives  as  amputo,  compute,  the  meanings  seem 
absurdly  inconsistent.  But  the  verb  is  a  denominative  from  the  ad- 
jective putus,  a  collateral  form  of  purus,  clean.  The  correspond- 
ing verb  (which  would  be  puo)  is  lost  ;  but  its  original  sense 
appears  in  puto, /<?  clean  up  (as  by  trimming  off  a  diseased  branch), 
and  also  to  clear  up  (as  an  account),  and  so  to  reckon,  then  to  think, 
which  meanings  are  divided  between  the  above  compounds. 

2.  Form  words  with  the  following  meanings  from 
their  primitives,  comparing  the  Vocabulary  :  — 

I.  A  reckoning  (reor,'  reckon)  ;  2.  An  assembly  (convenio,*^^;//^ 
together) ;  3.  Arrangement  (dispono,^  distribute)  ;  4.  A  change 
(miito,!  alter)\  5.  A  Joitting  (jungo^)  ;  6.  A  bj^eaking  (frango^)  ; 
7.  Length  (longus) ;  8.  Breadth  (latus) ;  9.  Power  of  holding 
(capax  from  capio^,  take) ;  10.  Means  of  teaching  (doceo^)  ;  11. 
Means  of  support  (colo^) ;  12.  Means  of  covering  (tego^)  ;  13. 
Brightness  (clarus)  ;    14.   Softness  (mollis,  soft)',    15.  Sweetness 


126  Latin  Method, 

(suavis)  ;  i6.  Means  of  tryiftg  {e^-iperiox^)\  17.  y^  /r^/ (for  carry- 
ing :  fero) ;  18.  A  piece  broken  (frango^) ;  19.  Means  of  /eedi?ig 
(alo^) ;  20.  A  bramble-thicket  (dumus)  \  7.1.  A  rose-garden  (rosa) ; 
22.  A  dove-cote  (columba)  ;  23.  Lamentable  (fleo^)  ;  24.  Made  of 
flowers  (flos)  ;  25.  Blooming  (floreo"^)  ;  26.  Sickly  (morbus) ;  27. 
Commerce  (mercor^)  ;  28.  A  jningling  (misceo^) ;  29.  Belonging  to 
a  soldier  (miles)  ;  30.  To  grow  mild  (mitis)  ;  3 1 .  yi  little  measu7'e 
(modus) ;  32.  ^  little  pattern  (forma) ;  33,  ^  little  man  (homo) ; 
34.  A  little  puppy  (catulus)  ;  35.  y?  means  of  defotce  (munio*); 
36.  Chaftgeable  (muto)  ;  2,7.  Teachable  (doceo) ;  38.  With  a  large 
nose  (nasus)  ;  39.  With  herns  (cornu) ;  40.  Bearded  (barba)  ; 
41.  Belonging  to  a  ship  (navis) ;  42.  Sinewy  (nervus) ;  43.  Snowy 
(nix);  44.  A  little  eye  {ocviius) ;  45.  Son  of  Priam  (Piiamus). 

3.  Explain  the  following  phrases  from  the  meaning 

of  the  Root  prefixed,  with  the  significant  ending :  — 

I.  CAD,  fall :  cado,8  accido,  etc. 

1.  Casus  est,  cum  aliquid  cecidit,  it  is  an  accident  when 
somethiiig  befalls. 

2.  Calamitas  accidit,  a  misfortune  has  happened. 

3.  Caduca  spes,  a  futile  hope. 

4.  T)Q:Q\dM2i  ^\diQX2i,  falling  stars . 

5.  S6lis  occasus,  sunset. 

6.  Ab  oriente  ad  occidentem,y>'<?;«  east  to  west. 

7.  Succidua  fiamma,  a  dying  flame. 

8.  Occasio  pugnandi,  a7t  opportunity  for  flghting. 

9.  Pestis  in  urbem  incidit,  a  plague  attacked  the  city. 
10.  Post  Trojae  excidium,  after  the  destruction  of  Troy. 

Compare  the  English  words  case,  accident,  deciduous,  occasion, 
incidental,  casualty. 

2.  CAP,  take :  capio,^  incipio,  etc. 

1.  Litteras  tuas  accepi,  I  got  your  letter. 

2.  Acceptus  erat  populo,  he  was  a  favorite  of  the  people. 

3.  Auceps  multos  passeres  cepit,  the  fowler  caught  a  good 
many  spatrows. 

4.  Captator  aurae  popularis,  one  who  courts  popular  favor. 

5.  Incidere  in  captionem,  to  be  tricked. 


The  Meaning  of  Words.  127 

6.  Captura  magna  piscium,  a  great  haul  of  fish. 

7.  Populus  vult  decipi,  the  people  like  to  be  taken  i?i. 

8.  Inceptio  operis,  tmdertakifig  a  task. 

9.  Manere  incepto,  to  persevere  in  an  undertaking. 

10.  Multa  pericula  excepi,  /  have  e7icountered  many  a  peril. 

11.  Frugum  fructuumque  perceptio,  the  gathering  of  crops 
and  fruits. 

12.  Receptui  canere,  to  sound  a  retreat. 

English  :  captive,  capture,  accept,  receive,  perception,  inci- 
pient, except. 

3.  FAC,  7nake :  facio,''  efficio. 

1.  Domination  em  adfectat,  he  aitns  at  do77tinion. 

2.  Gaudium  dolorque  sunt  affectus  animi,  y^j  attd  grief 
are  affections  of  the  mind. 

3.  Captiv^um  morte  adfecit,  he  put  the  prisoner  to  death. 

4.  Librorum  confectio,  the  composing  of  books. 

5.  Confector  negotiorum,  ojie  who  despatches  business. 

6.  Del  ore  confectus,  exhausted  with  grief 

7.  Arma  sanguine  infecta,  ar7ns  stai7ied  with  blood. 

8.  Re  infecta,  without  success  {the  thing  u7ido7ie). 

9.  Officia  perficere,  to  fulfil  07ie's  duties. 

10.  Homo  officiosus,  an  obligi7ig  ma7i. 

11.  Facinus  atrox  hie  fecit,  this  man  has  do7ie  a  viole7it  act. 

12.  Res  factu  facilis,  a  thing  easy  to  do. 

13.  Per  vim  et  factionem,  by  party  violence. 

14.  Mature  facto  opus  est,  there  is  need  of  prompt  actioft. 

15.  Praefectus  castrorum  {or  castris),  a  quarter 7naster. 

16.  Pecunia  multarum  eifectrix  est  voluptatum,  mo7iey  pro- 
cures ma7ty  delights. 

17.  Pontem  reficere  conantur,  they  try  to  repair  the  bridge. 

18.  Filius  patri  suffectus,  a  son  put  in  his  father's  place. 

19.  Sufficit  hoc  dicere,  it  is  e7iough  to  say  this. 

English  :  — fact,  factious,  effect,  efficacious,  refection,  cofifec- 
tionery,  perfect,  sufficient,  factitious,  facility,  difficult,  officious, 
affiectionate,  benefit,  satisfy. 


128  Latin  Method. 

4.  JAC,  throw :  jacio,^  injicio  (inicio). 

1.  Abjectus  animo,  disheartened. 

2.  Adjectio  caloris,  the  application  of  heat. 

3.  Oculum  adjecit  hereditati,  he  cast  eyes  on  the  inheritance. 

4.  Conjectura  judicare,  to  judge  by  guess  (common  sense). 

5.  Conjectus  aquae,  a  puddle  of  water. 

6.  Conjicere  verba,  to  batidy  words. 

7.  Omni  spe  dejectus,  hopeless  afid  downcast. 

8.  Homo  ejectus,  a  ruined  (shipwrecked)  man. 
9..  Ferrati  obices  (objices),  iron  bolts. 

10.  Objectus  invidiae,  exposed  to  jealousy. 

11.  Projectus  in  antro,  stretched  out  in  a  grotto. 

12.  Arma  projecerunt,  they  surrendered. 

13.  Libertatem  projecerat,  he  had  renounced  his  freedom. 

14.  K&]QC\.\o  ]\id\c\xm.,  challengijig  of  the  jurymen. 

15.  Rejicula  vacca,  a  worthless  cow. 

16.  Equitatus  rejectus  est,  the  cavalry  were  driven  back. 

English  :  —  abject,  conjecture,  reject,  projection,  object,  subject, 
dejected. 

5.  TAG,  touch  :  tango,^  contingo. 

1.  Haec  causa  te  non  attingit,  this  motive  does  not  touch  you. 

2 .  Versibus  rem  attingere,  to  treat  a  subject  in  verse. 

3.  Attactu  nuUo,  with  710  contact  (^n.  ii.  350)- 

4.  Contactu  immundo,  with  unclean  touch  (id.  iii.  227). 

5.  Contagio  sceleris,  a  sharing  in  guilt. 

6.  Contagium  morbi,  contagio7i  of  sickfiess. 

7.  Sanguine  se  contaminare,  to  stain  one's  self  with  blood. 

8.  Turris  contingit  vallum,  the  toiver  reaches  the  palisade. 

9.  Romae  nutriri  mihi  contigit,  I  had  the  luck  to  be  brought 
up  at  Rome. 

10.  Exercitus  integer  intactusque,  an  army  safe  and  sound. 

11.  Homo  tagax,  a  knavish  fellow  (Cic.  Att.  vi.  3). 

12.  Simul  ac  tetigit  provinciam,  as  soon  as  he  reached  the 
province. 

English  :  —  tact,  tangible,  contact,  contingency,  integrity,  con- 
tagion. 


The  Latin  Sentence,  129 

2.    THE      LATIN     SENTENCE. 

It  may  now  be  taken  for  granted  that  the  learner  has 
become  acquainted  with  the  meaning  of  many  words,  and 
has  learned  to  distinguish  the  case,  person,  tense,  &c.,  by 
their  inflections,  so  as  to  connect  them  readily  in  a  simple 
sentence.  He  will  have  noticed  that,  while  in  English  words 
almost  always  follow  the  order  of  Subject,  Verb,  and  Object 
or  Predicate,  in  Latin  this  order  is  very  seldom,  found  ;  while 
Latin  has  an  order  of  its  own  (see  §  76  of  the  Grammar), 
though  it  is  much  less  rigidly  followed  than  in  English.  The 
chief  difficulty  he  will  now  have  to  meet  will  be  in  the  long 
a7id  complicated  sentences^  which  are  much  more  common  in 
Latin  than  in  English.  And,  before  he  attempts  these,  a  few 
points  should  be  carefully  observed. 

As  early  as  possible,  let  him  accustom  himself  to  follow 
the  thought  and  the  words  in  their  Latin  order ;  not  to  pick 
out  the  words  here  and  there,  to  make  a  natural  (English) 
order,  as  if  the  sentence  were  a  puzzle,  to  be  taken  to  pieces 
and  put  together  again.  Let  him  attend  carefully  to  the 
ideas  in  the  order  in  which  they  are  expressed,  with  their 
relations  as  denoted  by  the  inflections.  After  a  very  little 
practice  —  reading  over  the  words  several  times,  if  necessary 
—  the  meaning  will  begin  to  appear  through  a  kind  of  broken 
English^  and  a  habit  can  soon  be  formed  of  reading  in  the 
Latin  order  almost  as  well  as  in  our  own.* 

The  following  special  directions  will  now  be  of  service  :  — 

I.  Read  the  Latin  carefully,  noting  familiar  words, 
and  single  out  the  Nominative  (if  there  is  one)  and 
the  Verb. 

N.  B.  — All  Latin  words  ending  in  t  (exc.  at,  sat,  et,  -met,  tot; 
quot,  ut,  caput,  or  their  compounds)  are  verbs  in  the  third  person  ; 
all  in  nt  are  i7t  the  third  person  plural. 

*  It  will  be  noticed  that  English  itself  often  deviates  from  the  estab- 
lished order  in  its  older  forms  or  in  poetry,  without  presenting  any 
difificulty  :  as  in  the  sentence,  "  Whom  therefore  ye  ignorantly  worship, 
him  declare  I  unto  you." 

9 


130  Latin  Method, 

2.  Notice  the  first  word  or  words ^  as  these  will 
often  hint  the  gist  of  the  sentence. 

3.  Note  the  person,  number,  and  voice  of  the  Verb, 
before  deciding  on  the  relations  of  the  other  words. 

4.  Notice  that  Correlative  expressions  —  as  ,  .  . 
«5,  not  only  .  .  .  but  also,  &c,  — immediately  pre- 
cede the  same  words  or  phrases  which  they  must 
precede  in  English. 

5.  Translate  by  -phrases  and  not  by  single  words: 
taking  an  adjective  with  its  noun,  an  adverb  with  its 
verb,  and  so  on. 

N.  B.  —  An  adjective  usually  follows  its  noun:  when  it  goes 
before,  it  is  generally  for  emphasis,  and  so  often  gives  a  hint  at 
the  meaning  of  the  sentence. 

So  much  for  simple  sentences.  But  Latin  has  the  habit, 
more  than  most  languages,  of  inserting  Subordinate  Clauses 
(§  45,  5.  /^)  in  the  body  of  the  sentence.  Such  clauses  are 
generally  introduced  by  a  Relati-ve  word  or  a  Subordinate 
Conjunction  (see  the  list  in  §  43,  i.  b).  These — which  we 
may  call  subordinate  connectives  —  suspend  the  sense, 
until  the  subordinate  clause  is  finished  ;  and  this,  again,  may 
be  suspended  in  the  same  way.  Thus  a  Latin  period  often 
becomes  very  long  and  involved.  If  it  gets  to  be  confusing, 
then  a  subordinate  clause  may  be  dropped  entirely,  to  be 
taken  up  afterwards.  But  generally  the  following  directions 
will  serve  :  — 

6.  The  words  at  the  beginning  of  a  sentence  or 
clause  belong  with  the  first  finite  verb*     But  — 

7.  Any  clause,  principal  or  subordinate,  is  sus- 
pended, when  any  subordinate  connective  appears 
between!  the  first  and  last  word  of  that  clause, 

*  A  Finite  Verb  is  one  limited  by  personal  endings ;  neither  an 
Infinitive  nor  a  Participle. 


The  Latin  Sentence.  131 

8.  In  case  such  a  connective  appears,  the  rest  of 
the  main  clause  does  not  appear  till  the  whole  of  the 
subordinate  one  is  Jifiished. 

9.  An  Interrogative  word  often  serves  as  a  con- 
nective, introducing  an  Indirect  Question. 

10.  A  relative  clause  in  Latin  often  comes  before 
the  principal  or  antecedent  clause  (see  §  48,  3.  <5, 
with  Rem.). 

Thus  it  will  be  seen  that  the  next  finite  verb  after  any  sub- 
ordinate C07i7iective  is  the  leading  verb  of  that  clause^  u?iless  the 
clause  itself  is  suspended ;^  and  that  the  7?tain  verb  of  the  sejite?tce 
may  be  known  by  not  being  introduced  by  any  such  subordinate 
word.^  Rarely  a  verb  may  be  omitted  ;  but  the  sentence  is 
then  easily  understood  as  elliptical  (§  45,  2.  ^). 

Take  now  the  following  example  :  — 

Atqije  ego,  ut  vidi  quos  maximo  furore  et  scelere 
esse  inflammatos  sciebam,  cos  vobiscum  esse  et  Romae 
rcinansissc,  in  eo  omnes  dies  noctesque  consumpsi,  tU 
quid  agerent,  quid  molirentur,  scntircm  ac  viderem. 

Here  the  leading  clause  Atque  ego  (6)  is  suspended  (7)  by  the 
relative  clause  ut  vidi,  which  again  is  interrupted  by  the  words 
quos  ...  scieba7}t.  The  latter  clause  being  now  complete  (8),  the 
object  oi  vidi  is  seen  to  be  the  infinitive  clause  eos  .  .  .  re7nansisse, 
the  antecedent  coming  after  the  relative  (10).  The  main  clause 
is  now  resumed,  its  verb  being  evidently  coiisui7ipsi,  which  is  the 
predicate  of  ego.  This  again  is  followed  by  ut  .  .  .  viderei7i  in 
apposition  with  eo,  this  clause  being  itself  suspended  by  the  in- 
direct questions  quid  .  .  .  7nolireiitur  (9). 

Note.  —  In  applying  the  rule  for  the  suspension  of  clauses,  it 
should  be  remembered  that  a  relative  clause  is  very  rarely  sus- 
pe7tded except  by  relative pronoiius.  In  the  very  common  phrases, 
qui  si,  qui  cum,  quern  quis,  etc.,  it  is  necessary,  according  to  the 
English  idiom,  to  translate  the  7'elati7)e  by  a  de7/tonstrative  word; 
as,  qui  cum  advenisset,  when  he  had  a7^rived;  cui  quis  credat? 
who  ca7i  believe  hitJi  ?  It  may  be  added  that  the  comparative  con- 
junctions, tamquam,  quasi,  with  nisi  and  some  others,  are  often 
used  without  a  verb. 


132  Latin  Method. 

The  learner  is  now  advised  to  study  carefully  the  sub- 
joined passages  (which  may  be  translated  and  explained  to 
him  by  the  teacher),  comparing  the  various  phrases  and 
subordinate  constructions  with  the  foregoing  notes.  The 
figures  in  these  passages  refer  to  the  above  points. 

1.  T.  Labienus,^  castris  hostium  potitus,^  et  ex  loco 
superiore  quae^  res  in  nostris  castris  gererentur  con- 
spicatus,^  decimam  legionem  subsidio  nostris  misit. 
Qui  CUM  ex  equitum  et  calonum  fuga  quo^  in  loco  res 
esset?  qnantoQ^^  in  periculo  et  castra  et  legiones  et 
imperator  versaretur^  cognovissent ,^  nihil  ad  celeri- 
tatem  sibi  reliqui  fecerunt/ —  C^sar,  Bell.  Gall.  ii.  26. 

2.  Occidisse^  patrem  Sex.  Roscius  arguitur.  Sce- 
lestum,  di  immortales,  ac  nefarium  facinus !  atque 
ejus  modi*  quo  uno  maleficio  scelera  omnia  complexa 
esse  videantur.  Etenim  si"  (id  quod  praeclare  a 
sapientibus  dicitur)  vultu  saepe  laeditur  pietas,^  quod^ 
supplicium^  satis  acre  reperietur*^  in  eum  qui  mortem 
obtulerit  parenti,  pro  quo  mori  ipsum,  si^  res  postula- 
ret,  jura  divina  atque  humana  cogebant?^  In  hoc 
tanto,  tam  atroci,  tam  singular!  maleficio,  quod  ita 
raro  exstitit  ut,  si  quando  auditum  sit,  portenti  ac 
prodigii  simile  numeretur,^  quibus  tandem  tu,  C. 
Eruci,  argumentis  accusatorem  censes  uti  oportere? 
—  Cic.  Rose.  Amer.  13. 

3.  Reliquum  est  ut  de  Q^  Catuli  auctoritate  et  sen- 
tentia  dicendum  esse  videatur.  Qui^  cum  ex  vobis 
quaereret,  si  in  uno  Cn.  Pompeio  omnia  poneretis,  si 
quid  eo  factum  esset,|  in  quo  spem  essetis^  habituri,J 
cepit^  magnum  suae  virtutis  fructum  ac  dignitatis,  cum 

*  The  phrase  ejus  modi,  "  of  such  a  sort,"  is  here  equivalent  to  tale. 
t  in  case  any  thing  should  happen  to  him. 

%  The  clause  from  in  quo  is  the  object  of  qtcaereret,  suspended  by  the 
two  conditional  clauses  si  .  .  .  poneretis,  si  .  .  .  esset. 


Reading  at  Sight.  133 

omnes  una  prope  voce  in  eo  ipso  vos  spem  habitu- 
ros  esse  dixistis.  Etenim  talis  est  vir,  ut  nulla  res 
tanta  sit  ac  tarn  difficilis,  quam  ille  non  et  consilio 
regere  et  integritate  tueri  et  virtute  conficere  possit. 
Sed  in  hoc  ipso  ab  eo  vehementissime  dissentio, 
quod,  quo'^  minus  certa  est  hominum  ac  minus  diu- 
turna  vita,^  hoc  magis  res  publica,  dum"^  per  deos 
immortales  licet,^  frui  debet  summi  viri  vita  atque 
virtute.  —  Cic.  Manil.  20. 


3.    READING    AT    SIGHT. 

The  most  valuable  knowledge  we  can  have  of  a  foreign 
language,  whether  for  the  pleasure  and  advantage  to  be 
derived  from  it,  or  for  the  convenience  of  a  practical 
acquaintance  with  its  forms,  can  be  had  only  by  the  habitual 
practice  of  reading  at  sight.  In  attempting  this,  the  follow- 
ing directions  will  be  of  service  :  —    . 

1.  Look  first  at  the  endings  of  words ^  so  as  to 
become  instantly  aw^are  of  their  grammatical  relations. 

2.  Observe  the  signijicant  endings,  and  always  con- 
nect obvious  derivatives  with  their  primitives. 

3.  Even  where  derivations  are  not  obvious,  group 
words  in  families^  so  as  to  associate  their  meanings. 

4.  Associate  the  Latin  words  with  English  deriva- 
tives^ however  remote  ;  and  with  other  languages,  if 
you  happen  to  know  any. 

5.  Use  any  mechanical  device  or  "thumb-rule" 
possible,  as  to  the  position  of  words,  or  their  probable 
meanings  in  such  and  such  connections. 

6.  Commit  to  memory  phrases,  or  (if  possible) 
whole  passages. 

7.  Notice  constantly  such  idioms,  or  modes  of  ex- 
pression, as  are  like  or  unlike  our  own. 


134  Latin  Method, 

8.  In  translating  aloud,  always  use  the  English 
idiom  ;  but  take  in  the  Latin  first  in  its  own  idiom;  if 
possible,  without  even  thinking  of  the  corresponding 
English  words. 

9.  In  translating  any  word,  always  bear  in  mind  its 
leading  or  principal  meaning. 

This  is  not  always  the  etymological  meaning,  though  it  may  be 
usually  traced  to  that ;  but  it  is  the  conscious  ff?eanbig  (as  it  were), 
the  notion  which  the  Roman  himself  attached  to  it.  For  example, 
the  leading  meaning  of  mitto  seems  to  be  let  go,  either  with  or 
without  accompanying  effort :  and  this  meaning  the  Roman  felt  in 
it,  though  we  may  translate  it  by  different  expressions.  Thus, 
mittere  telum,  to  throw  a  weapott;  mittere  legates,  to  send  am- 
bassadors j  mittere  aliquam  rem  (often),  to  let  a  thing  go,  to  omit 
or  pass  over  a  thing;  hence,  mittere  lacrimas,  to  cease  weeping; 
mittere  dicere,  to  forbear  saying  (see  mitto  in  Lexicon). 

We  may  even  say  that  this  is  more  necessary  in  using  a  good 
dictionary  than  in  using  a  poor  one  ;  for  a  good  one  gives  meanings 
which  —  being  correct  in  the  corresponding  Enghsh  phrase  —  give 
a  very  inaccurate  reflection  of  the  true  meaning  of  the  word.  Thus, 
capere  poenas  means  in  English  to  injlict  punishinent ;  but  to  a 
Roman  it  meant  to  receive  or  exact  the  pettalty  for  a  wrong.  So 
also  with  the  relations  of  words.  Caesar  says  that  Orgetorix  was  re- 
quired to  plead  his  cause  ex  vinculis,  for  which  our  translation  must 
be  in  chaitts;  though  this  is  exacdy  the  opposite  of  what  Caesar  says, 
viz.. that,  standing  in  chains,  he  should  make  his  plea //w//  them. 

A  few  short  passages  are  here  appended,  in  order  to  illustrate  the 
foregoing  points,  and  show  how  to  go  to  work. 

I.  Matrem'^  Phalaridis^  scribit^  Ponticus  Heracli- 
des,  doctus'^  vir,  auditor  et  discipulus  Platonis,  visam 
esse^videre  in  somnis--^  simulacra^  deorum,  quae'*  ipsa 
domi  consecravisset ;  ^'  ex  iis'^  Mercurium^  e  patera,"' 
quam  dextera  manu  teneret,  sanguinem  visum  esse 
fundere,''  qui  cum  terram  attigisset,''  refervescere^ 
videretur,  sic  ut  tota  domus  sanguine  redundaret.^ 
Qiiod  matris  somnium'*  immanis-^  filii  crudelitas  com- 
probavit.  — De  Divinatione.,  i.  23. 


I 


Reading  at  Sight,  135 

a.  Notice  that  the  first  word  is  an  accusative,  matrem.  This 
must  probably  be  either  the  object  of  a  verb,  or  the  subject  of 
an  infinitive  :  it  can  remain  in  suspense  till  the  verb  appears.  Its 
meaning,  jnol/ier,  naturally  suggests  a  genitive  :   This  we  find  in 

b.  Phalaridis,  which  has  the  genitive  ending  of  the  third  declen- 
sion ;  its  nominative  must  be  Phalaris,  obviously  a  proper  name. 
We  may  learn  elsewhere  that  it  is  that  of  a  Sicilian  tyrant. 

c.  The  verb  soribit,  writes,  from  its  meaning  naturally  suggests 
an  object-clause,  accusative  with  infinitive.  Such  clauses  are  often 
best  rendered  by  direct  discourse  in  English.  Thus  we  may  trans- 
late as  if  matrem  were  nominative  :  the  mother  of  Phalar is,  writes 
Ponticus  Heraclides  (obviously  a  proper  name,  and  sul  ject  of 
soribit) . 

d.  The  next  words,  being  nominative,  are  probably  in  apposition 
with  the  name  :  doctus  (participle  of  doceo)  is  taught,  but  as  an 
adjective  must  be  learned;  auditor  (noun  of  agency  from  audio)  is 
hearer ;  discipulus  (connected  with  disco)  is  clearly  the  same  as 
our  disciple;  Platonis  (as  Phalaridis,  above)  explains  itself. 

e.  As  we  have  been  expecting  an  infinitive  for  an  object-clause, 
visam  esse  (having  its  participle  in  the  feminine)  is  the  natural 
verb  for  matrem ;  and  as  we  have  learned  that  the  passive  of  video 
means  seem,  we  may  translate  (in  direct  discourse,  as  above)  with 
videre,  seemed  to  see. 

f.  In  the  phrase  in  somnis,  the  noun  is  probably  ablative,  since 
the  connection  requires  in  rather  than  into;  and  comes  from  som- 
nus,  or  -a,  or  -um.  Some  English  derivative  will  probably  suggest 
the  meaning  sleep ;  and  the  plural  form,  though  odd,  will  ^ive  no 
trouble. 

g.  The  next  is  a  new  word,  but  may  be  analyzed.  The  ter- 
mination -crum,  denoting  means,  is  appended  to  a  verb-stem  Simu- 
la- :  hence  the  verb  is  simulo,  are,  suggesting  the  English  verb 
siimdate  or  perhaps  the  adjective  similar.  Its  meaning  will  be 
something  to  represent ;  and  we  may  render  the  phrase  simulacra 
deorum,  images  of  the  gods. 

h.  The  relative  quae  naturally  refers  to  a  noun  just  preceding  : 
this  cannot  be  deorum,  which  is  masculine,  and  must  be  simulacra; 
ipsa  might  agree  with  quae,  but  will  be  more  easily  taken  with  the 
verb  next  following. 

/.  This  verb,  consecravisset,  at  once  suggests  the  English 
consecrate.  It  is  evidently  a  compound  with  con  ;  and  if  we 
remember  the  common  change  of  vowel  in  compound  verbs,  and 
connect  its  meaning  with  sacer,  sacred  (already  given),  this  mean- 


136  Latin  Method, 

ing  will  be  confirmed.  The  subjunctive  form  (see  above,  37)  does 
not  affect  the  translation,  which  is  by  the  simple  indicative,  because 
our  idiom  does  not  require  any  other  mood. 

k.  The  ablative  iis  will  refer  to  the  last  or  most  important //«r^/ 
noun,  either  deorum  or  simulacra,  it  will  not  matter  which.  The 
phrase  may  be  rendered  ofie  of  these. 

I.  Mercurium  may  be  assumed  to  continue  the  same  construc- 
tion as  matrem,  and  will  take  the  infinitive  visum  esse,  below. 

m.  Patera  may  be  left  as  not  important  for  the  meaning  of  the 
whole ;  we  may,  for  the  present,  call  it  "  something "  which  he  held 
in  his  right  hand  (the  relative  clause  here  explaining  itself):  in 
fact,  a  shallow  bowl. 

n.  The  infinitive  fundere  must  be  guessed  at  from  the  context 
or  given  by  the  teacher,  unless  its  meaning  is  known,  to  pour. 

0.  The  verb  attigisset,  as  a  glance  shows,  contains  the  root  tag 
found  in  tango,  touch j  the  subjunctive  is  required  by  cum,  and 
does  not  affect  the  translation  ;  its  subject  is  qui,  referring  to  the 
masculine  sanguinem.  But  as  two  relatives  cannot  come  together 
in  English,  we  translate,  and  when  this  had  touched  the  ground. 

p.  The  verb  refervescere  should  be  seen  to  be  derivative,  and 
compounded  from  ferveo,  which  associates  it  with  fervent,  fervid; 
and  its  meaning,  to  boil  tip,  is  seen  from  our  word  effervescent. 

q.  The  meaning  of  redundaret  {overflowed^  may  perhaps 
require  to  be  given,  though  a  tolerably  close  idea  may  be  gained  by 
conjecture.     Following  ut,  it  is  subjunctive  expressing  a  result. 

r.  The  phrase  quod  somnium  may  be  either  nominative  or 
accusative  ;  but,  as  the  verb  is  directly  preceded  by  the  nominative 
crudelitas,  these  words  must  be  accusative,  and  the  object  of 
comprobavit.  The  meaning  of  somnium  {drea?n),  if  not  known, 
may  be  easily  inferred  from  somnus,  above. 

s.  The  adjective  immanis  may  be  either  genitive  with  filii  or 
nominative  with  crudelitas:  consider  which  needs  an  epithet.  Its 
meaning  {monstrous)  will  require  to  be  given,  as  also  that  of  com- 
probavit {proved),  which  should,  however,  be  explained  through 
the  adjective  probus,  and  kindred  English  words. 

The  above  analysis  is  given  in  much  greater  detail  than  will 
often  be  required  in  practice.  When  the  habit  has  once  been 
formed,  it  is  followed  rapidly  and  almost  unconsciously  ;  in  fact,  it 
is  impossible,  when  once  the  mind  has  been  trained  to  it,  to  read  a 
single  sentence  without  deriving  help  from  it.  In  succeeding  pas- 
sages, only  a  few  hints  will  be  given. 


Reading  at  Sight,  I37 

2.  Hoc  item  in  Sileni  Graeca  historia  est:  Hanni- 
balem,  cum  cepisset  Saguntum,  visum  esse  in  somnis 
a  Jove  in  deorum  concilium  vocari ;  quo  cum  venisset, 
Jovem  imperavisse  ut  Italiae  bellum  inferret ;  ducem- 
que  ei  unum  e  concilio  datum,  quo  ilium  utentem  cum 
exercitu  progredi  coepisse.  Tum  ei  ducem  ilium  prae- 
cepisse  ne  respiceret ;  ilium  autem  id  diutius  facere 
non  potuisse,  elatumque  cupiditate  respexisse.  Tum 
visam  beluam  vastam  et  immanem,  circumplicatam 
serpentibus,  quacumque  incederet  omnia  arbusta,  vir- 
gulta,  tesca  pervertere ;  et  eum  admiratum  quaesisse 
de  deo,  quodnam  illud  esset  tale  monstrum.  Et  deum 
respondisse  Vastitateni  esse  Italiae^  praecepisseque  ut 
pergeret  protinus  :  quid  retro  atque  a  tergo  fieret  ne 
laboraret. — id.  i.   24. 

This  passage  may  be  somewhat  harder  than  the  foregoing,  but  a 
little  attention  will  show  that  it  is  in  the  same  general  construc- 
tion, — "  Hannibalejn  .  .  .  vistan  esse "  hke  "  matrem  .  .  .  visam 
esse^''  —  and  that  it  contains  several  of  the  words  and  phrases 
already  explained.  It  will  greatly  simplify  the  rendering  of  a  pas- 
sage hke  this,  to  drop  the  form  of  indirect  discourse,  beginning  with 
the  leading  subject :  Hannibal^  havmg  taken  Saguntum^  see7ned  in 
his  sleep  to  be  sumjnoned,  dr'c.  :  all  tfie  infinitives  being  translated 
by  indicatives,  and  the  subjunctive  laboraret  as  an  infinitive,  not  to 
trouble  himself.     A  number  of  words  must  of  course  be  suggested. 

3.  L.  Paulus,  consul  iterum,  cum  ei  bellum ""  ut  cum 

rege  Perse  gereret  obtigisset,  uf^  ea  ipsa  die  domum 

ad  vesperum  rediit/  filiolam^  suam  Tertiam,  quae  tum 

erat  admodum  parva,  osculans  animum  advertit  ^  tris- 

ticulam.     'Quid  est,'  inquit,  '  mea  Tertia?  quid  tristis 

es?'     'Mi  pater,'  inquit,  'Persa  periit.'     Tum  ille  ar- 

tius  puellam  complexus,  '  Accipio,' inquit,  '  mea  filia, 

omen.'     Erat   autem   mortuus   catellus  eo  nomine.  — 

id.  i.  46. 

a.  In  this  passage,  —  as  we  find  it  hard,  with  our  habit  of  speech, 
to  carry  so  many  words  in  the  mind  undisposed  of,  —  it  may  be 


138  Latin  Method, 

necessary  after  bellum  to  look  for  the  verb  to  which  it  belongs.  As 
ut  is  a  relative  word,  the  nearest  verb  will  belong  to  that;  so  that 
we  must  take  the  next  following,  obtigisset,  the  meaning  of  which 
must  be  given  (in  connection  with  the  root  tag);  the  object  of 
gereret  must  be  supplied  from  bellum  ;  and  it  will  read,  when  the 
war  had  fallen  to  his  lot  to  wage  with  king  Perses.  This  is  not 
a  good  translation  ;  but,  having  seen  the  Latin  idea  in  this  way, 
you  can  easily  find  a  corresponding  English  expression  :  //  had 
fallen^  &^c. 

b.  To  translate  ut,  notice  at  once  the  mood  of  its  verb;  because 
the  two  uses  of  ut  have  meanings  very  far  apart  in  English,  though 
the  Romans  did  not  probably  feel  the  difference.  As  the  verb  is 
here  indicative,  ut  means  as  or  when  :  rediit  (red,  back;  eo,  go') 
signifies  returned. 

c.  The  word  filiolam,  diminutive  of  f  ilia,  explains  itself;  while 
animum  advertit,  turned  his  mind^  is  to  be  rendered  as  a  single 
transitive  verb,  observed;  and  its  subject  is  L.  Paulus. 

4.  Scipio  Nasica  cum  ad  poetam  Ennium  venisset, 
eique  ab  ostio  quaerenti'^  Ennium  ancilla  dixisset  domi 
non  esse  ;^  Nasica  sensit,  illam  domini  jussu  dixisse  et 
ilium  intus  esse.  Paucis  post  diebus,  cum  ad  Nasicam 
venisset  Ennius,  et  cum  a  janua  quaereret,  exclamat 
Nasica,  se  domi  non  esse.  Tum  Ennius,  *Quid,'  in- 
quit,  *  ego  non  cognosca  vocem  tuam  ?  '  Hie  Nasica, 
'  Homo  es  impudens ;  ego  cum  quaererem,  ancillae 
tuae  credidi,  te^  domi  non  esse;  tu  mihi  non  credis 
ipsi.' 

a.  To  him  inquiring,  &'c.  can  only  mean  when  he  inquired  for 
Ennius. 

b.  The  subject  of  the  infinitive  is  here  wanting,  a  rare  usage  in 
Latin ;  but  it  is  obviously  Ennius,  to  be  suppHed  from  the 
preceding. 

c.  The  clause  te  domi  non  esse  is  evidently  a  secondary  object 
of  credidi;  but,  as  believe  does  not  take  two  objects  in  English, 
some  word  like  saying  must  be  supplied. 


Reading  Lessons »  139 


PART    FOURTH 


READING      LESSONS. 

Note.  — The  small  figures  in  the  following  Lessons  refer  to  the 
Brief  Rules  of  Syntax,  pp.  162,  163. 

I.   Fables. 

1.  The  Wolf  and  the  Goat. 

tupus  capram^^  conspicatus  est,  quae  in  rupe  pascebatur. 
Cum  ad  earn  accedere  non  posset,*^  praedicabat  apud  se 
mollia  prata  ac  varias  herbas  esse,"^  et  earn  hortabatur  ut  de 
rupe  descenderet.  Ei  autem  capra  respondit :  "  Mi  amice, 
non  me  ad  pascua  vocas,  sed  ipse  cibi^^  indiges  1 " 

2.  The  Fox  and  the  Grapes. 

Vulpes,  extrema  fame^^  coacta,  uvam  adpetebat,  quae  ex  alta 
vite  dependebat ;  sed  summis  viribus  saliens  earn  attingere^^ 
non  poterat.  Tandem  discessit,  et,  "  Nondum  matura  est," 
inquit;  "nolo  acerbam  sumere."  —  Sic  saepe  homines,  quae 
facere  non  possunt,  verbis  elevant. 

3.  The  Farmer  and  his  Dog. 

Rusticus  in  agros  exiit  ad  opus  suum.  Filiolum,  qui  in 
cunis  jacebat,  reliquit  cani^''  fideli  atque  valido  custodiendum. 
Adrepsit  anguis  immanis,  qui  puerulum  exstincturus  erat.  Sed 
custos  fidelis  corripit  eum  dentibus^  acutis,  et,  dum  eum 
necare  studet,  cunas  simul  evertit  super  exstinctum  anguem. 
Paulo^^  post  ex  arvo  rediit  agricola ;  cum  cunas  eversas 
cruenturlique  canis  rictum  videret,  ira  accenditur.  Temere 
igitur  custodem  filioli  interficit  ligone,  quern  manibus  tenebat. 
Sed  ubi  cunas  restituit,  super  anguem  occisum  reperit  pue- 
rum  vivum  et  incolumem.  —  Paenitentia  facinoris  temere 
patrati  turn  sera  fuit. 


140  Latin  Method, 

4.  The  Farmer  and  his  Sons. 

Inter  filios  rustic!  cujusdam  grave  discidium  ortum  erat. 
Diu  frustra  operam  impenderat  pater,  hortans  ut  pacem  atque 
concordiam  colerent.*^  Tandem  filiis^*  "  Virgulas,"  inquit, 
"mihi  adferte  decern,  et  considite."  Turn  omnes  virgulas  in 
unum  fasciculum  conligavit,  eumque  constrictum  singulis  filiis 
obtulit,  hortans  ut  frangerent.  lUi  autem,  quamquam  vim 
omnem  adhibebant,  frustra  laborarunt,  nee  quicquam  profe- 
cerunt.  Turn  pater  nodum  discidit,  et  illis  singulas  virgulas 
dedit,  quas  sine  ullo  labore  confregerunt.  Quo  facto,^^  rusticus 
filios  ita  adlocutus  est :  "  Haec  res  vobis  exemplo^  sit.  Tuti 
eritis  ab  inimicorum  injuriis,  quamdiu  Concordes  eritis  ;  at 
simul  ac  facta  erit  dissensio  atque  discordia,  inimici  securi  in 
vos  inrumpent." 

/     ,  c.  TJie  Boy  that  cried "  Wolf:'  /       /  ^ 

Puer  in  pfato  oVes  pascepat,  atque».per  joqum  clamitaoatr 
ut^ibi  auxilium  f erretur,  ^qiia^l'^-l^rpus  \re^em  ess(^t<  adortus. 
Agricoiae  undique  succurrebant,  neque  lill^um  inveniebant.  • 
Ita  ter  quaterque  se  elusos  la  puerb  viderunt.  Deinde  cum 
ipse  lupus  aggrederetur,  et  pi^^r.e  vera/imploraret  auxilrum, 
nemo  gregi^^^  subvenite  et  ove^'  lupi  praeda  simOactae.  —  Men- 
daci  homini^  non  creaimus,"^etiam  cum  vera  aicit.  ^"^^^^^ 

6.  The  Fox  and  Crow. 
Corvus,  cum  frustum  carnis  rapuisset,  in  arbore  quadam 
consedit.  Quo  conspecto,^^  vulpes,  carnein  cupiens,  accurrit, 
eumque  callidis  verbis  adoritur :  "  O  corve,"  inquit,  "  quam 
pulcra  es  avis,  quam  speciosa!  Te  decebat  esse  avium 
regem.  Sane  omnes  aves  regiis  virtutibus  antecederes,^^  si 
vocem  haberes."  *®  His  laudibus  corvus  inflatus,  ne  mutus  ha- 
beretur,*'^  clamorem  edidit ;  sed  simul,  aperto  rostro,  earn  em 
amisit ;  eam  vulpes  statim  rapuit,  atque  inridens,  "  Heus,"  in- 
quit,  "  corve  !     Nihil  tibi^'^  deest  praeter  mentem." 

7.   The  trained  Monkeys. 
Simiae  purpuratae  instituebantur  ad  saltationem.     Cujus^^ 
cum  peritae  viderentur  esse,  productae  sunt  in  scenam.     Cum 


Reading  Lessons,  141 

autem  saltarent,  objeeit  quidam  nuces  ;  quibus  visis,  omnibus 
rebus  posthabitis  et  neglectis,^^  ad  nuces  discurrerunt,  et  de 
eis  inter  se  luctari  atque  depugnare  coeperunt. 

8.  The  Ant  and  the  Dove. 
Formica  sitiens  descenderat  ad  fontem  ;  sed  undae  earn 
abripuerunt,  nee  multum  aberat,  quin  misere  periret.^'*  Cum 
autem  columba  sortem  ejus  videret,  misericordia  tacta  ra- 
mulum  in  aquam  injecit.  Hunc  adsecuta  est  formica,  in  eoque 
natans  effugit  mortem.  Paulo^^  post  venator,  arcu  instructus, 
illuc  venit,  columbamque  telo^^  suo  transfixurus  fuit.  Peri- 
culum  sentit  form.ica ;  et,  ut  piae  columbae  opem  ferret,  ac- 
currit,  atqu(^  venatoris  talum  momordit.  Dolore  impeditus 
ille  telum  non  recte  misit,  et  columba  incolumis  avolavit. — 
Juva  et  juvabere  ;  raro  beneficium  perit. 

9.  The  Lion  and  his  Troops. 
Leo  bellum  meditans  lustrat  aciem  suam  in  ordines  divisam. 
Cum  ursus  etiam  asinum  et  leporem  inter  milites  videret, 
hiante  ore  ridens :  "  Piger  hie  asinus,"  inquit,  "galeam  et 
gladium  gerat"*^  ?  belli  artes  discat  ?  Molae^^  aptior  est 
quam  castris.  Ecquid  autem  firmus  stabit  lepus?  proeliabi- 
tur?"  "  Erras,  urse,"  inquit  leo ;  "asinus  portabit  onera, 
machinas,  saxa ;  et,  ubi  opus  erit,  eum  tubicinem  faciam,  qui 
suo  rugitu  commilitones  in  pugnam  ciebit;  lepus  autem  ob 
pedum  pernicitatem  celeris  tabellarii  officio^^  fungetur." 

10.  The  Nightingale  and  Cuckoo. 
Luscinia  verno  quodam  die^"*  dulcissime  canere  coepit.  Pueri 
aliquot  baud  procul  aberant  in  valle  ludentes.  li,  cum  lusui'^ 
essent  intenti,  lusciniae  cantu  nihil  movebantur.  Paulo  post 
cuculus  coepit  cuculare.  Continuo  pueri,  lusu  neglecto,^^  ei 
adclamant,  vocemque^^  cuculi  identidem  imitantur.  "  Audisne, 
luscinia,"  inquit  cuculus,  "  quanto  plausu  me  isti  excipiant,^^  et 
quantopere  cantu  meo  delectentur  ? "  Luscinia,  quae  cum  eo 
altercari  nolebat,  nihil  impediebat  quominus  ille  suam  vocem 
admiraretur.'^*  Interea  pastor  fistula  canens  cum  puella  lento 
gradu'-^®  praeterit.     Cuculus  iterum  vociferatur,  novas  laudes 


142  Latin  Method. 

captans.     At  puella  pastorem  adlocuta :  "  Male  sit,"  ^^  inquit, 
huic  cuculo,"  qui  cantui^^  tuo  odiosam  vocem  intermiscet." 

Quo  audito,^^  cum  cuculus,  in  pudorem  conjectus,  conti- 
cuisset,  luscinia  tarn  suaviter  canere  coepit,  ut  se  ipsam 
superare  velle  videretur.^*  Pastor,  fistula  deposita:  "Con- 
sidamus,"  ^^  inquit,  "  hoc  loco  sub  arbore,  et  lusciniam  audia- 
mus  !  "  Turn  pastor  et  puella  cantum  lusciniae  certatim  lau- 
dare  coeperunt,  et  diu  taciti  intentis  auribus^^  sedent.  Ad 
postremum  adeo  capta  est  puella  sonorum  dulcedine,  ut  etiam 
lacrimae  erumperent.  Turn  luscinia  ad  cuculum  conversa: 
"  Videsne,"  inquit,  "  quantum  ab  imperitorum  opinionibus 
prudentiorum  judicia  distent?*^  Una  sane  ex  istis  lacrimis, 
quanquam  muta  est,  locupletior  tamen  est  artis  meae  testis 
quam  inconditus  iste  puerorum  clamor,  quern  tantopere  jacta- 
bas." — Fabula  docet  magnorum  artificum  opera^^  non  vulgi 
opinione,  sed  prudentiorum  existimatione  esse^  censenda. 

II.    Dialogues. 
I.  Study  and  Play, 

Carolus.     Veni,  mi  Ludovice  ! 

Ernestus.     Quo  tandem  ? 

C.  In  hortum  ;  satis  jam  legimus  et  scripsimus  ;  ludamus'*^ 
quoque ! 

E.     Ego  pensum  meum  ante  absolvam. 

C.     Nondumne  absolvisti? 

E.  Nondum  omnia.  Tune  jam  omnia  didicisti  et  scrip- 
sisti,  quae  praeceptor  nos  discere^^  et  scribere  jussit  ? 

C.     Non  omnia. 

E.     Ergo  nondum  licet  ludere.^ 

C.  Cur  non  liceat?^^  Reliqua  discam  et  scribam  post 
ludum. 

E.     Sed  praestat  primum  discere,  deinde  ludere.^^ 

C.     Quam  morosum  sodalem  habeo  ! 

E.     Non  sum  morosus,  sed  facere  volo,  quae  jussa  sunt. 

C  Ergo  una  ediscamus !  Ego  tibi  recitabo,  tu  mihi. 
Deinde  cum  omnia  didicerimus,  statim  ad  ludum  properabimus. 

E.     Placet ;  nam  peracti  labores  jucundi  sunt. 


I 


Reading  Lessons.  143 

2.  Early  Rising. 

Frede7'icus  Hens,  heus,  Carole  !  Expergiscere  !  Tempiis 
est  surgere.     Audisne  ? 

C.  Non  audio. 

F.  Ubi  ergo  habes  aures  ? 

C.  In  lecto. 

F.  Hoc  video.     Sed  quid  facis  adhuc  in  lecto  ? 

C.  Quid  faciam  ?     Dormio. 

F.  Dermis  ?  et  loqueris  tamen  mecum  ? 

C.  Saltern  volo  dormire. 

F.  Nunc  autem  non  est  tempus  dormiendi/^  sed  surgendi. 

C.  Quota  est  hora  ? 

F.  Septima. 

C.  Quando  tu  surrexisti  e  lecto  ? 

F.  Jam  ante  duas  horas. 

C.  Num  sorores  meae  jam  surrexerunt  ? 

F.  Jam  pridem. 

C.  Sed  frater  meus  certe  adhuc  jacet  in  lecto  ? 

F.  Erras.  Cum  expergefacerem  eum,  statim  reliquit 
nidum  suum. 

C.  Mox  igitur  surgam. 

3.  An  Afternoon  Vf^alk. 

Fredericus.  Age,  mi  frater,.  ambulemus  ;^^  tempestas  serena 
est. 

Augustus.     Placet ;  sed  ubi  ambulabimus  ?     In  pratisne  ? 

F.  Miiiime  ;  prata  enim  pluvia  inundavit,  et  viae  lutulentae 
sunt.  Placetne  adscendere  in  montem,  quem  e  fenestra  pro- 
spicimus  ? 

A.     Placet ;  jam  pridem  enim  in  monte  non  fuimus. 

F.  Hiems  nos  prohibuit  ;  hieme^'*  enim  mons  glacie  et  nive 
tectus  erat.     Quid  stas  autem? 

A.  Duae  viae  ducunt  ad  montem:  altera  recta,  altera 
flexuosa.     Utram  eligamus  ?  ** 

F.  Flexuosam  censeo  ;  est  enim  umbrosior,  et  sol  fervet. 
Descendentes  altera  ibimus  et  ambulationem  variabimus. 
Vesperi  enim  sol  minus  fervet. 

A.     Proinde  eamus ! 


144  Latin  Method, 

4.  Sport. 

Paullus.  Trahit  sua  quern  que  voluptas ;  mihi^^  plac^ 
venatio. 

Thomas.  Placet  etiam  mihi ;  sed  ubi  canes,  ubi  venabula, 
ubi  casses  ? 

P.  Valeant  apri,  ursi,  cervi,  vulpes !  nos  insidiabimur] 
cuniculis.^^ 

Vicentiics.     At  ego  laqueos  injiciam  locustis.'^*' 

Lau7-e7itiiis.     Ego  ran  as  captabo. 

Bartholus.     Ego  papiliones  venabor. 

L.     Difficile  est  sectari^^  volantia. 

B.  Difficile,  sed  pulcrum,  nisi  pulcrius  esse  ducis  sectari 
lumbricos  aut  cochleas,  quia  carent  alis.^ 

L.  Equidem  malo  insidiari  piscibus ;  est"  mihi^^  hamus 
elegans. 

B.     Sed  unde  parabis  escam  ? 

L.     Lumbricorum  ubivis  magna  est  copia. 

B.     Est,  si  tibi  velint  prorepere  e  terra. 

L.     At  ego  mox  efficiam,  ut  multa  milia  prosiliant. 

B.     Quo  pacto  ?  incantamentis  ?  ^^ 

L.  Videbis  artem.  Imple  banc  situlam  aqua.^  Hos  jug- 
landium  summos  cortices  virentes  confractos  immittito.  Hac 
aqua  perfunde  solum.  Nunc  observa  paulisper.  Vides 
emergentes  ? 

B,  Rem  prodigiosam  video.  Sic  olim,  opinor,  exsiliebant 
armati  viri  ex  satis  serpentis  dentibus.  Sed  plerique  pisces 
delicatioris  et  elegantioris  sunt  palati,®  quam  ut  esca  tarn 
vulgari  capiantur  {too  dainty  to  be  caught^. 

L.  Novi  quoddam  insecti  genus,  quo  talibus  insidiari 
soleo. 

B.  Tu  vide,  possisne*^  imponere  piscibus  ;  ego  ranis^* 
facessam  negotium. 

L.     Quomodo  ?  reti  ?^^ 

B.     Non  ;  sed  arcu. 

L.     Novum  piscandi  genus. 

B.     At  non  injucundum.     Videbis  et  fatebere. 

V.     Quid,  si  certemus*^  nucibus  ? 


Reading  Lessons.  145 

P.     Nuces  pueris  relinquamus  ;  nos  grandiores  sumus. 
V.     Et  tamen  nihil  aliud  adhuc  quam  pueri  sumus. 

P.  Sed  quibus^^  decorum  est  ludere  nucibus,  eisdem  non 
indecorum  est  equitare^^  in  arundine  longa. 

V.  Tu  igitur  praescribito  lusus  genus  ;  sequar,  quocumque 
vocaveris. 

F,     Et  ego  futurus  sum  omnium  horarum  homo. 

5.  A  Lessofi  in  Manners. 

Paedagogtts.  Tu  mihi  videris  non  in  aula  natus,  sed  in 
caula ;  adeo  moribus^^  es  agrestibus.  Puerum  ingenuum  de- 
cent ingenui  mores.  Quoties  adloquitur  te  quispiam,  cui  de- 
bes  honorem,  compone  te  in  rectum  corporis  statum,  aperi 
caput.  Vultus  sit^^  nee  tristis  nee  torvus  nee  impudens  nee 
protervus  nee  instabilis,  sed  hilari  modestia  temperatus ;  oculi 
verecundi,  semper  intenti  in  eum  quocum  loqueris  ;  juncti 
pedes,  quietae  manus.  Neve  vacillato  alternis  tibiis,  neve 
manus  agant  gestiis,  neve  mordeto  labrum,  neve  scabito  caput, 
neve  fodito  aures.  Vestis  item  ad  decorum  componatur,  ut 
totus  cultus,  vultus,  gestus,  habitus  corporis  ingenuam  mo- 
destiam  et  verecundam  indolem  prae  se  ferat.** 

Piter.     Quid,  si  mediter  ?*^ 

Pae.     Fac. 

Pu.     Sicine  satis? 

Pae.     Nondum. 

Pu.     Quid,  si  sic  ? 

Pae.     Propemodum. 

Pu.     Quid  si  sic  ? 

Pae,  Hem  satis  est ;  hoc  tene,  ne  sis**^  inepte  loquax  aut 
praeceps.  Neve  vagetur  animus  interim,  sed  sis  attentus, 
quid  alter  dicat.  Si  quid  erit  respondendum,  id  facilo  paucis 
ac  prudenter,  interdum  praefatus  honorem,  nonnunquam 
etiam  addito  cognomine^®  honoris  gratia ;  atque  ideiitidem 
modice  flectas  alterum  genu,  praesertim  ubi  responsum  ab- 
solveris.  Neve  abito,  nisi  praefatus  veniam  aut  ab  ipso 
dimissus.  Nunc  age :  specimen  aliquod  hujus  rei  nobis 
praebe  ! 

10 


146  Latin  Method, 

Quantum  temporis  abfuisti  a  maternis  aedibus  ? 

Pti.     Jam  sex  ferme  menses."^ 

Fae.     Addendum  erat,  domine, 

Pu.     Jam  sex  ferme  menses,  domine. 

Pae.     Non  tangeris  desiderio  matris  ? 

Pu.     Nonnunquam  sane. 

Pae.     Cupisne  eam  revisere?^^ 

Pu.     Cupio,  domine,  si  id  pace  liceat**'  tua. 

Pae.  Nunc  flectendum  erat  genu.  Bene  se  habet.  Sic 
pergito  !  Cum  loqueris,  cave,  ne  praecipites'*^  sermonem  aut 
haesites  lingua  aut  palato  murmures,  sed  distincte,  dare,  arti- 
culatim  consuescito  proferre  verba  tua.  Si  quem  praeteribis 
natu  grandem,  magistratum,  sacerdotem,  doctorem  aut  omnino 
virum  gravem,  memento  aperire  caput.  In  convivio  sic  te 
praebebis  hilarem,  ut  semper  memineris,  quid  deceaf*'  aetatem 
tuam ;  postremus  omnium  admoveto  manum  patinae.^^  Si 
quid  dabitur  lautius,  recusato  modeste ;  si  instabitur,  accipe 
et  age  gratias  ;  mox,  decerpta  particula,^  quod  reliquum  est, 
illi  qui  tibi  obtulit  reddito,  aut  alicui  proxime  adcumbenti. 
Si  quis  praebibet,  hilariter  illi  bene  precator,  sed  ipse  bibito 
modice.  Si  non  sitis,  tamen  admoveto  calicem  labris.  Adride 
loquentibus  ;  ipse  cave,  ne  quid  loquare,  nisi  rogatus.  Ne 
cui  obtrectato,  ne  cui  temet  anteponito,  ne  tua  jactato,  ne 
aliena  despicito.  Esto  comis,  etiam  erga  tenuis  fortunae 
sodales.  Ita  fiet,  ut  sine  invidia  laudem  invenias  et  amicos 
pares.  Si  videris  convivium  extrahi,  precatus  veniam  ac 
salutatis  convivis,  subducito  te  a  mensa.  Vide,  ut  horum 
memineris. 

Pu.     Dabitur  opera,  mi  praeceptor  !     Numquid  aliud  vis  ? 

Pae.     Adito  nunc  libros  tuos. 

Pu.     Fiet. 

IV.   Anecdotes. 

i;   Themistodes. 

Noctu  ambulabat  in  publico  Themistodes,  quod  somnum 
capere  non  posset  f^  quaerentibusque  respondebat  Miltiadis 
tropaeis  se  e  somno  suscitari.^^ 


Reading  Lessons,  147 

2.  Socrates, 

Socrates,  cum  esset  ex  eo  quaesitum,  Archelaum,  Perdic- 
cae  filium,  qui  turn  fortunatissimus  haberetur/''  nonne  beatum 
putaret  :^^  Haud  scio,  inquit ;  nunqiiain  e7iim  au?i  eo  conlocutus 
sum.  —  Ain  tu  ?  aliter  id  scire  non  potes  ?  —  Nullo  modo.  — 
l\i  igitur  ne  de  Persarum  quidem  rege  magno  potes  dicere, 
beatusne  sit  ?  —  An  ego  possim,"^^  cum  ignoreni  quam  sit'^^  doctus^ 
quiun  vir  bonus  ?  —  Quid  ?  tu  in  eo  sitam  vitam  beatam  putas  ? 
—  Ifa  prorsus  existimo :  bonos  beatos ;  wiprobos  miseros.  — 
Miser  ergo  Archelaus  ?  —  Certe^  si  ijijustus. 

3.  Spartan  Broth. 

Lacedaemone  cum  tyrannus  cenavisset  Dionysius,  nega- 
vit  se  jure  illo  nigro,  quod  cenae  caput  erat,  delectatum. 
Tum  is,  qui  ilia  coxerat :  Mininie  miruin ;  condiinenta  enhn 
defuerunt.  Quae  tandem  ?  inquit  ill e.  Labor  in  venatu,,  sudor ^ 
cursus  ad  Eurotam^  fames ^  sitis ;  his  enim  rebus  LacedaemoJiio- 
rum  epulae  condiuntur. 

4.  Respect  to  Age. 

Cum  Athenis  ludis  quidam  in  theatrum  grandis  natu  ve- 
nisset,  in  magno  consessu  locus  ei  a  suis  civibus  nusquam  est 
datus.  Cum  autem  ad  Lacedaemonios  accessisset,  qui  le- 
gati  cum  essent,  certo  in  loco  consederant,  consurrexerunt 
omnes  et  senem  ilium  sessum''^  receperunt.  Quibus  cum  a 
cuncto  consessu  plausus  esset  multiplex  datus,  dixit  ex  eis 
quidam  :  Athenienses  sciunt^  quae  recta  sunt ;  sedfacere  nolunt. 

5.  Fabius, 

Cum,  Tarento  amisso,^^  arcem  tamen  Livius  Salinator  reti- 
nuisset,  multaque  ex  ea  proelia  praeclara  fecisset,  cum  ali- 
quot post  annos  Maximus  id  oppidum  recepisset,  rogaretque 
eum  Salinator,  ut  meminisset  opera  sua^*^  se  Tarentum  rece- 
pisse  :  Quidni,  inquit,  memi7ierim  ?  ^^  nimquam  eni7n  rccepissem^^ 
nisi  tu  perdidisses. 

6.  Nasica  and  Ennius. 

Nasica  cum  ad  poetam  Ennium  venisset,  eique  ab  ostio 
quaerenti   Ennium   ancilla  dixisset  domi  non   esse.;    Nasica 


148  Latin  Method, 

sensit  illam  domini  jussu  dixisse,  et  ilium  intus  esse.  Paucis 
post  diebus,  cum  ad  Nasicam  venisset  Ennius  et  eum  a  janua 
quaereret,  exclamat  Nasica  se  domi  non  esse.  Turn  Ennius  : 
"Quid?  ego  non  cognosco  vocem,"  inquit,  "tuam?"  Hie 
Nasica  :  Homo  (inquit)  es  impttdens.  Ego  cum  te  quaerere^n, 
ancillae  tuae^^  credidi  te  do?ni  non  esse ;  tu  mihi  no7i  credis 
ipsi? 

IV.   The  Kings  of  Rome. 

1.  Romanum  imperium  a  Romulo  exordium  habet,  qui, 
Rheae  Silviae,  Vestalis  virginis,  et  Martis  filius,  cum  Remo, 
fratre  gemino,  urbem  condidit,  quam  ex  nomine  suo  Romam 
vocavit  (753  a.  Chr.).  Asylo  aperto  ad  numerum  civium  au- 
gendum,  ingens  hominum  multitudo  ex  finitimis  civitatibus 
Romam^^  confluxit.  At  viri  non  habebant  feminas.  Itaque 
Romulus  ludos  sollennes  instituit,  invitavitque  ad  eorum  spec- 
taculum  vicinas  urbis  Romae  nationes.  Cum  alii  multi  con- 
venerunt,  tum  Sabinorum  omnis  multitudo  cum  liberis  et 
conjugibus.  Dum  ludi  eduntur,  extemplo  Romani  discur- 
runt,  magnamque  virginum  partem  rapiunt. 

2.  Propter  raptarum  mulierum  injuriam  Sabini  Romanis^^ 
bellum  intulerunt.  Res  venit  ad  pugnam.  Utrimque  acerrime 
decertatur.  In  media  acie  repente  raptae  mulieres  crinibus 
passis  scissaque  veste  ansae  sunt  se  inter  tela  volantia  inferre, 
et  precibus  infestas  acies  dirimere.  Rebus  compositis,  Romu- 
lus centum  ex  senioribus  legit,  quorum  consilio  omnia  ageret, 
quos  senatores  nominavit  propter  senectutem.  Anno^^  regni 
tricesimo  septimo,  cum  orta  subito  tempestate  non  compar- 
uisset,  ad  deos  transisse  creditus  est  (716). 

3.  Postea  NuMA  Pompilius,  Curibus,  in  urbe  agri  Sabi- 
norum, natus,  rex  creatus  est  (715 — 673).  Qui  bellum  quidem 
nullum  gessit,  sed  non  minus  civitati  quam  Romulus  profuit. 
Nam  legibus  moribusque  et  sacris  plurimis  constitutis^^  populi 
barbari  et  bellicosi  mores  mollivit.  Etiam  annum  descripsit 
in  decem  menses.  Omnia  autem,  quae  faciebat,  se  nymphae 
Egeriae  jussu  facere  dictitabat.  Regnavit  tres  et  quadraginta 
annos.23 — ^^  Huic^^   successit  Tullus  Hostilius  (673 — 640). 


Reading  Lessons,  149 

Is  bella  reparavit.  Bellum  Albanis  inlatum  certamine  trigemi- 
norum  fratrum,  qui  forte  in  utroque  exercitu  erant  nee  aetate 
nee  viribus  dispares,  finitum  est.  Deinde  etiam  Veientes  et 
Fidenates  bello  superavit.  Cum  xxx  annos  regnasset,  ful- 
mine  ictus  cum  domo  sua  arsit. 

4.  Post  eum  Angus  Martius,  Numae  ex  filia  nepos,  sus- 
cepit  imperium  (640 — 616).  Contra  Latinos  dimicavit,  apud 
ostium  Tiberis  urbem  condidit,  quam  Ostiam  vocavit.  Vice- 
simo  quarto  anno  imperii  morbo  periit. —  Deinde  regnum 
Tarquinius  Priscus  accepit  (616 — 578).  Is  numerum  se- 
natorum  duplicavit ;  Circum  Romae  aedificavit  j  ludos  Ro- 
manos  instituit.  Vicit  idem  etiam  Sabinos,  nee  parum  agrorum, 
eis  ademptorum,  urbis  Romae  territorio  adjunxit.  Muros  fecit 
et  cloacas  ;  Capitolium  inchoavit.  Tricesimo  octavo  imperii 
anno  per  Anci  filios  occisus  est,  regis^  ejus,  cui*  ipse  succes- 
serat.  —  Post  eum  Servius  Tullius  suscepit  imperium 
(578 — 534).  Primus,  omnium^''  censum  ordinavit.  Sub  eo 
Roma  habuit  capitum  lxxxiii  milia  civium,  cum  eis  qui  in 
agris  erant.  Occisus  est  xlv  imperii  anno  scelere  generi 
sui  Tarquinii,  filii^  ejus  regis  cui^^  ipse  successerat,  et  filiae,^ 
quam  Tarquinius  habebat  uxorem. 

5.  Hie  Tarquinius,  qui  propter  superbiam  Siiperbi  cogno- 
men accepit,  septimus  fuit  atque  ultimus  regum^'^  (534 — 509). 
Multasgentes  devicit ;  templum  Jovi^*  in  Capitolio  aedificavit. 
Postea  Ardeam,  urbem  Etruriae,  oppugnans  imperium  per- 
didit.  Nam  cum  filius  ejus  nobilissimae  feminae,  Lucretiae,^^ 
eidemque  pudicissimae,  vim  fecisset,  ea,  de  injuria  marito^^  et 
patri  et  amicis  questa,  in  omnium  conspectu  se  occidit,  post- 
quam  eos  obtestata  est,  ut  eam  injuriam  ulciscerentur.^'' 
Propter  quam  causam  Marcus  Brutus,  Tarquinius  Collatinus 
aliique  in  exitium  regis  conjuraverunt,  et,  populo  concitato, 
ei^^  imperium  ademerunt.  Cum  uxore  et  liberis  suis  fugit, 
cum  XXV  annos  regnasset.  Ita  Romae^°  regnatum  est  per 
septem  reges  annos'^^  ccxliv.  ^ 

6.  Hinc  consules  coepti  sunt  pro  uno  rege  duo  hac  causa 
creari,  ut,  si  unus  malus  esse  voluisset,  alter  eum,  habens 
eandem  potestatem,  coerceret.  Et  placuit,  ut  ne  imperium 
longius   quam   annum  haberent,  ne  per  diuturnitatem  potes- 


150  Latin  Method, 

tatis  insolentiores  fierent,  sed  aequitatem  semper  servarent, 
qui  se  post  annum  scirent^'  futures  esse  privates.  Fuerunt 
igitur  anno  primo,  expulsis  regibus,  consules  L.  Junius  Brutus, 
qui  maxime  egerat  ut  Tarquinius  pelleretur,  et  Tarquinius 
Collatinus,  maritus  Lucretiae.  Sed  Tarquinio  Collatino^® 
statim  sublata  dignitas  est.  Placuerat  enim,  ne  quisquam 
in  urbe  maneret,  qui  Tarquinius  vocaretur.*^  In  ejus  locum 
factus  est  Valerius  Publicola  consul. 

7.  Commovit  tamen  bellum  urbi^^  Romae  rex  Tarquinius, 
qui  erat  expulsus,  et,  collectis  multis  gentibus,  ut  in  regnum 
posset  restitui,  dimicavit.  In  prima  pugna  Brutus  consul  et 
Ancus,  Tarquinii  filius,  alter  alterum  occiderunt.  Romani 
tamen  ex  ea  pugna  victores  discesserunt.  Brutum  Romanae 
matron ae,  defensorem  pudicitiae  suae,  quasi  communem  pa- 
trem,  per  annum  luxerunt.  Valerius  Publicola  Spurium 
Lucretium,  Lucretiae  patrem,  collegam  sibi  fecit :  quo^^ 
morbo^®  mortuo,  iterum  Horatium  Pulvillum  collegam  sibi 
sumpsit.     Ita  primus  annus  quinque  consules  habuit. 

8.  Etiam  secundo  anno  iterum  Tarquinius,  ut  reciperetur 
in  regnum,  bellum  Romanis^*  intulit,  auxilium  ei  ferente  Por- 
sena,  Etruscorum  rege.'^  Is,  ne  Tiberim  transiret,  virtute 
Horatii  Coclitis  prohibitus  est,  qui,  dum  alii  pontem  rescin- 
dunt,  unus  Etruscos  sustinuit,  et,  ponte  rupto,  armatus  se  in 
flumen  misit,  et  ad  suos  transnavit.  Cum  Porsena  urbem 
obsideret.  Gains  Mucins  Scaevola,  adulescens  npbilis,  in  castra 
hostium  se  contulit,  ut  Porsenam  regem  occideret.  At  pro 
rege  scribam  obtruncat,  qui  propter  eum  sedebat  pari  fere 
ornatu  indutus.^  Tum  a  regiis  satellitibus  comprehensus  ante 
tribunal  regis  constitutus  est.  Qui''  cum  tormenta  minitare- 
tur,  Mucins  dextra  accenso  ad  sacrificium  foculo  injecta : 
"  En  tibi,"  inquit,  "  quam  vile  corpus  sif^  eis  qui  magnam 
gloriam  vident ! "  Qua  animi  virtute  perculsus  rex  juvenem 
intactum  inviolatumque  dimisit.  Tum  Mucins,  quasi  remune- 
rans  beneficium,  trecentos  principes  juventutis  Romanae  in 
ejus  vitam  conjurasse  ait.  Qua  re  territus  Porsena  pacem 
fecit.  Tarquinius  autem  Tusculum^®  abiit,  ibique  cum  Ro- 
manis  privatus  cum  uxore  consenuit. 


Reading  Lessons.  151 

V.     The  War  with  Porsena.  —  Livy. 
I.     Horatius  holds  the  Bridge. 

1.  Jam  Tarquinii  ad  Lartem  Porsenam,  Clusinum  regem, 
perfugerant.  Porsena  Romam  ^  infesto  exercitu  venit.  .  Non 
unquam  alias  ante  tantus  terror  senatum  invasit :  adeo  valida 
res  turn  Clusina^  erat,  magnumque  Porsenae  nomen.  Nee 
hostes  ^^  modo  timebant,  sed  suosmet  ipsi  cives,  ne  Romana 
plebs,  metu  perculsa,  receptis  in  urbem  regibus,  vel  cum  ser- 
vitute  pacem  acciperet.  Multa  igitur  blandimenta  plebi  per 
id  tempus  ab  senatu  data.  Haec  indulgentia  Patrum  adeo 
concordem  civitatem  tenuit,  ut  regium  ^  nomen  ^^  non  smiimi 
magis,  quam  infimi,  horrerent ;  nee  quisquam  unus  malis 
artibus  postea  tarn  popularis  esset,  quam  turn  bene  imperan- 
do^^  universus  senatus  fuit. 

2.  Cum  hostes  adessent,^*  pro  se  quisque  in  urbem  ex 
agris  demigrant :  ^  urbem  ipsam  sepiunt  praesidiis.  Alia  muris, 
alia  Tiberi  objecto  videbantur  tuta.  Pons  sublicius  iter  paene 
hostibus  dedit :  ni  unus  vir  fuisset,^^  Horatius  Codes :  qui, 
positus  forte  in  statione  pontis,  cum  captum  repentino  im- 
petu  Janiculum,  atque  inde  citatos  decurrere  ^^  hostes  vidis- 
set,  trepidamque  turbam  suorum  arma  ordinesque  relinquere, 
reprehensans  singulos,  obsistens,  obtestansque  deum^  et  ho- 
minum  fidem,  testabatur  :  neqiiicquain  deserto  praesidio  eos 
fiigere.  Si  transitum  poJitem  a  tergo  reliqitissenty  ja7n  plus 
hostiiim  ill  Palatio  Capitolioque^  quam  in  jfaniculo^  fore.  Ita- 
que  monere,  praedicere,  ut  pontem  ferro,  ig^h  quacumque  vi 
posseut,  interrumpant.  Se  impetum  hostium^  quantum  corpore 
uno posset  obsisti,  excepturum.^^  Vadit  inde  in  primum  aditum 
pontis  ;  insignisque  inter  conspecta  cedentium  pugnae  terga, 
ipso  miraculo^^  audaciae  obstupefecit  hostes. 

3.  Duos  tamen  cum  eo  pudor  tenuit,  Sp.  Lartium  ac 
T.  Herminium,  ambos  claros  genere  ^*  factisque.  Cum  his 
primam  periculi  procellam,  et  quod  tumultuosissimum  pugnae  ^° 
erat,  parumper  sustinuit ;  deinde  eos  quoque  ipsos,  exigua 
parte  pontis  relicta,^^  cedere  in  tutum  coegit.     Circumferens 


152  Latin  Method, 

inde  truces  minaciter  oculos  ad  proceres  Etruscorum,  nunc 
singulos  provocare,*^  nunc  increpare  omnes  :  Servitia  regum 
superborum,  suae  libertatis  ^^  immemores,  alienam  oppugnatum  ^^ 
venire.  Cunctati  aliquamdiu  sunt,  dum  alius  alium,  ut 
proelium  incipiant,  circumspectant :  pudor  deinde  commovit 
aciem,  et,  clamore  sublato,  undique  in  unum  hostem  tela 
conjiciunt. 

4.  Quae  cum  in  objecto  cuncta  scuto  haesissent,  neque 
ille  minus  obstinatus  ingenti  pontem  obtineret  gradu,  jam 
impetu  conabantur  detrudere  ^^  virum  ;  cum  simul  fragor  rupti 
pontis,  simul  clamor  Romanorum,  alacritate  perfect!  operis 
sublatus,  pavore  subito  impetum  sustinuit.  Tum  Codes, 
Tiberine  pater ^  in  quit,  te  sancte  precor,  haec  arma  et  hunc  mill- 
te7n  propitio  flmnine  accipias.'^^  Ita  sic  armatus  in  Tiberim 
desiluit ;  multisque  superincidentibus  telis,  incolumis  ad  suos 
natavit.  Grata  erga  tantam  virtutem  civitas  fuit:  statua'  in 
comitio  posita,  agri^^  quantum  uno  die^*  circumaravit,  datum. 
Privata  quoque  inter  publicos  honores  studia  eminebant : 
nam  in  magna  inopia  pro  domesticis  copiis  unusquisque  ei 
aliquid,  fraudans  se  ipse  victu^*  suo,  contulit. 

2.     The  Deed  of  Mucins  Sccevoia. 

1.  Obsidio  erat  nihilo^*  minus,  et  frumenti  cum  summa 
caritate  inopia  ;  sedendoque  expugnaturum  ^^  se  urbem  spem 
Porsena  habebat :  cum  C.  Mucins,  adolescens  nobilis,  primo 
sua  sponte  penetrare^  in  hostium  castra  constituit:  dein, 
metuens  ne,  si  consulum  injussu  et  ignaris  omnibus  iret,'*' 
forte  deprehensus  a  custodibus  Romanis  retraheretur  ^*  ut 
transfuga,^  senatum  adiit :  Transire  Tiberim,  inquit,  Patres, 
et  intrare,  si  possim,'^^  castra  hostium  volo ;  non  praedo^  nee 
populationum  in  vicem  ultor :  majus,  si  dii  Juvant,  in  animo 
est  f acinus.  Approbant  Patres :  abdito  intra  vestem  ferro, 
proficiscitur. 

2.  Ubi  eo  venit,  in  confertissima  turba  prope  regium  tri- 
bunal constitit.  Ibi  cum  stipendium  forte  militibus  daretur,^ 
et  scriba,  cum  rege  sedens  pari  fere  ornatu,  multa  ageret,  eum 


Reading  Lessons,  153 

milites  vulgo  adirent,  timens  sciscitari  uter  Porsena  esset,*^  ne 
ignorando  regem  semet  ipse  aperiret  quis  esset,'^^  scribam  pro 
rege  obtruncat.  Vadentem  inde,  qua  per  trepidam  turbam 
cruento  mucrone  ^®  sibi  ipse  fecerat  viam,  cum,  concursu  ad 
clamorem  facto,  comprehensum  regii^  satellites  retraxissent, 
ante  tribunal  regis  destitutus,  turn  quoque,  inter  tantas  for- 
tunae  minas,  metuendus  magis  quam  metuens : 

3.  Romanus  sum,  inquit,  civis :  C.  Mucium  vocant.  Hostis 
hostem  occidere  voliii  ;  nee  ad  mortem  minus  animi^^  est,  qua7nfuit 
ad  caedem.  Et  facer e  ^  et  pati  fortia,  Romanum  est.  Nee  unus 
in  te  ego  hos  animos  gessi :  longus  post  me  or  do  est  idem  petentium 
decus.  Proinde  hi  hoc  discrimen,  si  juvat,  accingere,  ut  in  sin- 
gulas  haras  capite  dimices  tuo ;  ferrum  hostemque  in  vestibulo 
habeas  regiae.  Hoc  tibi  juventus'^  Romana  indicimus  bellum. 
JVullam  aciem,  nullum  proelium  timueris.  Uni  tibip  et  cum 
singulis,  res  erit. 

4.  Cum  rex,  simul  ira  infensus,  periculoque  conterritus, 
circumdari  ignes  minitabundus  juberet,  nisi  expromeret ''"^  pro- 
pere  quas  insidiarum  sibi  minas  per  ambages  jaceret :  ^"^  En 
tibi,  inquit,  ut  sejitias  quam  vile  corpus  sit  iis  qui  magnam  gloriam 
vident :  dextramque  accenso  ad  sacrificium  foculo  ^^  injicit. 
Prope  attonitus  miraculo  rex,  cum  ab  sede  sua  prosiluisset, 
amoverique  ab  altaribus  juvenem  ^^  jussisset,**  Tu  vero  abi, 
inquit,  in  te  magis,  quam  in  me,  hostilia  ausus.  jfuberem 
made  virtute  esse,  si  pro  mea  p atria  ista  virtus  staret}^  Nunc 
jure'^^  belli  liberum  te,  intactum  inviolatumque  hi7ic  dimitto. 

5.  Tum  Mucins,  quasi  remunerans  meritum,  Quando- 
quidem,  inquit,  est  apud  te  virtuti^"^  honos,  ut  beneficio  tuleris 
a  me,  quod  minis  nequisti ;  trecenti  conjuravimus  principes  ^  ju- 
ventutis  Romanae,  ut  in  te  hac  via  grassaremur.  Mea  prima 
sors  fuit;  ceteri,  ut  cuique  ceciderit primo,  quoad  te  opportunum 
fortuna  dederit,  suo  quisque  tempore^^  aderunt.  Mucium  ^^  dimis- 

sum,  cui^^  postea  Scaevolae  a  clade  dextrae  manus  cognomen 
inditum,  legati  a  Porsena  Romam  secuti  sunt.  Composita 
pace,  exercitum  ab  Janiculo  deduxit  Porsena,  et  agro  Romano 
excessit.  Patres  C.  Mucio  virtutis  causa  trans  Tiberim  agrum 
dono^^dedere,  quae  postea  sunt  Mucia^  Praia  appellata. 


154  Latin  Method, 

3.     The  Escape  of  Cloelia. 

1.  Ergo,  ita  honorata  virtute,  feminae  quoque  ad  publica 
decora  excitatae.  Et  Cloelia  virgo,  una  ex  obsidibus,  cum 
castra  Etruscorum  forte  haud  procul  ripa^^  Tiberis  locata 
essent,  frustrata  custodes,^^  dux  ^  agminis  virginum  inter  tela 
hostium  Tiberim  tranavit  j  sospitesque  omnes  Romam  ad 
propinquos  restituit.  Quod  ubi  regi  nuntiatum  est,  primo, 
incensus  ira,  oratores  Romam  misit  ad  Cloeliam  obsidem  I 
deposcendam  ;  ^^  alias  haud  magni  "  facere :  ^^  deinde  in  ad- 
mirationem  versus,  supra  Codites  Muciosque  dicere  id  f acinus 
esse  ;  et  prae  se  f erre,  quemadnurdum,  si  non  declatur  ^"  obses^  pro 
rupto  se  foedus  habiturum  ;  sic  deditam^  ifiviolatam  ad  suos  re. 
missurum. 

2.  Utrimque  constitit  fides :  et  Romani  pignus  pacis  ex 
foedere  restituerunt ;  et  apud  regem  Etruscum  non  tuta  solum, 
sed  honorata  etiam,  virtus  fuit.  Laudatam  virginem  parte 
obsidum  se  donare  dixit :  ipsa,  quos  vellet,  legeret.^^  Pro- 
ductis  omnibus,  elegisse  impubes  dicitur:  quod  et  virginitati 
decorum,  et  consensu  obsidum  ipsorum  probabile  erat,  eam 
aetatem  potissimum  liberari  ab  hoste,  quae  maxime  opportuna 
injuriae  esset.*^  Pace  redintegrata,  Romani  novam  in  femina 
virtutem  novo  genere  honoris,  statua^  equestri,  donavere.  In 
summa  Sacra  Via  fuit  posita  virgo  insidens  equo.^^ 

VI.     Miscellaneous  Selections. 
I.     A  Haunted  House. 

1.  Erat  Athenis^^  spatiosa  et  capax  domus,  sed  infamis 
et  pestilens  :  per  silentium  noctis  sonus  ferri,®  et,  si  atten- 
deres  acrius,  strepitus  vinculorum,  longius  primo,  deinde  e 
proximo,  reddebatur  :  mox  apparebat  idolon,  senex  ^  macie 
et  squalore  confectus,  promissa  barba,^^  horrenti  capillo : 
cruribus  compedes,  manibus  catenas  gerebat  quatiebatque. 

2.  Inde  inhabitantibus  tristes  diraeque  noctes  per  metum 
vigilabantur  :  vigiliam  morbus,  et,  crescente  formidine,  mors 
sequebatur.  Nam  interdiu  quoque,  quamquam  abscesserat 
imago,  memoria  imaginis  oculis  ^^  inerrabat ;  longiorque  causis  ^^ 


Reading  Lessons,      '  155 

timor  erat.  Deserta  inde  et  damnata  solitudine  domus, 
totaque  illi  monstro  ^^  relicta ;  proscribebatur,  seu  quis  emere, 
seu  quis  conducere,  ignarus  tanti  mali,  vellet. 

3.  Venit  Athenas^*'  philosophus  Athenodorus  :  legit  titu- 
lum ;  auditoque  pretio,  quia  suspecta  vilitas,  percontatus, 
omnia  ^^  docetur,  ac  niliiio  minus,  immo  tanto  magis,  conducit. 
Ubi  coepit  advesperascere,  jubet  sterni  [lectum]  sibi  prima 
domus  parte :  poscit  pugillares,  stilum,  lumen  :  suos  omnes 
in  interiora  dimittit ;  ipse  ad  scribendum  animum,  oculos, 
manum  intendit,  ne  vacua  mens  audita  simulacra  et  inanes 
sibi  metus  fingeret.^'* 

4.  Initio,  quale  ubique,  silentium  noctis :  deinde  concu- 
ti  ^^  ferrum,  vincula  moveri.  Ille  non  tollere  oculos,  non  re- 
mittere  stilum,  sed  obfirmare  animum,  auribusque  praeten- 
dere.  Tum  crebrescere  ^^  fragor,  adventare,  et  jam  ut  in 
limine,  jam  ut  intra  limen,  audiri.  Respicit  :  videt  agnos- 
citque  narratam  sibi  effigiem.  Stabat,  innuebatque  digito, 
similis  vocanti.^^  Hie,  contra,  ut  paulum  exspectaret  manu 
significat :  rursusque  ceris  ^^  et  stilo  incumbit. 

5.  Ilia  scribentis  capiti  ^^  catenis  insonabat.  Respicit  rur- 
sus,  idem  quod  prius  innuentem :  nee  moratus,  tollit  lumen, 
et  sequitur.  Ibat  ilia  lento  gradu,  quasi  gravis  vinculis. 
Postquam  deflexit  in  aream  domus,  repente  dilapsa  deserit 
comitem  ;  desertus  herbas  et  folia  concerpta  signum  ^  loco 
ponit. 

6.  Postero  die  adit  magistratus;  monet,  ut  ilium  locum 
effodi  jubeant.  Inveniuntur  ossa  inserta  catenis  et  implicita, 
quae  corpus  aevo  terraque  putrefactum  nuda  et  exesa  reli- 
querat  vinculis  :  collecta  publice  sepeliuntur  :  domus  postea, 
rite  conditis  manibus,^^  caruit.  —  Pliny,  Epist.  vii.  27. 

2.     A  Sharper  of  Syracuse, 

I.  C.  Canius,  eques  Romanus,  nee  infacetus,  et  satis  lite- 
ratus,  cum  se  Syracusas,  otiandi  (ut  ipse  dicere  solebat)  non 
negotiandi  causa,  cqntulisset,  dictitabat  se  hortulos  aliquos 
velle^^  emere,  quo  invitare  amicos,  et  ubi  se  oblectare  sine 
interpellatoribus,  posset.*^   Quod  cum  percrebuisset,  Pythius 


156  Latin  Method, 

ei  ^^  quidam,  qui  argentariam  faceret  Syracusis,  dixit,  venales 
quidem  se  hortos  non  habere,  sed  licere  [eis]  uti  Canio,  si 
vellet,*^  ut  suis:  et  simul  ad  cenam  hominem  in  hortos  in- 
vitavit  in  posterum  diem. 

2.  Cum  ille  promisisset,  tum  Pythius  (qui  esset,'*'*  ut  argen- 
tarius,  apud  omnes  ordines  gratiosus)  piscatores  ad  se  con- 
vocavit,  et  ab  his  petivit,  ut  ante  suos  hortulos  postridie 
piscarentur ;  dixitque  quid  eos  facere  vellet.^^  Ad  cenam 
tempore  venit  Canius :  opipare  a  Pythio  apparatum  con-, 
vivium :  cymbarum  ante  oculos  multitudo  :  pro  se  quisque, 
quod  ceperat,  adferebat :  ante  pedes  Pythii  pisces  abjicie- 
bantur. 

3.  Tum  Canius  *  Quaeso,'  inquit,  *  quid  est  hoc,  Pythi  ? 
tantumne  piscium,  tantumne  cymbarum  ? '  Et  ille,  *  Quid 
mirum  ? '  inquit.  '  Hoc  loco  est,  Syracusis  quicquid  est 
piscium;  haec  aquatio  :  hac  villa '-^^  isti  carere  non  possunt.* 
Incensus  Canius  cupiditate,  contendit  a  Pythio  ut  venderet. 
Gravate  ille  primo.  Quid  multa  ?  impetrat :  emit  homo  cupi- 
dus  et  locuples,  tanti,"  quanti  Pythius  voluit ;  et  emit  in- 
structos :   nomina  facit ;   negotium  conficit. 

4.  Invitat  Canius  postridie  familiares  suos.  Venit  ipse 
mature.  Scalmum  nullum  videt.  Quaerit  ex  proximo  vicino, 
num  feriae  quaedam  piscatorum  essent,  quod  eos  nullos  vide- 
ret."*^  *  Nullae,  quod  sciam,'  inquit  ille  :  '  sed  hie  piscari  nulli 
Solent:  itaque  heri  mirabar,  quid  accidisset."^ 

5.  Stomachari  Canius,  sed  quid  faceret  ?^^  nondum  enim 
Aquillius,  collega  et  familiaris  mens,  protulerat  de  dolo  malo 
formulas :  in  quibus  ipsis  cum  ex  eo  quaereretur,  Quid  esset  ^^ 
dolus  malus ;  respondebat.  Cum  esset  ^'^  aliud  simulatum,  aliud 
actum.  —  Cicero,  De  Off.  iii.  14. 

3.     The   Vale  of  Etina. 

I.  Vetus  est  haec  opinio,  judices,  quae  constat  ex  anti- 
quissimis  Graecorum  Uteris  ac  monumentis,  insulam  Siciliam 
totam  esse  Cereri  et  Liberae  consecratam.  Hoc  cum  ceterae 
gentes  sic  arbitrantur,  tum  ipsis  Siculis  ita  persuasum  est, 
ut  in  animis   eorum   insitum   atque   innatum  esse  videatur. 


Reading  Lessons,  157 

Nam  et  natas  esse  has  in  iis  locis  deas,  et  fruges  in  ea  terra 
primum  repertas  esse  arbitrantur,  et  raptam  esse  Liberam, 
quam  eamdem  Proserpinam  vocant,  ex  Hennensium  nemore  : 
qui  locus,  quod  in  media  est  insula  situs,  umbilicus  Siciliae 
nominatur.  Quam  cum  investigare  et  conquirere  Ceres 
vellet,  dicitur  inflammasse  taedas  iis  ignibus  qui  ex  Aetnae 
vertice  erumpunt :  quas  sibi  cum  ipsa  praeferret,  orbem  omnem 
peragrasse  'terrarum. 

2.  Henna  autem,  ubi  ea  quae  dico  gesta  esse  memo- 
rantur,  est  loco  perexcelso  atque  edito,  quo  in  summo  est 
aequata  agri  planities  et  aquae  perennes,  tota  vero  omni 
aditu  circumcisa  atque  directa  est :  quam  circa  lacus  lucique 
sunt  plurimi,  atque  laetissimi  flores  omni  tempore  anni,  locus 
ut  ipse  raptum  ilium  virginis,  quem  jam  a  pueris  accepimus, 
declarare  videatur. 

3.  Etenim  prope  est  spelunca  quaedam,  conversa  ad  aqui- 
lonem,  infinita  altitudine,  qua  Ditem  patrem  ferunt  repente 
cum  curru  exstitisse,  abreptamque  ex  eo  loco  virginem  secum 
asportasse,  et  subito  non  longe  a  Syracusis  penetrasse  sub 
terras,  lacumque  in  eo  loco  repente  exstitisse :  ubi  usque  ad 
hoc  tempus  Syracusani  festos  dies  anniversarios  agunt  cele- 
berrimo  virorum  mulierumque  conventu. 

4.  Propter  hujus  opinionis  vetustatem,  quod  horum  in  iis 
locis  vestigia  ac  prope  incunabula  reperiuntur  deorum,  mira 
quaedam  tota  Sicilia  privatim  ac  publice  religio  est  Cereris 
Hennensis.*^  Etenim  multa  saepe  prodigia  vim  ejus  numen- 
que  declarant :  multis  saepe  in  difficillimis  rebus  praesens 
auxilium  ejus  oblatum  est,  ut  haec  insula  ab  ea  non  solum 
diligi,  sed  etiam  incoli  custodirique  videatur. —  Ve?'r.  v.  48. 

4.     The  Earth  is  made  for  Man, 

I.  Terra  vero  feta  frugibus  et  vario  leguminum  genere, 
quae  cum  maxima  largitate  fundit,  ea  ferarumne  an  hominum 
causa  gignere  videtur?  Quid  de  vitibus  olivetisque  dicam  ? 
quarum  uberrimi  laetissimique  fructus  nihil  omnino  ad  bestias 
pertinent.  Neque  enim  serendi  neque  colendi  nee  tempestive 
demetendi  percipiendique  fructus,  neque  condendi  ac  repo- 


158  Latin  Method, 

nendi  ulla  pecudum  ^  scientia  est,  earumque  omnium  rerum 
hominum  est  et  usus  et  cura. 

2.  Ut  fides  igitur  et  tibias  eorum  causa  factas  dicendum 
est,  qui  illis  uti  possent,^^  sic  ea,  quae  diximus,  iis  solis  "  con- 
fitendum  est  esse  parata,  qui  utuntur ;  nee  si  quae  bestiae 
furantur  aliquid  ex  iis  aut  rapiunt,  illarum  quoque  causa  ea 
nata  esse  dicemus.  Neque  enim  homines  murum  aut  formi- 
carum  causa  frumentum  condunt,  sed  conjugum  et  liberorum 
et  familiarum  suarum.  Itaque  bestiae  furtim  (at  dixi)  fruun- 
tur,  domini  palam  et  libere. 

3.  Tantumque  abest  ut  haec  bestiarum  etiam  causa  pa- 
rata sint,  ut  ipsas  bestias  hominum  gratia  generatas  esse 
videamus.  Quid  enim  oves  aliud  adferunt,  nisi  ut  earum 
villis  confectis  atque  contextis  homines  vestiantur  ?  Quae 
quidem  neque  ali  neque  sustentari  neque  uUum  fructum 
edere  ex  se  sine  cultu  hominum  et  curatione  potuissent.^^ 

4.  Canum  vero  tam  fida  custodia  tamque  amans  domino- 
rum  adulatio  tantumque  odium  in  externos  et  tam  incredibilis 
ad  investigandum  sagacitas  narium,  tanta  alacritas  in  venando 
quid  significat  aliud,  nisi  se  ad  hominum  commoditates  esse 
generatos  ? 

5.  Quid  de  bobus  loquar  ?  quorum  ipsa  terga  declarant 
non  esse  se  ad  onus  accipiendum  *^  figurata,  cervices  autem 
natae  ad  jugum,  tum  vires  humerorum  et  latitudines  ad  aratra 
extrahenda.  Quibus,^^  cum  terrae  subigerentur  fissione  glae- 
barum,  ab  illo  aureo  genere  (ut  poetae  loquuntur)  vis  nulla 
umquam  adferebatur. 

Ferrea  tum  vero  proles  exorta  repefite  est^ 
Ausaque  funestum  prima  est  fabricarier  ensem, 
Et  gustare  manu  vinctum  domitumque  juvencum. 

Tanta  putabatur  utilitas  percipi  ex  bobus,  ut  eorum  visceribus 
vesci  scelus  haberetur. 

6.  Longum  est  mulorum  persequi  ^  utilitates  et  asinorum, 
quae  certe  ad  hominum  usum  paratae  sunt.  Sus  vero  quid 
habet  praeter  escam  ?  Cui  ^^  quidem,  ne  putresceret,  an  imam 
ipsam  pro  sale  datam  dicit  esse  Chrysippus.     Qua  pecude,^- 


Readmg  Lessons.  159 

quod  erat  ad  vescendum  hominibus  apta,  nihil  genuit  natura 
fecundius. 

7.  Quid  multitudinem  suavitatemque  piscium  dicam,  quid 
avium  ?  ^  ex  quibus  tanta  percipitur  voluptas,  ut  interdum 
Pronoea  nostra  Epicurea  fuisse  videatur.  Atque  hae  ne 
caperentur  quidem,  nisi  hominum  ratione  atque  sollertia; 
quamquam  aves  quasdam  et  alites  et  oscines,  ut  nostri  au- 
gures  appellant,  rerum  augurandarum  *^  causa  esse  natas  pu- 
tamus. 

8.  Jam  vero  immanes  et  feras  beluas  nanciscimur 
venando,  ut  et  vescamur  iis  ^^  et  exerceamur  in  venando  ad 
similitudinem  bellicae  disciplinae,  et  utamur  domitis  et  con- 
docefactis,^^  ut  elephantis,  multaque  ex  earum  corporibus 
remedia  morbis  "  et  vulneribus  eligamus,  sicut  ex  quibusdam 
stirpibus  et  herbis,  quarum  utilitates  longinqui  temporis  usu  ^® 
et  periclitatione  percepimus. 

9.  Totam  licet  animis  tamquam  oculis  lustrare  terram 
mariaque  omnia:  cernes  jam  spatia  frugifera  atque  immensa 
camporum  vestitusque  densissimos  montium,  pecudum  pastus, 
turn  incredibili  cursus  maritimos  celeritate.  Nee  vero  supra 
terram,  sed  etiam  in  intimis  ejus  tenebris  plurimarum  rerum 
latet  utilitas,  quae  ad  usum  hominum  orta  ab  hominibus  solis 
invenitur.  —  De  Natura  Deorum,  ii.  62-64. 

5.     The  Heavens  declare  a  Creator. 

I.  Praeclare  ergo  Aristoteles  :  'Si  essent,' ^^  inquit,  'qui 
sub  terra  semper  habitavissent'*''  bonis  et  illustribus  domiciliis, 
quae  essent  ^'  ornata  signis  atque  picturis,  instructaque  rebus 
iis  omnibus  quibus  abundant  ii  qui  beati  putantur,  nee  tamen 
exissent  umquam  supra  terram,  accepissent  autem  fama  et 
auditione,  esse  quoddam  numen  et  vim  deorum  ;  deinde  ali- 
quo  tempore,  patefactis  terrae  faucibus,  ex  illis  abditis 
sedibus  evadere  in  haec  loca,  quae  nos  incolimus,  atque 
exire  potuissent :  2.  cum  repente  terram  et  maria  caelumque 
vidissent,  nubium  magnitudinem  ventorumque  vim  cogno- 
vissent,  adspexissentque  solem,  ejusque  tum  magnitudinem 
pulchritudinemque^  tum  etiam  efficientiam  cognovissent,  quod 


i6o  Latin  Method, 

is  diem  efficeret  ^'  toto  caelo  luce  diffusa  ;  cum  autem  terras 
nox  opacasset,*^  turn  caelum  totum  cerneretit  astris  distinctum 
et  ornatum,  lunaeque  luminum  varietatem  tum  crescentis  ^ 
tum  senescentis,  eorumque  omnium  ortus  et  occasus,  atque 
in  omni  aeternitate  ratos  immutabilesque  cursus  ;  haec  cum 
viderent,  profecto  et  esse  ^®  deos  et  haec  tanta>  opera  deorum 
esse  arbitrarentur.'  —  id.  ii.  37. 

6.     An  Active  Old  Age. 

1.  Nihil  necesse  est  mihi  de  me  ipso  dicere,^^  quamquam 
est  id  quidem  senile,  aetatique  nostrae  conceditur.  Videtisne 
ut  apud  Homerum  saepissime  Nestor  de  virtutibus  suis  prae- 
dicet?^^  Tertiam  enim  jam  aetatem  hominum  vivebat,  nee 
erat  ei  verendum  ne  vera  praedicans  de  se  nimis  videretur 
aut  insolens  aut  loquax.  Etenim,  ut  ait  Homerus,  ex  ejus 
lingua  melle  dulcior  fluebat  oratio,  quam  ad  suavitatem  nullis 
egebat  corporis  viribus.^^  Et  tamen  dux  ille  Graeciae  nus- 
quam  optat  ut  Ajacis  similis  habeat  decem,  sed  ut  Nestoris ; 
quod  si  sibi  acciderit,*'  non  dubitat  quin  brevi  sif^  Troja 
peritura. 

2.  Sed  redeo  ad  me.  Quartum  ago  annum  et  octogesi- 
mum.  Vellem  *^  equidem  idem  posse  gloriari  quod  Cyrus  ;  sed 
tamen  hoc  queo  dicere  :  non  me  quidem  iis  esse  viribus^® 
quibus  aut  miles  bello  Punico,  aut  quaestor  eodem  bello, 
aut  consul  in  Hispania  fuerim,  aut  quadriennio  post,  cum 
tribunus  militaris  depugnavi  apud  Thermopylas  M'.  Glabri- 
one  consule  ;^^  sed  tamen,  ut  vos  videtis,  non  plane  me  ener- 
vavit,  non  adflixit  senectus  ;  non  curia  viris  meas  desiderat, 
non  rostra,  non  amici,  non  clientes,  non  hospites.  Nee  enim 
umquam  sum  adsensus  veteri  illi  laudatoque  proverbio,^®  quod 
monet  mature  fieri  senem^  si  diu  velis  *'  senex  esse :  ego  vero  me 
minus  diu  senem  esse  mallem,  quam  esse  senem  ante  quam 
essem.^^  Itaque  nemo  adhuc  convenire  me  voluit,  cui 
fuerim^®  pccupatus. — De  Senect.  10. 


Notes,  165 

2.  obtineret,  lield  against  the  enemy. 

3.  impetu  conabantur,  were  just  trying  by  a  rush  (imperfect). 

4.  perfect!  operis,  of  the  finished  task  ==  at  having  finished  the 
task.  The  genitive  is  very  often  used,  where  w^e  might  expect  a 
different  case,  when  two  nouns  are  closely  connected,  as  here. 

5.  sustinuit,  held  in  check. 

7.  sic  armatus,  armed  as  he  ivas. 

10.  comitio  :  the  comitium  was  the  place  of  patrician  gatherings. 
It  was  an  elevated  part  of  the  Forum.  —  quantum,  as  much  as. 
12.  pro,  in  proportion  to. 

2.    The  Deed  of  Mucius  Sccevola. 

1.  14.  obsidio  erat,  the  siege  continued.  — frumenti  limits  inopia. 

2.  expugnaturum  [esse]  se,  that  he  should  cotiquer,  depending 
on  spem  habebat.  In  the  future  of  indirect  discourse,  with  the 
participle  in  urus,  the  infinitive  esse  is  more  commonly  omitted. 

5.  ne  deprehensus  retraheretur,  lest  he  should  be  seized  and 
dragged  back  ("  lest  being  seized,"  &c.). 

7.  senatum,  governed  by  adiit  as  a  transitive  verb,  as  often 
with  compounds  of  ad,  trans,  and  circum  (§  52,  i.  d). 

8.  si  possim,  if  I  should  be  able :  the  present  subjunctive  with 
si  is  generally  to  be  rendered  with  should. 

9.  populationum  .   .   .  ultor  =  to  avenge  in  turn  the  plunder. 

10.  ferro,  steel,  poetic  for  gladio,  sivord. 

2.  2.  daretur,  was  [in  the  act  of]  being  given. 

(P-  1 53-)  I-  adirent:  observe  that  this  subjunctive  depends  on 
cum,  two  lines  before. 

3.  vadentem,  as  he  went,  agreeing  with  eum  (understood), 
object  following  cum  .  .  .  retraxissent :  when  the  king^s  attendants 
had  seized  (comprehensum),  and  dragged  him  back  ("him  having 
been  seized  "). 

6.  destitutus  =  alone. 

3.  I .  vocant,  understand  me.  —  hostis  is  in  apposition  with  ego, 
subject  of  volui.  . 

2.  est,  understand  mihi  :  /  have  ("there  is  to  me")  no  less 
courage  for  death  than  I  had  for  killing. 

3.  fortia,  translate  by  an  adverb,  bravely.  —  Romanum,  a  Roman 
virtue. 

4.  petentium,  of  those  seeking  (or  aiming  at).  The  genitive 
petentium  limits  ordo,  to  be  translated  series  or  succession. 


i66  Latin  Method. 

5.  accingere  (pass,  imperat.),  hrace  yourself  up  for  this  conflict 
if  it  pleases  you.  —  in  singulas  horas  =from  hour  to  hour. 

6.  capite  tuo,  for  your  life :  the  stake  or  prize  of  the  conflict 
being  taken  is  the  abl.  of  price. — dimices,  habeas,  pres.  subj., 
following  ut,  so  that  you  may^  Sfc. 

7.  juventus,  in  appos.  with  nos  (understood),  subject  of  indi- 
cimus. 

8.  nuUam  timueris  (the  perf,  subj.,  used  for  the  imperative  in 
prohibitions  :  see  Lesson  16,  i.  c.)  :  fear  no  arjny,  Sfc. 

4.  2.  nisi  .  .  .  jaceret,  unless  he  should  instantly  declare  plainly 
the  threats  of  plots  against  him,  which  he  threw  out  by  dark  hints  (am- 
bages). The  noun  (minas)  is  here,  as  commonly  in  Latin,  in  the 
relative  clause. 

3.  en  tibi,  look  you  !  —  vile,  worthless. 

8.  in  te  .  .  .  ausus,  you  who  have  dared  hostile  deeds  against 
yourself  §'c. 

9.  macte  virtute,  a  common  phrase  of  encouragement,  like 
persevere  in  valor  or  merit.  —  macte  is  a  vocative  (  =magis  aucte), 
though  here  used  in  indirect  discourse. 

5.  2.  apud  te,  icith  you.  — ut  .  .  .  tuleris,  so  that  you  have  tvon 
from  me  by  kindness  what  you  could  not  by  threats. 

5.  ceciderit,  fut.  perfect,  to  be  translated  by  the  simple  future, 
as  it  shall  fall  to  each  first  [in  his  turn]. 

6.  Mucium,  object  of  secuti  sunt. 

7.  Scaevolae,  dative  (seep.  88).  —  clade,  loss. 

9.  agro,  ablative  following  ex  in  excessit. 

3.    The  Escape  of  Cloelia. 

1.2.  una  ex  obsidibus,  for  una  obsidum :  this  form  is  more 
common  than  the  genitive  after  numerals  (§  50,  2.  e.  r.^). 
6.  quod  ubi,  when  this.  ^c.  (see  Note,  p.  131)- 

8.  alias   .   .   .  facere,  made  the  others  of  no  great  account. 

10.  prse  se  ferre.  asserted  or  declared.  —  pro  rupto,  as  broken. 

11.  sic  .  .  .  remissurum,  so  (on  the  other  hand),  7/ 5wrrenf/emi, 
he  icould  restore  her  unharmed  to  her  friends  (suos). 

2.  I.  constitit,  remained  firm.  —  ex  foedere,  according  to  the 
treaty. 

6.  probabile,  etc.,  it  teas  approved  by  the  general  feeling  (con- 
sensu) of  the  hostages  themselves,  that  [the  persons  of]  that  age  should 
be  released,  &fc. 


Notes,  167 

Miscellaneous     Selections. 

Selection  I.  —  i.  sonus  is  limited  by  ferri,  and  subject  of 
reddebatur.  —  longius  .   .   .  e   proximo,  at  a  distance^  close  by. 

2.  inhabitantibus  (dative),  translate  by  (strictly  on  the  part  of). 
vigiliam,  object  of  sequebatur.  In  English,  the  passive  con- 
struction would  be  more  natural:  watching  was  followed  by,  Sfc  — 
causis,  than  the  cause  of  it  (the  fear).  —  soUtudine,  to  solitude. 
The  Latin  often  uses  the  ablative  to  denote  the  penalty.  —  tota, 
i.  e.  entirely.  —  proscribebatur :  the  imperfect  means  not  it  was 
advertised,  but  the  advertisement  was  kept  up.  —  seu  .  .  .  vellet,  in 
case  any  one  should  wish. 

3.  quia  gives  the  reason  of  peroontatus.  —  audita  is  taken  with 
simulacra. 

4.  ubique,  i.  e.  everyivhere  else,  —stahsit :  the  imperfect  de- 
scribes the  appearance  of  the  phantom. 

5.  capiti,  over  the  head.  —  catenis  :  translate  as  accusative,- 
rattled  the  chains,  noticing  the  difference  of  idiom. — idem, 
governed  by  innuentem.  —  quod  prius,  i.  e.  innuerat.  — nee,  and 
not ;  as  it  is  very  often,  much  oftener  than  nor.  —  desertus,  i.  e. 
after  he  was  thus  abandoned.  —  signum,  in  apposition  with  herbas, 
etc.,  as  a  mark 

6.  quae  corpus  reliquerat,  i.  e.  lohich  had  been  left  by  the  body 
(its  decay).  —  exesa,  i.  e.  by  rust.  —  conditis  manibus,  the  ghost 
being  laid.  —  caruit,  ivas  relieved,  i.  e  of  the  disturbance  which  is 
implied  by  the  whole  of  the  precedin:g. 

Selection  II.  —  i .  otiandi  depends  on  causa.  —  quod  cum, 
and  ichen  this  (§  45,  6).  —  Cauio,  dative  following  licere,  that 
Canius  might  use  them. 

2.  qui  e&set  =  inasmuch  as  he  teas.  —  apparatum,  sc.  est,  teas 
got  ready. 

3.  tantumne,  such  a  quantity :  the  ne  only  continues  the  ques- 
tion. —  gravate,  i.  e.  agebat,  a  kind  of  idiom.  —  quid  multa,  i.  e. 
dicam  :  another  common  idiom  which  should  be  noticed  as  such. 

—  impetrat,  i.  e.  his  request.  —  instructos,  agreeing  with  hortos. 
nomina  facit,  makes  out  the  bill  (so  used  on  account  of  the  name  in 
the  account-book). 

4.  scalmum  nullum,  i.  e.  not  so  much  as  a  thole-pin.  —  eos 
nullos,  none  of  them,  a  regular  Latin  idiom.  — nullae,  sc.  feriae. 

—  quod,  so  far  as  (adverbial  accusative.) 

Selection  III.  —  i.  constat,  is  made  out  from  (lit.  stands  toge- 
ther).—  hoc  .  .   .  persuasum  est,  are  persuaded  of  this.     N^otice 


i68  Latin  Method. 

the  idiom,  which  is  regular.  —  quam  eandem,  etc.,  the  same  whom 
they  call. 

Selection  IV.  —  i .  ea,  antecedent  of  quae,  coming  last,  as 
usual  in  Latin.  —  serendi  depends  on  scientia. 

5.  se  refers  to  terga.  —  latitudines,  plural  (as  often  in  Latin) 
because  he  is  thinking  of  many  cases  or  examples.  —  fissione,  etc. ; 

.  the  early  time  when  the  ground  had  to  be  broken,  and  of  course 
cattle  were  more  necessary.  — aureo,  i.  e.  the  golden  age.  —  fabri- 
carier :  formerly  the  infinitive  passive  ended  as  here  (an  extract 
from  an  old  poet)  in  er.  —  manu,  connected  with  vinctum.  —  vesci, 
subj.  of  haberetur. 

6.  longum  est:  we  should  say  in  English  it  would  take  too  long 
(see  Gr.  §  60,  2.  c).  —  pro  sale,  instead  of  salt,  i.  e.  merely  to  keep 
it  from  spoiling  (ne  putesceret).  —  pecude  depends  on  fecundius. 

7.  Pronoea,  Providence,  in  our  modern  sense;  an  idea  of  the 
Stoics,  one  of  whom  is  here  spgaking,  hence  nostra.  —  Epiourea 

-<  (pred.)*  an  Epicurean:  fem.  on  account  of  the  gender  of  Pronoea. 
Thfe  itiea  is^that  Providence  seems  to  be  an  Epicurean  in  providing 
so  many  good  things  for  the  appetite. 

8.  stirpibus,  bushes,  that  have  stems. — herbis,  plants,  grasses 
and  the  like  without  woody  stems. 

9.  licet,  you  may,  taken  with  lustrare.  —  plurimarum,  etc., 
very  many  things  of  use  (lit.  the  usefulness  of  many  things). 

Selection  V.  —  essent,  the  subject  is  the  implied  antecedent 
of  qui,  men  who.  —  quoddam,  a.  This  word  is  used  because  the 
thing,  though  only  referred  to  indefinitely,  is  however  definitely 
known.  —  esse  deos,  that  there  are  gods. 

Selection  VI.  —  i.  senile,  characteristic  of  old  men. — prae- 
dicet,  from  praedico,  are. — aetatem,  Gr.  §  52,  i.  h.  —  quam 
belongs  w^ith  suavitatem  :  the  relative  is  often  displaced  in  this 
way  by  a  preposition  connected  with  it.  — dux  ille,  Agamemnon, 
the  chief  of  the  Trojan  expedition. 

2.  equidem:  the  force  of  this  word  is  concessive.  The  idea  is, 
' '  though  I  cannot  make  the  same  boast  that  Cyrus  (I  wish  I 
could),  still  this  I  can  say,  &c."  The  Latin  particles  have  just 
this  kind  of  force,  and  we  cannot  begin  too  soon  to  notice  them. 
—  quidem,  again  concessiye  (see  preceding  note).  Translate, 
though  I  have  not,  Sfc,  still  (sed  tamen). — ego:  notice  that  it 
is  emphatic,  —  /  for  my  part.  Do  not  get  the  habit,  because  in 
English  the  personal  pronouns  are  expressed,  whether  emphatic  or 
not,  of  disregarding  their  emphasis  when  expressed  in  Latin. 


f 


<^ 


PREPARED  BY  WILLIAM  DEUTSCH, 


TEACHER    IN    THE    ST.     LOUIS    HIGH    SCHOOL. 


SUGGESTIONS  TO  THE  TEACHER. 

1.  Have  the  Grammar  part  and  the  Vocabularies  well  studied  before 
passing  to  the  translation. 

2.  Do  not  neglect  blackboard  and  other  written  exercises. 

3.  Have   the   principal    synonymes    (found    on    pages   235   to   242) 
memorized. 

4.  Do  not  neglect  frequent  reviewing. 

5.  Assign  short  lessons  duringvthe  first  quarter. 


EXERCISES. 


Lesson  i. 


First  Declension,  Page  4. 

(Omit  Greek  Nouns.) 

Vocabulary. 

ala,  ae  (f.),  wing.  porta,  ae  (f.),  gate. 

amicitia  ae  {¥.\  friendship.  puella,  ae  {¥.),girL 

aqua,  ae  (f.),  water.  pugna,  ae  (f.),  battle. 

aquila,  ae  (f.),  eagle.  regina,  ae  (f.),  queen. 

columba,  ae  (f.),  dove.  Roma,  ae  (f.),  Ro7ne. 

causa,  ae  (f.),  cause.  rbsa,  ae  (f.),  rose. 

Europa,  ae  (f.),  Europe.  Siciiia,  ae  (f.),  Sicily. 

femina,  ae  (f.),  woman.  vita,  ae  (f.),  life. 

filia,  ae  (f.),  daughter.  et  or  -que,  and. 

gloria,  ae  {Y.^^lory.  est,  he  is;  sunt,  they  are. 

hora,  ae  (f.),  hour.  habet,   he  has  j    habeut,   they 
incola,  ae  (m.),  inhabita7it.  have. 

inimicitia,  ae  (f.),  enmity.  cum  (with  abl.),  with. 

nauta,  ae  (m.),  sailor.  in  (with  abl.),  in. . 

patria,  ae  (f.),  native  city.  in  (with  ace),  into. 

pbeta,  ae  (m.),  poet.  e,  ex  (with  abl,),  out  of 

Translate  into  English. 

1.  Hora,  horarum,  hora,  horis ;  nautas,  nautae,  nautam. 

2.  Siciiia  est  insula  Europae. 

3.  Nautae  filia. 

4.  Filiabus  reginarum. 

5.  Puella  est  feminae  filia. 

6.  Roma  portas  habet. 

7.  Columbae  alas  habent. 

8.  Amicitia  est  vitae  gloria. 

9.  Incolae  rosas  habent. 

10.  In  aquam  ;  ex  aqua. 

11.  Cum  nautis  incolisque. 

12.  Inimicitia  incolarum  est  causa  pugnae. 


I/O  Latin  Method. 

Write  in  Latin.  . 

1.  Of  girls ;  to  the  daughter ;  the  queens  (ace). 

2.  Out  of  the  water;  in  the  water ;  into  the  water. 

3.  The  eagles  have  wings. 

4.  The  woman  has  a  rose. 

5.  The  inhabitants  of  Sicily  are  sailors. 

6.  The  battle  is  the  cause  of  glory. 

7.  The  enmity  of  the  inhabitants  is  the  cause  of  battles. 

8.  With  the  daughters  of  the  queens. 

9.  She  is  the  daughter  of  the  queen. 
10.  O  Rome,  the  native-city  of  poets. 

Lesson  2. 

Second  Declension,  Page  5. 

(Omit  Greek  Nouns.) 

Vocabulary. 

ager,  agri  {^.\  field.  liber,  ri  (m.),  book. 

amicus,  i  {m.),  friend.   '  litterae,  ?LX\xm  {y  ),  letter. 

argentum,  i  (n.),  silver.  inimicus,  i  (m.),  enemy. 

aurum,  i  (n.),  gold.  magister,    ri    (m.),    master, 
avus,  i  (m.),  grandfather.  teacher. 

bellum,  i  (n.),  war.  metallum,  i  (n.),  metal. 

dat,  he  gives.  murus,  i  (m.),  wall. 

dant,  they  give.  oppidum,  ii'H.),  town. 

ddminus,  i  (m  ),  lord,  master.  praemium,  i  (n.),  reward. 

donum,  i  (n  ),  gift.  puer,  i  (m.),  boy. 

equus,  i  (m.),  horse.  servus,  i  (m.),  slave. 

filius,  i  (m.),  son.  s6cer,  i  {m),  father-in-law. 

gener,  i  (m  ),  son-in-law.  templum,  i  (n.),  temple. 

gladius,  i  (m.),  sword.  vir,  i  (m.),  man. 
Translate  into  English. 

1.  Amici,  amicorum,  amicos,  amice. 

2.  Agro,  agris,  agrum,  agri. 

3.  Templum,  templa,  templorum,  templi. 

4.  Dominus  servos  equosque  habet. 

5.  Socer  agrum  genero  dat. 

6.  Templa  sunt  gloria  Romae. 

7.  Aurum  et  argentum  sunt  metalla. 

8.  Amici  avi  poetae  sunt. 

9.  Magistri  pueris  et  puellis  dona  dant. 
10.  Oppidum  muros  et  portas  habet. 


Exercises.  171 

Write  in  Latin. 

1.  The  boys  have  books. 

2.  The  teacher  gives  doves  to  the  boys. 

3.  The  enemies  of  the  master  have  swords. 

4.  The  friends  of  the  queen  are  poets,  not  sailors. 

5.  The  father-in-law  gives  gold  and  silver  to  the  temples. 

6.  The  metals  are  the  cause  of  war. 

7.  The  friends  of  the  boy  have  the  books  of  the  men. 

8.  The  queen  gives  rewards  to  the  inhabitants. 

9.  [There]  is  the  letter  of  the  son-in-law. 

10.  The  son  and  the  friend  of  the  sailor  are  poets. 

Lesson  3. 

Second  Declension,  continued.    Questions.    Pages  5  and  8. 

Vocabulary. 

agric51a,  ae  (m.),  farmer.  hortus,  i  (m.),  garden. 

Athenae,  arum  (f.),  Athens.  Italia,  ae  (f.),  Italy. 

Cbrinthus,  i  (f.),  Corinth.  morbus,  i  (m.),  disease^  sick- 

deus,  i  (m.)  God.  pomum,  i  (n.),  apple.     Sjtess. 

disclptilus,     i     (m.),    pupil,  Romanus,  i  (m.),  Roman, 

scholar.  scutum,  i  (n.),  shield. 

d6a,  ae  (f.),  Goddess.  taurus,  i  (m.),  bull. 

6rat,  he  was.  iibi  ?   where  f 

grant,  they  were.  vQcat,  he  calls. 

Graecus,  i  (m.)„  Greek.  vbcant,  they  call. 

Translate  into  English. 

1.  Vocatne  filium  ? 

2.  Num  agricola  amici  filiabus  rosas  dat  ?     Non  dat. 

3.  Nonne  Roma  muros  portasque  habet?     Habet. 

4.  Erantne  filii  filiaeque  domini  ? 

5.  Discipuli  cum  magistro  Romae  et  Corinthi  erant. 

6.  Ubi  amici  libri  sunt  ? 

7.  Romani  gladios  et  scuta  habent. 

8.  Bella  morborum  causa  erant. 

9.  Dii  erant  amici  Graecorum  et  Romanorum. 
10.  Avus  donum  dis  dat. 


1/2  Latin  Method, 

Write  in  liatin. 

1.  Does  the  sailor  call  [his]  daughter?     No. 

2.  Is  not  gold  the  cause  of  battles  and  wars?     Yes. 

3.  Does  the  teacher  give  a  reward  to  the  girls  ? 

4.  The  father-in-law  gives  fields  and  bulls  to  the  friends 
of  the  queen.  ^ 

5.  The  son  of  the  poet  was  in  Sicily,  in  Rome,  and  in 
Corinth. 

6.  In  the  garden  of  the  master  [there]   are  apples  and 
roses. 

7.  The  Romans  give  gold  and  silver  to  the  goddesses. 

8.  Where  were   the   servants   of   the   grandfather  ?      In 
Athens.     In  Italy. 

Lesson  4. 

Adjectives  of  tlie  First  and  Second  Declension,  Page  6. 

Vocabulary. 

aeger,  gra,  grum,  sick,  mSlestus,  a,  um  (with  dat.), 
albus,  a,  um,  white.  troublesome. 

altus,  a,  um,  high^  deep.  multus,  a,  um,  jjtuch,  7nany. 

bonus,  a,  um,  good.  niger,  gra,  grum,  blacky  dark. 

densus,  a,  um,  dense ^  thick.  niimerus,  i  (m.),  number. 

diligentla,  ae  (f.),  diligence.  parvus,  a,  um,  sniall^  little. 

fluvius,  i  (m),  river^  stream.  pulcher,  chra,  chrum,  beau- 
Gallia,  ae  (f.),  G^^?^/ (country).  tiful. 

Graecia,  ae  (f.),  Greece.  rapidus,  a,  um,  rapid. 

gratus,    a,    um    (with    dat),  regnum,  i  (n.),  kingdom. 

pleasing^  grateful.  ^  Rhenus,  i  {^.^.^  Rhine. 

ignavus,  a,  um,  lazy.  ripa,  ae  (f),  bank. 

insula,  ae  (f.),  island.  silva,  ae  {y.^,  forest. 

latus,  a,  um,  broad,  wide.  t6ner,  era,  erum,  tender. 

longus,  a,  um,  long.  timidus,  a,  um,  timid. 

magnus,  a,  um,  great,  large.  trans  (with  ace),  across. 

miser,  era,  erum,  wretched.  volat,  heftier. 

-v61ant,  they  fly. 

Translate  into  English. 

1.  Servus  ignavus  est. 

2.  Columbae  timidae  sunt. 


V 


Exercises. 


173 


3.  Oppidum  est  parv^um. 

4.  Graecia  multa  templa  habet. 

5.  Magister  parvas  puellas  et  bonos  pueros  vocat. 

6.  Nonne  puero  donum  dat  ? 

7.  Aquila  trans  magnum  fluvium  in  silvam  densam  volat. 

8.  Insula  parva  incolas  multos  habet. 

9.  Morbus  tenero  filio  molestus  est. 

10.  Praemia  diligentiae  discipulis  grata  sunt. 

"Write  in  liatin. 

1.  The  swords  were  long. 

2.  The  towns  are  large. 

3.  The  kingdom  is  small. 

4.  The  daughters  of  the  women  are  good. 

5.  The  queen  gives  broad  swords  to  the  inhabitants. 

6.  The  roses  of  the  high  banks  are  white. 

7.  The  Rhine  is  a  rapid  river  of  Gaul. 

8.  Great  is  the  number  of  black  slaves. 

9.  The  master  gives  a  beautiful  book  to  the  sick  boy. 
10.  The  disease  is  troublesome  to  the  wretched  girl. 


Lesson  $. 

Adjectives  and  Adverbs  of  the  First  and  Second  Declension,  Pp.  6  &  41. 


Vocabulary. 


acutus,  a,  um,  sharp. 

bslllcosus,  a,  um,  warlike. 

bene  (adv.),  well. 

dbcet,  he  teaches. 

dbcent,  they  teach. 

exemplum,  i  (n.),  example. 

hgri  {pidiV  .^.,  yesterday . 

inter  (with  ace),  among,  be- 
tween. 

Latinus,  a,  um,  Latin. 

liberi,  orum  (m  ),  children. 

Hngua,  ae  (f.),  language, 
tongue. 


IScus,  i  (m.)  (plur.,  masc.  and 

ntvX.'),  place. 
meus,  a,  um,  my. 
natat,  he  swims. 
natant,  they  swim. 
noster,  ra,  rum,  our. 
noxius,  a,  um    (with   dat.), 

hurtful,  injurious. 
periculum,  i  (n.),  danger. 
proelium,  i  (n.),  battle.  ^ 
scribit,  he  writes.- 
scribunt,  they  write. 
semper  (adv.),  always. 


1/4  Latin  Method, 

Translate  into  Cnglish. 

1.  Num  puer  natat  in  magno  rapidoque  fluvio? 

2.  In  multis  proeliis  in  periculo  magno  erat. 
.  3.  Magistri  mei  semper  bene  decent. 

4.  Nautae  filius  pulchre  scribit. 

5.  Puellae  litteras  parvas  aegrae  roginae  scribunt. 

6.  In  alto  loco  parvi  pueri  cum  avo  erant. 

7.  Exemplum  servi  noxium  puero  est. 

8.  Templa  diis  et  deabus  grata  sunt.  [magistri. 

9.  Erant  multi  pueri  heri  in  horto;   et  inter  pueros  filius 
10.  Morbus  tenerae  filiae  molestus  erat. 

Write  in  Latin. 

1.  The  son  of  the  warlike  queen  has  a  sharp  sword. 

2.  Were  the  farmer's  sons  in  the  large  garden  ?     No. 

3.  The  sailor  is  in  the  garden  with  [his]  sons,  not  with 
[his]  daughters. 

4.  The  example  of  a  lazy  boy  is  injurious  to  the  pupils. 

5.  Our  daughter  writes  a  beautiful  letter  to  the  teacher. 

6.  The  black  horses  are  troublesome  to  the  man. 

7.  The  children  of  good  [men]  are  not  always  good. 

8.  Our  master  teaches  the  Latin  language  well. 

9.  Where  was  the  son  of  the  farmer  with  the  black  horses  ? 
10.  Many  books  are  injurious  to  the  sick  daughter  of  the 

sailor. 

Lesson  6. 

Present,  Imperfect,  and  Future  of  sum  and  compounds.  Pp.  S4  &  25. 

Vocabulary. 

a,  ab  (with  abl.),  away^  by.  gaudium,  i  (n.),  joy. 

absum,  /  am  absent.  intersum,  /  a7n  among.,  be- 
adsum,  /  ai7i  present.  tween. 

beatus,  a,  um,  happy.  ira,  ae  (f.),  anger. 

coutentus,  a,  um,  contented.  liber,  era,  QXMVCL^free. 

copla,  ae  (f.),  abundance.  mox  (adv.),  soon. 

copiae,   arum    (f.),  forces^  nunc  (adv.), /^^^e/. 

troops.  probus,  a,  um,  upright. 

desum,  I  am  away.,  wanting.  sed  (conj.),  but. 

frumentum,    i     (n.),     corn.,  si  (conj.),  if. 

grain. 


>    Exercises.  175 

Translate  into  English. 

1.  Estis,  eramus,  eris. 

2.  Abes,  aberimus ;  adsumus,  aderant. 

3.  Non  beatus  eras,  mi  fili. 

4.  Si  contenti  eritis,  miseri  non  eritis. 

5.  Bonis  viris  non  desunt  amid. 

6.  Semper  a  proelio  abero. 

7.  Magnae  copiae  Romanorum  in  proelio  aderant. 

8.  Estne  copia  frumenti  in  domini  agris  ? 

9.  Alexander  Magnus  multis  proeliis  intererat. 
10.  Incolae  magni  oppidi  sumus. 

Write  in  L<atin. 

1.  We  are,  thou  wilt  be,  he  was. 

2.  He  is  present ;  they  were  among  ;  she  will  be  absent. 

3.  The  town  was  small,  but  beautiful. 

4.  [There]  were  many  wars  among  the  Romans. 

5.  We  shall  soon  be  in  the  black  forest. 

6.  You  were  in  the  town  yesterday,  where  are  now  many 
boys  and  many  girls. 

7.  The  wicked  [men]  are  not  free. 

8.  To  good  [men]  friends  are  not  wanting. 

9.  Anger  will  be  injurious  to  many. 

10.  Upright  pupils  are  the  joy  of  the  teacher. 

Lesson  7. 

Perfect,  Pluperfect,  Future  Perfect  and  Imperative  of  sum,  Page  25. 

Vocabulary. 

attentus,  a,  um,  attentive.  legatus,  i  (m.),   legate^  ainbas- 
cur  ?  why  ?  sador. 

doctus,  a,  um,  learned.  ludus,  i  (m.),  play^  school. 

hddie  (adv.),  to-day.  nullus,  a,  um,  no  one,  none. 

indoctus,  a,  um,  unlearned.  officium,  i  (n.),  duty,  service. 

Justus,  a,  um,  just.  praesum,  /  am  at  the  head. 

laetus,  a,  um,  joyful.  vester,  ra,  rum,  your. 


1^6  Lathi  Method. 

Translate  into  English. 

1.  Fuisti,  fueris,  este,  sunto. 

2.  Deeras,  adfuere,  praefueratis,  praees  ! 

3.  Estis,  fuistis,  abfuerit,  inerant. 

4.  Cur  abfuisti  a  ludo  heri  ? 

5.  Mi  bone  puer,  semper  probus  es ! 

6.  Legati  Romanorum  adfuerant. 

7.  Discipuli  sunto  attenti. 

8.  Num  abfueritis  a  jJroelio  ?     Non  aberimus. 

9.  Contend  estote  officio  vestro. 
10.  Magister  discipulis  esto  amicus. 

"Write  in  Liatin. 

1.  He  will  be,  they  have  been,  we  were  present. 

2.  Be  ye  absent,  you  shall  be  present,  he  will  have  been. 

3.  The  teacher  shall  be  just. 

4.  The  contented  are  always  joyful. 

5.  My  son,  be  upright  and  attentive,  and  you  will  be  the 
joy  of  the  teacher. 

6.  Have  you  been  in  the  grandfather's  garden  to-day  ? 

7.  Let  [there]  be  no  cause  of  enmity  ;  we  are  good  friends. 

8.  They  had  been  unlearned ;  now  they  are  learned. 

Lesson  8. 

Conjunctions  and  Preposition,  Pages  11  and  41. 

Vocabulary. 
ad  (ace),  towards,  to.  saepe  (adv.),  often. 

ambiilat,  he  walks.  saxum,  i  (n.),  rock. 

ambulant,  they  walk.  secat,  he  cuts. 

aula,  ae  (f.),  hall.  secant,  they  cut. 

campus,  i  (m.'),  Jield,  plain.         venit,  he  comes. 
castra  orum  (n.),  camp.  veniunt,  they  come. 

currit,  he  runs.  vesper,  eri  (m.),  evening. 

currunt,  they  run.  videt,  he  sees. 

liipus,  i  (m.),  wolf.  vident,  they  see. 

per  (ace),  through. 


Exercises.  i  J  J 

Translate  into  English. 

1.  Num    puer   natat   in   magno    rapidoque   fluvio  ?    Non 
natat. 

2.  Parvi  discipuli  saepe  trans  latum  fluvium  natant. 

3.  Domini  non  semper  boni  fuerunt  in  {towards)  servos. 

4.  Venit  in  castra  ;  veniunt  in  hortum. 

5.  Avus  nunc  ab  insula  in  carapum  ambulat. 

6.  Agricola  venit  ad  oppidum  cum  magistri  filio. 

7.  Lupus  e  silva  currit  et  puellam  videt. 

8.  Multae  pulchraeque  puellae  in  horto  fuere  ad  vesperum. 

Write  in  L.atin. 

1.  The  boys  come  across  the  large  river  into  the  town. 

2.  The  boy  walks  in  the  garden  with  the  master's  son. 

3.  The  farmer  runs  towards  the  dense  forest. 

4.  The    sailor's    sons    come    out    of   the    large  hall    into 
the  garden. 

5.  We  were  often  on  the  banks  of  the  deep  river. 

6.  The  farmers  cut  a  broad  way  through  the  forest. 

7.  A  great  and  high  rock  is  in  the  water. 

8.  God  gives  many  gifts  to  the  upright  inhabitants. 

Lesson  9. 

Third  Declension  (p,  b,  m,  x).  Pages  13  and  14- 

Vocabulary . 

arx,  arcis  (f.),  citadel.  judex,  judicis  {m.'),  judge. 

clarus,     a,     um,    bright,     re-  lex,  legis  (f.),  law. 

nowned.  pax,  pacis  (f.),  peace. 

delectat,  he  delights.  plebs,    plebis    (f),    common 
delectant,  they  delight.  people. 

dux,  cucis  (c),  leader,  general,  pbpulus,   i   (m.),  people   (in 
factum,  i  (n.),  deed.  general). 

firm  us,  a,  um,  firm,  durable.  princeps,  cipis  (m.),  chief. 

Germani,  orum  (m.),  Germans.  rex,  regis  (m.),  kiiig. 

hiems,  hiemis  (f.),  winter.  severus,  a,  umi,  severe. 

jucundus,   a,   um  (with  dat.),  trabs,  trabis  (f.),  beatn. 

pleasing.  urbs,  urbis  (f.),  city. 


178  Latin  Method. 

Translate  into  ^English. 

1.  Trabes,  trabium  ;  urbis,  urbibus. 

2.  Duci,  diice,  ducum  ;  regem,  regis,  reges. 

3.  Pax  regi  jucunda  fuit. 

4.  Judices  erant  justi. 

5.  Hiems  longa  agricolis  molesta  erit. 

6.  Duces  Graecorum  incolis  insularum  pacem  dant. 

7.  Incolae  Romae  severas  leges  habent. 

8.  Multae  urbes  Graeciae  clarae  fuerunt. 

9.  Firma  fuerat  arx  oppidi. 

10.  Facta  principum  Romanorum  bellicosa  erant. 

Write  in  L.atin. 

1.  Of  the  city,  for  the  cities,  many  cities  (ace.) 

2.  By  the  law,  of  laws,  the  law  (ace.) 

3.  Rome  is  the  renowned  city  of  Italy. 

4.  The  Romans  give  rewards  to  good  leaders. 

5.  The  king  gives,  a  gift  to  the  severe  judge. 

6.  The  laws  of  Athens  were  pleasing  to  the  Greeks. 

7.  Bad  examples  are  injurious  to  the  people. 

8.  A  long  peace  was  pleasing  to  the  chief  of  the  Germans. 

9.  We   are   now  in   the   city,  but  we   shall   soon   be   in 
our  gardens. 

10.  Pleasant  winters  delight  farmers  and  sailors. 

Lesson  10. 

Third  Declension,  continued  (t,  d),  Page  12. 

Vocabulary. 

aestas,  atis  (f.),  sum7ner.  mors,  mortis  (f.),  death. 

civitas,  atis  (f.),  state.  natiira,  ae  (f.),  nature. 

custos,  odis  (m.),  guardian.  nox,  noctis  (f.),  night. 

dens,  dentis  (m.),  tooth.  obses,  idis  (c),  hostage. 

equSs,  itis  (m.),  horseman.  occidit,  he  kills. 

Galli,  orum  (m.),  Gauls.  occidunt,  they  kill. 

hasta,  ae  (f.),  spear.  pSdes,  itis  {m.^,  foot-soldier. 

lapis,  idis  (m.),  stone.  pons,  pontis  (m,),  bridge. 

libertas,  atis  {¥.),  freedom.  tempestas,  atis  (f.),  tempest. 

miles,  itis  (m.),  soldier.  voluntas,  atis  (f.),  wish^  will. 
mens,  mentis  (m.),  mountain. 


Exercises.  1 79 

Translate  into  English. 

1.  Custodis,  custodem  ;  pediti,  pedites  ;  pontem,  pontium. 

2.  Morti,  morte;  civitatem,  civitatibus;  dentes;  montibus. 

3.  Miles  gladio  obsidem  occidit. 

^    4.  Milites  lapidibus  comites  occidunt. 

5.  Nostri  equites  et  pedites  in  proelio  timidi  fuerunt. 

6.  Mors  naturae  lex  semper  fuit. 

7.  Voluntas  militum  duci  grata  erit. 

8.  Pedites  auri  custodes  gladiis  occidunt. 

9.  Principes  Germanorum  Romanis  multos  obsides  dant. 

10.  Tempestates  aestatis  agricolis  nautisque  noxiae  sunt. 

11.  Trabes  in  pontibus  longae  sunt. 

TFrite  in  Latin. 

1.  Of  a  companion,  to  companions ;  the  nights,  by  night. 

2.  The  horsemen,  with  horsemen  ;  with  a  stone,  of  stones. 

3.  Long   nights   in  winter  are   pleasant   to   the   teacher 
and  pupils. 

4.  The  hostages  kiH  the  foot-soldiers  with  spears. 

5.  The  inhabitants  kill  many  soldiers  with  large  stones. 

6.  The  soldiers  kill  the  timid  guardians  of  the  silver. 

7.  A   tempest   in   summer   is    troublesome   to   the  foot- 
soldiers. 

8.  The  laws  of  the  Roman  state  were  renowned. 

9.  Freedom  of  the  inhabitants  shall  be  the  law  of  the 
state. 

10.  The  forces  of  the  Romans  kill  the  horsemen  of  the 
Gauls  with  swords. 

Lesson  ii. 

Third  Declension,  continued  (1,  n,  r),  Pages  13  and  14. 

Vocabulary. 

^admiratlo,  onis  (f.),  adinira-  certus,  a,  um,  certain. 

tton.  consul,  iilis  (m.),  consul. 

agggr,  eris  (m.),  mound.  dQ16r,  oris  (m.),  pain. 

ansgr,  6ris  {^.^,  goose.  flos,  floris  {u),  flower. 

auctumnus,  i  (m.),  autufun.  fratgr,  tris  (m.),  brother. 

cI15r,  oris  (m.),  heat.  hdmo,  Inis  (c),  Jtian^  ivoinan. 


i8o  Latin  Method, 

invidus,  a,  um,  envious.  5dor,  oris  (m.),  smell. 

jucunditas,  atis  (f.),  delight.  oratio,  onis  (f,),  oration. 

labor,    oris  (m.),  work,  hard-  orator,  oris  (m.),  orator. 

ship.  pastor,  oris  (m.),  shepherd. 

laudat,  he  praises.  pater,  tris  {u.),  father. 

laudant,  they  praise.  sermo,  onis  (m.),  discourse. 

leo,  leonis  (m.),  lion.  sol,  solis  (m.),  stm. 

mater,  ris  (f.),  mother.  soror,  oris  (f.),  sister. 

monstrat,  he  shows.  validus,  a,  um,  strong. 

monstrant,  they  show.  varius,  a,  um,  various. 

mos,     moris     (m.),     manner,  venator,  oris  (m.),  huntsman. 

custom.  Virgo,  mis  (f.),  ntaiden. 
nemo,  inis  (c),  nobody  (no  plural). 

Translate  into  Englisb. 

r.  Consulem,  consulum ;  patri,  patres. 

2.  Laboris,  laboribus  ;  more,  mores. 

3.  Leonem,  leoni ;  virgines,  virginum. 

4.  Homines  invidi  neminem  laudant. 

5.  Magna  fuit  admiratio  leonum. 

6.  Pueri  caram  matrem  vocant. 

7.  Pastores  venatori  lupum  monstrant. 

8.  Puellae  fratres  et  sorores  habent. 

9.  Varii  sunt  odores  florum. 

10.  Sermo  oratoris  doctus  fuerat. 

11.  Vita  hominibus  grata  est,  mors  certa. 

12.  Aestate  solis  calor  militibus  saepe  molestus  est. 

Write  in  Latin. 

1.  To  the  flower,  of  flowers  ;  brothers,  with  brothers. 

2.  A  man  (ace),  of  men  ;  geese,  to  geese. 

3.  The  maidens  of  the  city  Rome  were  beautiful. 

4.  The  heat  in  autumn  is  injurious  to  the  mother. 

5.  The  sermons  of  the  orators  are  learned. 

6.  The    sisters    were    in    the   garden  with    [their]  father 
and  mother. 

7.  The  manner  of  the  brother  gives  pain  to  the  teacher. 

8.  The  mounds  of  the  camp  are  high  and  broad. 

9.  A  good  oration  is  the  delight  of  learned  men. 
10.  The  strong' hunter  kills  the  lion  with  the  sword. 


Exercises.  1 8  r 

Lesson  12. 

Third  Declension,  continued  (i),  Page  14. 

Vocabulary. 

ater,  atra,  Strum,  black.  hostis,  is  (c),  enemy  (public), 

canis,  is  (c),  dog.  jiivenis,  is  {m.),  young  man. 

civis,  is  (c),  citizen,  navis,  is  (f.),  ship. 

clades,  is  (f.),  slaughter.  notus,  a,  um,  known. 

classis,  is  {^),  fleet.  niibes,  is  (f.),  cloud. 

caelum,  i  (k.),  sky,  heaven.  *  peritus,  a,  um,  skilful. 

comploratio,   onis  (f.),  weep-  rupes,  is  (f.),  rock. 


tug. 


turns, 


diirus,  a,  um,  hard.  vallis,  is  (f.),  valley. 

Germania,  ae  (f.),  Germany.      vestis,  is  (f.),  garment,  dress. 

Translate  into  English- 

1.  Gives,  civium  ;  cladem,  cladibus. 

2.  Hoste,  hostes;  nubi,  nubium. 

3.  Clades  hostium  magna  fuit. 

4.  Multae  urbes  Italiae  altas  turres  habent. 

5.  Classis  Romana  duces  peritos  habet. 

6.  Mater  pulchram  vestem  virgini  dat. 

7.  Nubes  atrae  causa  tempestatis  sunt. 

8.  Valles  Germaniae  hostibus  notae  fuerunt. 

9.  Dux  Romanorum  civibus  aurum  argentumque  dat. 
10.  Juvenis  complorationem  sororis  videt. 

Write  in  !Latin. 

1.  Of  dogs,  by  a  dog;  the  rocks,  a  rock  (ace). 

2.  The  ships,  of  a  ship;  of  citizens,  with  a  citizen. 

3.  The  boys  kill  the  shepherd's  dog  with  stones. 

4.  The   fleet   of   the    Romans    have   many  ships  and   a 
skilful  leader. 

5.  The  valleys  of  Greece  are  known  to  the  citizens. 

6.  Many  hard  rocks  are  in  the  mountains. 

7.  The  maidens  give  beautiful  garments  to  the  daughters 
of  the  sailors.  [and  citizens. 

8.  The  beautiful  young  man  is  the  friend  of  the  soldiers 

9.  My  friend,  be  the  leader  of  the  inhabitants  ! 

10.  Black  clouds  in  the  sky  are  the  cause  of  tempests. 


1 82  Latin  *  Method, 

Lesson  13. 

Third  Declension,  continued.      (Neuter  Nouns  in  n,  1,  r,  xis,  tajT 
Pages  13,  13,  and  14. 

Vocabulary. 

animal,  alls  (m.),  aniinaL  ira,  ae  (f.),  anger. 

annus,  i  (M.),^^^r.  litus,  6ris  (n.),  shore. 

aureus,  a,  um,  golden.  mare,  is  (n.),  sea. 

avis,  is  (f.),  bird.  nomen,  inis  (n.),  name. 

Caesar,  aris  (m.),  Ccesar.  bpus,  eris  (n.),  iv?rk. 

calcar,  aris  (n.),  spur.  6s,  oris  (n.),  mouth. 

capiit,  itis  (n.),  head.  6s,  ossis  (n.),  bone. 

corpus,  6ris  (n.),  body.  periciilosus,  a,  um,  dangerous. 

dScus,  oris  (n.),  ornament.  piscis,  is  {yx.^^fish. 

d6micilium,  i  (n.),  abode.  poema,  atis  {yi.^,  poem. 

elephantus,  i  (m.),  elephant.  scelus,  eris  (n.),  crime. 

fulgur,  iiris  (n.),  lightning.  stat,  he  stands. 

genus,  eris  (n.),  race^  class.  stant,  they  stand. 

Hannibal,    alis   (m.),  Ban-  tempos,  6ris  (n.),  time, 
nibal.                                       .      vulnus,  Sris  (n.),  wound. 

Translate  into  ^English. 

1.  Nominis ;  fulgura;  operi ;  corporum. 

2.  Mari ;  animalium  ;  capitis;  calcaria. 

3.  Multa  animalia  parva  capita  habent. 

4.  Maria  piscium  domicilia  sunt. 

5.  Romulus  nomen  Romam  novae  urbi  dat. 

6.  Tempore  hiemis  multae  aves  in  litore  stant. 

7.  Opera  Graecorum  poetarum  clara  sunt. 

8.  Calcaria  sunt  decus  equitis. 

9.  Genera  animalium  sunt  varia. 

10.  Ira  causa  multorum  scelerum  semper  fuit. 

Write  in  Latin. 

1.  The  animals ;  with  a  spur;  of  bodies ;  to  the  wound. 

2.  Of  the  poem;  the  races;  of  times;  with  names. 

3.  The  crimes  are  known  to  the  judge. 

4.  Elephants  have  strong  bodies  and  large  heads. 

5.  The  time  of  the  year  is  pleasant. 

6.  The  fish  has  a  small  mouth. 


Exercises.  183 

7.  The  wounds  of  the  soldier  are  large  and  dangerous. 

8.  The  king  gives  golden  spurs  to  the  horsemen. 

9.  The  deep  sea  is  the  abode  of  fishes. 

10.  The  works  of  Hannibal  and  Caesar  were  renowned. 

Lesson  14. 

Third  Declension,  continued.     (Gen.  in  utis,  uris,  and  irreg.  nouns.) 

Page  14. 

Vocabulary. 
arbor,  6ris  (f.),  tree.  palus,  udis  (f.),  swamp. 

benignus,  a,  um,  kind.  sacer,  era,  crum,  sacred. 

bos,  bbvis  (c),  ox,  cotu.  salus,  utis  (f.),  safety,  health. 

caro,  carnis  {y.),  flesh.  senectus,  utis  (f.),  old  age. 

divitiae,  arum  (f.),  riches.  senex,  is  (m.),  old  man. 

Jupitgr,  J6vis  (m.),  Jupiter.         siipremus,  a,  um,  supreine. 
jus,  juris  (n.),  right,  law.   ■         tellus,  uris  (f.),  earth. 
jiiventus,   utis    (f.),  youth,        virtus,  tutis  (f.),  virtue. 

young  age.  vis,  vis  (¥.),  power,  strength. 

6vis,  is  (f.),  sheep. 

Translate  into  English. 

1.  Virtutem ;  telluris ;  paludi;  senes. 

2.  Virium  ;  bobus  ;  Jovem  ;  jura. 

3.  Salus  populi  suprema  lex  esto  ! 

4.  Jupiter  pater  deorum  Romanorum  erat. 

5.  Vires  leonis  magnae  sunt. 

6.  Donum  senectutis  hominibus  jucundum  est. 

7.  Numerus'senum  et  juvenum  magnus  est. 

8.  Multi  boves  et  equi  in  litore  insulae  stant. 

'Write  in  L,atin. 

1.  Virtues  ;  with  force  ;  of  the  earth. 

2.  Jupiter  (ace.)  ;  of  oxen  ;  to  young  age. 

3.  Many  trees  are  sacred  to  Jupiter. 

4.  Oxen  have  great  strength. 

5.  Virtues  were  the  ornament  of  the  Greeks  and  Romans. 

6.  The  old  man  gives  gold  and  silver  to  the  young  man. 

7.  The  flesh  of  the  sheep  is  pleasing  to  the  wolf. 

8.  Great  riches  is  the  gift  of  the  kind  gods. 


184  Latin  Method, 

Lesson  15. 

Adjectives  with  Genitive  in  ius,  Page  7. 

Vocabulary. 
alius,  a,  ud,  another.  5nus,  eris  (n.),  burden^  load. 

alter,  era,  erum,  .the  other,        pars,  partis  {¥.),part. 

one  of  two.  praeda,  ae  (f.),  booty ^  spoil. 

culpa,  ae  {f.),  fault,  blame.         solus,  a,  um,  alo7te. 
cura,  ae  (f.),  care.  totus,  a,  um,  whole. 

h6nor,  oris  (m.),  honor.  uUus,  a,  um,  any. 

laus,  laudis  {¥.),  praise.  unus,  a,  um,  one. 

neuter,  tra,  trum,  neither  of       liter,  tra,  trum,  which  of  two. 

two.  verus,  a,  um,  true. 

n6vus,  a,  um,  new.  voluptas,  atis  (f.),  pleasure. 

nullus,  a,  um,  none. 

Translate  into  English. 

1.  Uter  nomen  novae  urbi  dat? 

2.  Gives  Caesari  uni  honorem  dant. 

3.  Miles  ex  altera  parte  urbis  venit. 

4.  Virtus  sola  veram  voluptatem  dat. 

5.  Utri  dat  civitas  laudem  ?     Neutri. 

6.  Alii  sunt  docti,  alii  ignavi. 

7.  Alius  vires,  alius  divitiae  sunt  magnae. 

8.  Alteri  laudem,  alteri  culpam  dant. 

9.  Nullius  vita  libera  est  curis. 

10.  Neutra  civitas  laudem  ullam  habet. 

"Write  in  L.atin. 

1.  Romulus  gives  another  name  to  the  new  city. 

2.  The  one  was  pleasing  to  the  king,  the  other  trouble- 
some. 

3.  The  soldiers  praise  each  other. 

4.  The  leader  gives  the  whole  booty  to  the  soldiers. 

5.  Neither  of  the  men  has  any  abode. 

6.  Life  is  a  burden  to  no  good  man. 

7.  To  which  of   the  two  boys  does  the  teacher  give  a 
reward  ? 

8.  Some  praise  one  thing,  some  another. 


Exercises.  185 

Lesson  16. 

Adjectives  and  Adverbs  of  the  Third  Declension,  Page  15  and  16. 

Vocabulary. 

arma,  orum  (n.),  arjns.  ingens,  ntis,  iminense. 

animus,  i  (m.),  soul,  jnind.  lacerat,  he  tears. 

acer,  acris,  acre,  sharp.  mortalis,  e,  mortal. 

aequalis,  e,  equal.  levis,  e,  light. 

agnus,  i  (m.),  la^nb.  omnis,  e,  all,  every. 

audax,  acis,  bold.  patiens,  litis,  patient. 

asper,  gra,  erum,  rough.  prudens,  ntis,  prudent. 

brevis,  e,  short.  praestans,  ntis,  excellent. 

celer,  eris,  ere,  swift.  praesens,  ntis,  present. 

communis,  e,  co7n7non.  rapax,  acis,  rapacious. 

consilium,  i  (n.),  plan,  coun-  sapiens,  ntis,  wise. 

sel.  tolerat,  he  bears. 

felix,  icis,  fortunate,  happy.  tblerant,  they  bear. 

ferox,  ocis,  fierce.  stultus,  a,  um,  foolish. 

f  idelis,  e,  faithful.  utilis,  e,  useful. 

gravis,  e,  heavy,  severe.  velox,  ocis,  swift. 

humanus,  a,  um,  hu7nan.  vetus,  veteris,  old. 

immortalis,  e,  iinmortal.  vinum,  i  (n.),  wine. 
iter,  itineris  (yi.),  journey. 

Translate  into  English. 

1.  Tempus  humanae  vitae  breve  est. 

2.  Rex  ingentem  numerum  militum  habet. 

3.  Miles  vulnus  grave  patienter  tolerat. 

4.  Vita  est  breve  iter. 

5.  Consilia  ducis  audacia  sunt. 

6.  Naves  hostium  sunt  celeres. 

7.  Ira  regis  acris  erat. 

8.  Regina  cives  fideles  habet. 

9.  Animalia  rapacia  sunt  velocia. 

10.  Agricolae  vinum  vetus  habent. 

11.  Amicorum  omnia  sunt  communia. 

12.  Ferox  leo  lacerat  felicem  agnum  asperis  dentibus. 

Write  in  I.atin. 

,     I.  A  wise  father  often  has  a  foolish  son. 

2.  The  labors  are  equal,  the  rewards  are  not  equal. 


1 86  Latin  Method, 

3.  Men  have  mortal  bodies,  but  immortal  souls. 

4.  Arms  are  useful  to  all  soldiers. 

5.  The  wounds  of  the  horsemen  are  light. 

6.  The  plan  of  the  leader  was  prudent. 

7.  Solon  gives  excellent  laws  to  the  Greeks. 

8.  Lions  are  rapacious  animals. 

9.  The  present  times  are  fortunate. 

10.  The   grandfather   gives   old  wine  to   the  sick   son  of 
the  teacher. 

Lesson  17. 

Kegular  Comparison,  Page  17. 

Vocabulary. 

adulatio,  onis  {¥.),  flattery.  ferrum,  i  (n.),  iron,  sword. 

aer,  aeris  (m.),  air.  fortis,  e,  brave,  strong. 

amabilis,  e,  lovely.  lux,  liicis  (p.),  light. 

antiquus,  a,  um,  old.  nihil  (n.),  (indecl.),  nothing. 

Cicero,  onis  (m.),  Cicero.  perniciosus,  a,  um,  destructive. 

difificilis,  e,  difficult.  pugnat,  he  fights. 

difficile  (adv.),  difficult.  pugnant,  they  fight. 

dulcis,  e,  sweet.  sagax,  acis,  sagacious. 

eloquens,  ntis,  eloquent.  similis,  e,  similar,  like. 

facilis,  e  (adv.  facile),  easy.  tranquillus,  a,  um,  calm. 

felis,  is  (f.),  cat.  ventus,  i  (m.),  wind. 

Translate  into  English. 

1.  Miles  fortior  ;  milites  fortissimi. 

2.  Donum  gratum  ;  donum  gratius. 

3.  Aqua  est  gravior  quam  aer. 

4.  Aestate  noctes  Iprevissimae  sunt. 

5.  In  bello  agricolae  sunt  miserrimi. 

6.  Lux  velocior  est  vento. 

7.  Ferrum  utilissimum  est  omnium  metallorum. 

8.  Nihil  amabilius  est  virtute. 

9.  Filiae  matri  simillimae  sunt. 

10.  Germani  cum  Romanis  fortissime  pugnant. 

11.  Veterrima  vina  non  semper  sunt  dulcissima. 

12.  Itinera  antiquis  temporibus  difficillima  fuerunt. 

'  (Note:  —  The  Superlative  is  often  translated  by  '' veryr) 


Exercises.  i  ^J 

"Write  in  L.atin. 

1.  The  swiftest  animals  are  not  always  the  strongest. 

2.  The  soldiers  fight  more  bravely. 

3.  The  son  was  very  like  his  father. 

4.  No  one  of  the  Romans  was  more  eloquent  than  Cicero. 

5.  Care  is  swifter  than  the  winds. 

6.  The  Rhine  is  a  very  rapid  river. 

7.  The  nights  are  calmer  in  summer  than  in  winter. 

8.  Nothing  is  more  destructive  to  friendship  than  flattery. 

9.  A  queen  is  often  the  most  wretched  of  all  women. 
10.  Dogs  are  more  sagacious  than  cats. 

Lesson  18. 

Irregrular  Comparison,  Page  17. 

Vocabulary. 
Alpes,  ium  (f.),  Alps.  confirmat,  he  establishes. 

aetas,  atis  (f.),  age.  propior,  ius  (prope),  nearer. 

amat,  he  loves.  saepe  (adv.).  often. 

amant,  they  love.  sSpientia,  ae  (f.),  wisdom. 

callidus,  a,  um,  cunning.  siiperus,  a,  um,  high. 

dissimilis,  e,  unlike.  suus,  a,  um,  his.,  their. 

Europa,  ae  (f.),  Europe.  terra,  ae  {¥.),  earth,  land. 

luna,  ae  (f.),  moo7t.  tigris,  is  or  idis  (c),  tiger. 

5dium,  i  (n.),  hatred.  vulpes,  is  [^¥.),fox. 

p5tens,  ntia,  powerful. 

Translate  into  English. 

1.  Bonus  poeta,  melior  amicus,  optimi  libri. 

2.  Majores  pueri,  pessimum  animal. 

3.  Nihil  est  melius  sapientia. 

4.  Luna  minor  est  quam  terra.  ^ 

5.  Plurima  et  maxima  animalia  in  mari  sunt. 

6.  Homerus  est  veterrimus  omnium  Graecorum  poetarum. 

7.  Cicero  optimus  erat  suae  aetatis  orator. 

8.  Omnium    animalium    ferocissimus   est   tigris,    sagacis- 
simus  elephantiis,  callidissima  vulpes. 

9.  Venit  ex  loco  superiore. 

10.  Proximo  regi  dissimillimus  fuit.        ' 


1 88  Latin  Method, 

Write  in  I.atin. 

1.  The  most  citizens  love  their  native  city. 

2.  Hatred  is  better  than  flattery. 

3.  The  most  wicked  men  kill  the  most  excellent  [men]. 

4.  Very  many  islands  are  larger  than  Sicily. 

5.  The  worst  men  are  often  very  happy. 

6.  The  Greeks  were  more  learned  than  the  Romans. 

7.  Caesar  establishes  peace  with  the  nearest  states. 

8.  The  Alps  are  the  highest  mountains  in  Europe. 

9.  The  best  kings  are  not  always  the  most  powerful. 
10.  The  hunter  was  very  often  in  the  woods. 

Lesson  19. 

Fourth  Declension,  Page  18. 

Vocabulary. 

acus,  us  (f.),  needle.  fructus,  us  {u.^^  fruit. 

agmen,  inis  (n.),  ar?ny  (on  genu,  us  (n.),  knee. 

march).  hospitium,  i  (n.),  hotel,  inn. 

aper,  apri  (m.),  boar.  instrumentum,  i  (n.),  instru- 
auditus,  us  (m.),  hearing.  ment. 

auris,  is  (F.),V^r,  lacus,  us  (m.),  lake. 

casus,  us  {u.^fall,  accident.  manus,  us  (p.),  hand. 

contra  (with  ace),  against.  6culus,  i  (m.),  eye. 

cornu,  us  (m.),  horn.  portus,  us  (m.),  harbor. 

dens,  dentis  (m.),  tusk.  quercus,  us  (p.),  oak. 

ddmus,  us  (p.),  house.,  sensus,  us  (m.),  sense. 

equitatus,  us  (m.),  cavalry.  splendidus,    a,    um,    bright^ 
exercitus,     us    (m.),     ar^ny  splendid. 

(drilled).  unguis,  is  (m.),  claw. 

ficus,  us  (y^.,  Jig-tree.  visus,  us  (m.),  seeing. 

Translate  into  ^English. 

1.  Casui,  casum  ;  exercitus,  exercituum. 

2.  Quercubus,  quercu  ;  domos,  domus  ;  cornua. 

3.  Visus  et  auditus  hominibus  utiles  sunt. 

4.  Cornua  tauri  acuta  sunt. 

5.  Splendidae  domus  in  oppido  nostro  sunt. 

6.  Pater  multas  altas  quercus  in  silva  videt. 

7.  Mox  pueri  erunt  in  portu,  ubi  multas  naves  vident. 

8.  Tauri  contra  leones  cornibus  pugnant. 

9.  In  alto  lacu  plurimi  pisces  sunt. 

10.  Non  domus  nostra  corpus  est,  sed  hospitium. 


Exercises.  189 

"Write  in  Latin. 

1.  The  hands,  with  hands ;  of  a  needle,  of  needles. 

2.  In  houses,  at  home;  the  knees;  with  the  senses. 

3.  The  fruit  of  the  fig-tree  is  sweet. 

4.  The  soldier  kills  the  tiger  with  [his]  hand. 

5.  Caesar,  with  all  his  cavalry,  fights  against  the  army  of 
the  Gauls. 

6.  Bulls  fight  with  .[their]  horns,  boars  with  [their]  tusks, 
lions  with  [their]  claws. 

7.  Eyes  and  ears  are  the  instruments  of  the  senses. 

8.  The  king  gives  a  beautiful  horn  to  the  soldier. 

9.  The  farmer  comes  home  from  the  city. 

10.  Hearing  and  seeing  are  useful  to  all  animals. 

Lesson  20. 

Fifth  Declension,  Page  18. 

Vocabulary. 
acies,  ei  (f.),  line  of  battle.  multitudo,  inis  (f.),  inulti- 

dies,  ei  (m.  and  f.),  day.  iude.  ^downfall. 

dQmina,  ae  (f.),  mistress.  occasus,    us     (m.),    settings 

facies,  ei  {F.),face,  planities,  ei  (f.),  plain. 

fides,  ei  {¥.),  faith.  res,  rei  (f.),  thing. 

gloriosus,  a,  um,  glorious.  serenus,  a,  um,  serene,  clear. 

initium,  i  (n.),  beginning.  spes,  ei  (f.),  hope. 

jiistitia,  ae  {¥.),  justice.  sub  (with  ace.  or  abl.),  nnder, 

meridies,  ei  (m.),  midday.  toward. 

Translate  into  English. 

1.  Diei,  dierum  ;  re,  rebus. 

2.  Spem  ;  in  planitie. 

3.  Sub  terra  est  magna  multitudo  rerum  utilium. 

4.  Exercitus  in  magnam  planitiem  venit. 

5.  Soror  fidei  est  justitia. 

6.  Solis    occasu    Csesar    aciem    Gallorum   militibus   suis 
monstrat. 

7.  Fortuna  est  domina  rerum  humanarum. 

8.  Spes  victoriae  milites  delectat. 

9.  Numerus  dierum  serenorum  parvus  est  hieme. 
10.  In  acie  multi  pedites  erant. 


190  Latin  Method, 

TV^rite  in  liatin. 

1.  For  hope;  of  things. 

2.  For  the  days  ;  at  midday  (abl.). 

3.  Many  things  are  hurtful  to  man. 

4.  In  summer  the  days  are  longer  than  the  nights. 

5.  The  face  of  the  goddess  was  most  beautiful. 

6.  The  reward  was  the  beginning  of  hope. 

7.  Of  all  things  the  sun  is  most  glorious. 

8.  The  winter  is  the  time  of  short 'days  and  long  nights. 

9.  The  leaders  have  very  great  hope  of  victory. 
10.  The  next  day  (abl.)  Caesar  will  be  in  his  camp. 

Lesson  21. 

■  Personal  Pronouns,  Pages  18  and  19. 
Translate  into  Snglish. 

1.  Mihi,  te,  nos,  vobis. 

2.  Ad  vos,  vestri,  nostrum,  sibi. 

3.  Virtus  et  vitium  semper  inter  se  pugnant. 

4.  Omnes  homines  se  amant. 

5.  Nos  sumus  potentes,  sed  vos  estis  potentiores. 

6.  Tu  es  tristior  quam  pater  mens. 

7.  Pueri  in  horto  nobiscum  ambulant. 

8.  Ego  et  frater  in  oppido  heri  fuimus.  [mortalis. 

9.  In  me  et  in   te  et  in  nobis  omnibus  est  animus  im- 

10.  Parentes  vobis  cari  sunto. 

11.  Omnia  tua  consilia  nobis  nota  sunt.. 

12.  Plurimi  nostrum  patriam  amant. 

Write  in  L-atin. 

1.  We,  you,  me,  for  him. 

2.  Of  you,  himself,  against  thee. 

3.  I  am  a  shepherd,  you  are  a  teacher. 

4.  Thy  mother  is  dear  to  thee  ;  mine  to  me. 

5.  He  comes  in  company  with  you. 

6.  The  teacher  gives  me  a  very  beautiful  book. 

7.  He  has  his  brother  with  him  at  home.  [selves. 

8.  Fools  and  the  impatient  are  always  fighting  with  them- 

9.  Wisdom  and  cou"Fisel  are  wanting  to  you,  inhabitants ! 

10.  To  us  the  victory  is  joyful,  to  you  most  sad. 


Exercises.  191 

Lesson  22. 

Demonstrative  Pronouns,  Pages  19  and  20. 
Translate  into  English. 

1.  Hi  pueri ;  haec  dona;  illius  libri. 

2.  In  eodem  oppido ;  mei  fratres  ipsi. 

3.  Haec  carmina  suaviora  sunt  quam  ilia. 

4.  Liberi  agricolarum  illorum  diligentes  fuerunt. 

5.  Ista  poemata  nobis  sunt  grata. 

6.  Horum  omnium  fortissimi  sunt  Belgae. 

7.  Pastor  canisque  ejus  sunt  fessi. 

8.  Ilia  nox  erat  tristissima ;  hie  dies  est  laetissimus. 

9.  Iste  tuus  amicus  vir  est  optimus. 

10.  Vastae  solitudines  in  iis  locis  erant. 

11.  Memoria  harum  rerum  vobis  jucunda  erit. 

12.  Nomen  hujus  poetae  clarissimum  erit. 

"Write  in  Latin. 

1.  This  city  (ace.)  ;  the  same  words. 

2.  That  letter ;  of  the  parents  themselves. 

3.  These  apples  are  sweet,  those  sour. 

4.  The  brothers  themselves  will  be  in  school  to-day. 

5.  These  songs  are  most  pleasing  to  us. 

6.  That  man  has  always  been  hurtful  to  the  commonwealth. 

7.  One  of  those  boys  is  diligent,  the  other  lazy. 

8.  In  the  same  places  [there]  are  many  new  buildings. 

9.  Why  does  the  teacher  give  a  reward  to  that  tender  boy  ? 
10.  The  soldiers  are  in  that  town,  and  the  enemy  in  this. 

Lesson  23. 

Relative  and  Interrogative  Pronouns,  Page  30. 
Translate  into  ^English. 

1.  Is  erit  fortissimus,  qui  ipse  suarum  cupiditatum  victor 
fuerit. 

2.  Cujus  vox  suavior  est  quam  lusciniae  ? 

3.  Quis  tibi  hunc  librum  dat  ? 

4.  Animal,  quod  sanguinem  habet,  cor  habet. 

5.  Quod  animal  ferocius  est  quam  tigris  ? 

6.  Galliae  sunt  partes  tres,  quarum  unam  Belgae  habitant. 


192  Latin  Method. 

7.  Quibus  diebus  erit  luna  plena  ? 

8.  lUi  pisces,  quos  frater  in  fluvio  videt,  ferociter  mordent. 

9.  Eis  estote  amici,  qui  virtutem  summam  adhibent. 

10.  Quern  Cicero  eloquens  doctusque  oratione  non  tenet? 

TVrite  in  Liatin. 

1.  A  boy,  who  studies,  will  be  wise. 

2.  [He]  who  gives  honors  to  the  bad,  is  hurtful  to  the 
state. 

3.  Many  men  will  be  great,  whose  life  has  been  obscure 
and  full  of  dangers. 

4.  7"hat  king  is  fortunate,  whom  all  the  citizens  praise. 

5.  Who  of  the  Romans  was  more  renowned  than  Cicero? 

6.  The  bowls,  which  are  here,  had  often  been  full  of  sweet 
wine. 

7.  Let  the  pupils  be  present,  to  whom  the  teacher  gives 
rewards. 

8.  Whose  life  has  been  altogether  ^  free  from  cares  ? 

9.  To  which  jeweller  does  the  queen  give  the  greatest 
[sum  of]  money  ? 

10.  What  animal  has  greater  strength  than  the  elephant? 

1  altogether  =  omnino. 

Lesson  24. 

Cardinals  and  Ordinals,  Pages  15  and  16. 
Translate  into  Snglish. 

1.  Duodecim  ;  duodetriginta. 

2.  Quintus  ;  trigesimus. 

3.  Illi  duodequinquaginta  pueri. 

4.  Mille   passus  ;    duo   millia   passuum ;    ducenta   millia 
passuum. 

5.  Hie  murus  est  altus  trecentos  pedes,  et  latus  novem 
pedes. 

6.  Quota  hora  est  ?     Decima. 

7.  Agricolae  filius  primus  est;    amici  filia  secunda,  ille 
puer  autem  undecimus. 

8.  Homo  habet-mi^m  os,  duas  aures,  duos  oculos. 


Exercises.  193 

Write  in  Latin. 

1.  Fourteen ;  forty-nine. 

2.  The  fifteenth  ;  the  nineteenth. 

3.  The  wise  [men]  of  Greece  were  seven. 

4.  A  journey  of  three  miles. 

5.  The  enemy  kill  five  thousand  men  in  the  war. 

6.  What  time  is  it  ?     7  o'clock  ;  midday. 

7.  The  seventh  king  of  Rome  was  unjust  and  very  wicked. 

8.  A  Roman  legion  has  five  thousand  foot-soldiers,  three 
hundred  horsemen. 

Lesson  25. 

Active  Voice.    Four  Conjugations.    Present  and  Imperfect ;  Indicative, 
Pages  28,  33,  34,  35,  and  36. 

Translate  into  English. 

1.  Laudatis,  laudabas ;  cadunt,  cadebam. 

2.  Tenemus,  tenebamus ;  veniunt,  veniebatis. 

3.  Miles  ex  altera  parte  urbis  venit. 

4.  Romani  contra  hostes  pugnant. 

5.  Helvetii  Caesaris  adventum  exspectabant. 

6.  Timidae  oves  in  medio  campo  errabant. 

7.  Occasu  soils  dominus  cum  servis  ad  oppidum  veniebat. 

8.  Tota  spes  Romanos  deserit. 

9.  Milites  omnes  periculum  timent. 

10.  Vita  mortalibus  nihil  dat  sine  magno  labore. 

11.  Homines  amplius  oculis  quam  auribus  credunt. 

12.  Hostes  impetum  legionum  atque  equitum  non  sustine- 
bant. 

'Write  in  I.atin. 

1.  He   laughs,   they  were  laughing;    they  adorn,  we  did 
adorn. 

2.  You  end  ;^  he  saw;  they  took,  she  takes. 

3.  Virtues  adorn  the  state. 

4.  The  general  praised  the  valor  of  [his]  soldiers. 

5.  The  fierce  enemy  take  the  city. 

1  to  end  =finio^ 
13 


194  Latin  Method. 

6.  This  day  ends  the  liberty  of  the  commonwealth. 

7.  The  Romans  gave  the  greatest  honors  to  good  citizens. 

8.  The  Gauls  were  fighting  with  great  courage. 

9.  Many  men  were  building  ^  houses,  in  which  they  do  not 
live. 

10.  The  soldiers  carry  ladders  with  them,  and  easily  enter 
the  city. 

2  to  build  =  aedifico.  ^ 

Lesson  26. 

Future;     ndicative.    Pages  28,  33,  34,  35,  and  36. 
Translate  into  English. 

1.  Scribam,  scribemus;  servabit;  servabunt. 

2.  Habebis,  habebitis ;  custodies;  custodient. 

3.  Ad  te  semper  scribemus. 

4.  Ego  te  laudabo,  tu  me  vituperabis. 

5.  Omnes  boni  legibus  divinis  semper  parebunt. 

6.  Discipulos  diligentes  non  puniemus.^ 

7.  Tu  exercitum  duces,  multasque  urbes  expugnabis. 

8.  Imperator  banc  urbem  custodiet. 

9.  Miles  corpus  paludamento  teget. 

10.  Vos,  viri  fortissimi,  urbem  templaque  defendetis. 

11.  Hieme  in  urbe  vivemus,  aestate  autem  ruri  vivimus. 

12.  Ver  nobis  multos  flores  praebebit. 

1  putiio  *  =  to  punish. 
"Write  in  liatin. 

1.  We  shall  see,  they  will  see ;  he  will  lead,  you  will  lead. 

2.  They  end,  they  ended,  they-  will  end. 

3.  The  trees  will  bloom  in  spring. 

4.  We  shall  laugh,  yo.u  will  weep. 

5.  Hannibal  will  lead  his  army  into  Rome. 

6.  The  next  day  Caesar  will  move  his  camp. 

7.  I  will  cover  the  bodies  of  the  boys  with  [my]  cloak. 

8.  You  will  not  easily  see  a  lion  in  Europe. 

9.  The  soldiers  will  kill  all  the  prisoners  with  swords. 
10.  Death  will  end  all  the  hopes  of  life. 


Exercises.  195 


Lesson  2J. 

Perfect,  Pluperfect,  and  Future  Perfect;   Indicative.    Pagres  28,  33, 
35,  and  36. 

Translate  into  English. 

1.  Habueram,  habuerunt;  veneritis,  venisti. 

2.  Contrahebat,  contraxerat,  contraxere,  contrahet. 

3.  Ille  rex  urbem  Romam  muris  munivit. 

4.  Graecia  omnibus  artibus  floruit. 

5.  Si  animum  virtutibus  ornaveris,  semper  beatus  eris. 

6.  Suevi,   Germanorum  gens  bellicosissima,  loca  fertilis- 
sima  Germaniae  occupaverant. 

7.  Multum  iis  debemus,  qui  nos  virtutem  docuere. 
S.  Cicero  conjurationem  Catilinae  detexerat.^ 

9.  Cicero  multas  pulcherrimas  orationes  scripsit.. 

10.  Militum  corpora  socii  sepeliverint. 

11.  Ad  rivum  eundem  lupus  et  agnus  venerant. 

12.  Ingens  monstrum  virgo  domuit. 

1  detego  3  =  to  discover. 
TV^rite  in  Latin. 

1.  We  had  seized,  he  will  have  seized. 

2.  They  have  covered,  we  shall  cover,  she  had  covered. 

3.  Nature  has  fortified  Italy  by  the  Alps. 

4.  Bad  temper  has  often  been  hurtful  to  generals. 

5.  Caesar  arranged  the  line-of-battle. 

6.  Base  fear  of  the  enemy  had  seized  the  whole  army. 

7.  We  owe  much  to  those,  who  have  taught  us  virtue. 

8.  In  spring  the  flowers  will  have  covered  the  hills  ^  and 
fields. 

9.  The  senate  decreed  rewards  to  the  soldiers,  who  had 
not  betrayed  the  town. 

10.  This  state  had  flourished  [for]   a  long  time,  because 
it  had  always  obeyed  the  laws. 

1  the  hill  =  collis,  w  (m.). 


196  Latin  Method. 


Lesson  28. 

Subjunctive;  Present  and  Imperfect.    Active.    Four  Conjugations 
and  sum.    Pages  24,  S8,  33,  34,  35,  and  36. 

Translate  into  English. 

1.  Audiatis,  audires ;  curemus,  curaret ;  essemus. 

2.  Timeamus,  timerem  ;  dicant,  dicerent ;  sis. 

3.  Laudabit  puerum,  ut  litteras  amet. 

4.  Magister  curat,  ut  pueri  mentem  erudiat. 

5.  Curo,  ut  pueri  corpus  exerceam. 

6.  Hannibal  magnum  exercitum  in  Italiam  ducet,  ut  cum 
Romanis  pugnet. 

7.  Sint  tibi  omnia  bona. 

8.  Sit  pauper,  sit  miser ;  at  est  frater  meus. 

9.  Placuit  Caesari,  ut  ad  Ariovistum  legatos  mitteret. 
10.  Non  dubitabam,  quin  milites  nostri  hostes  superarent. 

Write  in  I^atin. 

1.  He    may   fight,   they   might    fight;    you   mig-ht   send; 
I  may  be.     • 

2.  We  may  say,   thou   mightst   say;  you   may   sustain; 
he  might  be. 

3.  They  ask  [for]  aid,  that  they  may  sustain  the  attack 
of  the  enemy. 

4.  Caesar  hastened  to  Italy,  that  he  might  enroll^  there 
two  legions. 

5.  The    general    commanded,    that   the   soldiers   should 
keep  their  stations. 

6.  I  will  take  care  to  train  ^  [that  I  may  train]  the  boy's 
mind. 

7.  Who  does  not  fight,  that  he  may  preserv^e  his  country  ? 

8.  I  do  not  doubt,  that  you  may  always  praise  the  good. 

9.  My  father  commanded,  that  I  should  come  home. 
10.  We  did  not  doubt,  that  you  might  have  faith  in  us. 

1  to  enroll  =  conscribo  ■*.  2  \_q  train  =  erudio.^ 


Exercises.  197 

Lesson  29. 

Perfect  and  Pluperfect,  Pages  35,  28,  33,  34,  35,  and  36. 
Translate  into  English. 

1.  Cognoscamus,  cognosceremus,  cognoverimus,  cognovis- 
semus,  fuerimus. 

2.  Studeant  j  judicarent ;  dubitaveris  ;  convenissent ;  fuis- 
sent. 

3.  Saepe  majores  ^  nostri  dimicaverunt,  ut  patriam  libera- 
rent. 

4.  Omnes    parentes    optant,    ut    filii    litteras    diligenter 
.    studuerint. 

5.  Nemo  dubitat,  quin  milites  fortissime  pugnaverint. 

6.  Convenitis,  ut  malum  oratorem  rideatis. 

7.  Quis  dubitat,  quin  bonos  semper  laudaverimus,  malos 
semper  vituperaverimus  ? 

8.  Ex  captivis  cognovit,  quo  in  loco  copike  hostium  con- 
sedissent. 

9.  Non  erat  dubium,  quin  terror  omnium  civium  animos 
occupavisset. 

10.  Ita  judicat  judex  Justus,  ut  in  omni  re  rectam^  con- 
scientiam  servet. 

1  majores,  um  (c.)  =  ancestors.  ^  rectus,  a,  um  =  right. 

Write  in  Liatin.  . 

1.  We  might  have  obeyed;  he  may  have  built;  it  might 
have  been. 

2.  I  may  take  care,  you  might  take  care,  he  may  have 
taken  care,  vi^e  might  have  taken  care. 

3.  Caesar  led  an  army  to  Italy,  that  he  might   liberate 
the  city  Rome.  [customs]. 

4.  There  is  no  doubt,  that  he  has  changed  his  manner 

5.  The  Greeks  took  care,  that  the  young  men  had  obeyed 
all  laws. 

6.  The  father  wished,  that  you  had  come  home. 

7.  We  had   built   houses,    [in  order]   that   others    might 
have  lived  in  them. 

8.  Nobody  doubted,  that  we  had  always  praised  the  good 
and  blamed  the  bad  (plur.). 


198  Latin  Method. 

Lesson  30. 

ImperatiTe.    Active.    Pages  39,  34,  35,  and  37. 
Translate  into  £ngligli. 

1.  A  mate  litteras,  pueri ! 

2.  Vires  semper  exercete  in  optimis  rebus  ! 

3.  Lauda  mare;  litus  ama! 

4.  Diligenter  cura,  mi  amice,  valetudinem  tuam  ! 

5.  Praeceptor  puerorum  mentes  erudito. 

6.  Laudatote  probos  homines,  vituperatote  improbos. 

7.  Die,  cur  veneris  ! 

8.  Ne  nomen  muta  ;  muta  mores  ! 

9.  Judex  praemia  ne  dato,  neve  capito. 

10.  Narrate  nobis,  quid  parentes  scripserint! 

Write  in  I.atin. 

1.  The  children  shall  obey  [their]  parents. 

2.  Set  ^  a  good  example  to  thy  friends  ! 

3.  Learn  these  songs,  boys ;  they  are  very  beautiful. 

4.  Carefully  train  your  children  ;  praise  the  good ;  punish 

5.  My  son,  obey  thy  mother  !  [the-bad! 

6.  Let  the  master  teach  the  boys  the  Latin  language. 

7.  Do  not  destroy  the  city,  soldiers  ! 

8.  Tell  me,  my  son,  what  the  friend  has  written  (subj.) ! 

1  to  set  =  praebeo!^ 

Lesson  31. 

Infinitives :   Active.     Pages  39,  34,  35,  and  37. 
Translate  into  English. 

1.  Fuisse  ;  habiturus  esse  ;  debere. 

2.  Recturus  esse  ;  intellexisse  ;  studere  ;  futurus  esse. 

3.  Naturam  mutare  difficile  est. 

4.  Miserum  est  habuisse,  et  nihil  habere.  ^ 

5.  Hominis  est  animum  praeparare. 

6.  Milites  urbem  custodire  debent. 

7.  Difficillimum  est  regere  hominum  animos. 

8.  Emisse  facilius  est  quam  solvere. 

9.  Aliud  audire,  aliud  intelligere  est. 

10.  Hostes  urbem  nostram  expugnare  student. 


Exercises.  1 99 

Write  in  L.atin. 

1.  To  be  ;  to  have  written  ;  to  be  about  to  praise. 

2.  To  have  been  ;  to  be  about  to  see  ;  to  please. 

3.  It  is  not  easy  to  write  well. 

4.  He  prepared  to  obey  the  authority  of  [his]  great  father. 

5.  It  is  great  praise  to  have  pleased  the  good. 

6.  It  is  difficult  to  have  learned  many  things. 

7.  The   general   said,   [that]   he   \se\  will  come  with  the 
tenth  legion. 

8.  He  who  knows  not  to  obey,  knows  not  to  command. 


Lesson  32. 

Participles,  Gerunds,  and  Supines.    Pages  29,  34,  35,  and  37. 
Translate  into  English. 

1.  Exercitus  pugnans  urbem  intravit. 

2.  Animus,  se  non  videns,  alia  cernit. 

3.  Hostes,  urbem  expugnaturi,  castra  muniverunt. 

4.  Venio  auditurus,  quid  pater  scripserit. 

5.  Ars  scribendi  utilissima  est. 

6.  Sapientia  est  ars  vivendi. 

7.  Homines  ad  intelligendum  et  ad  agendum  nati  sunt. 

8.  Legatos  ad  Caesarem  miserant,  rogatum  auxilium. 

9.  Sitis  difficillima  est  toleratu. 

10.  Ingens  hominum  multitudo  in  urbem  convenit,  ludos 
publicos  spectatum. 

Write  in  L.atin. 

1.  The  soldiers  [when]  fighting  entered  the  city. 

2.  We  are  about-to-remove  into  the  city. 

3.  We  have  come  to  Rome  to  look-at  the  games. 

4.  Philosophy  is  the  art  of  living  uprightly. 

5.  The  senate  decreed  rewards  to  the  soldiers,  not  having 
[who  had  not]  betrayed  the  town. 

6.  Ripe  grapes  are  sweet  to  taste. 


200  Latin  Method. 


Lesson  33. 

Passive  Voice  ;  Four  Conjugations.    Present :  Indicative  and  Sub- 
junctive.   Pages  30,  33,  34,  35,  and  36. 

Translate  into  English. 

1.  Terretur,  terreantur  ;  fugantur,  fugemur. 

2.  Trahitur,  trahatur;  erudimur,  erudiamur. 

3.  Castra  e  campo  moventur,  ut  hostes  terreantur. 

4.  Senex  miser  e  domo  trahitur. 

5.  Nonne  litterae  a  me  scribuntur  ? 

6.  Virtus  semper  doceatur. 

7.  Multa  videntur,  sed  intelliguntur  pauca. 

8.  Lupi  a  canibus  fugantur,  ut  oves  serventur. 

9.  Omnia  antecapiantur,  ut  nostri  juventur. 
10.  Leo,  ut  interficiatur,  a  venatore  petitur. 

Write  in  Latin. 

1.  We  are  caught,   he  may  be  caught ;  he  is  charmed, 
they  may  be  charmed. 

2.  You  may  be  bound ;  they  are  taught. 

3.  The  idle  guards  are  caught. 

4.  The  nightingale  is  charmed  by  her  own  song. 

5.  You  are  bound  by  honor. 

6.  The  boy  may  be  defended  by  his  friends. 

7.  The  enemy  are  hidden  in  the  woods. 

8.  The  power  of  the  Germans  is  feared  by  all  nations. 

9.  The  soldiers  fight  very  bravely,  that   the   town  may 
be  saved. 

10.  The  father  takes  care,  that  I  am  properly  trained. 

Lesson  34. 

Imperfect :  Indicative  and  Subjunctive.     Pages  30,  33,  34,  35,  and  36. 
Translate  into  English. 

1.  Arabatur,  araretur ;  vincerer,  vincebaris. 

2.  Praeberemur,  praebebatis ;  custodiretis,  custodiremini. 

3.  Agri  lati  facile  ararentur. 

4.  Frumentum  agricolis  praeberetur. 

5.  Lupus  ferox  a  pastore  vincebatur. 

6.  Fertilissima  Germaniae  loca  colebantur. 


Exercises,  20 1 

7.  Gives  tantum  laudabantur,  ut  furore  occuparentur. 

8.  Litterae  scribebantur,  ut  ego  admonerer. 

9.  Portae  hostibus  aperiebantur,  ut  in  urbem  intrarent. 
10.  Patina  pomis  implebatur,  ut  ab  hominibus  ederentur. 

Write  in  L,atin. 

1.  We  were  chosen ;  they  might  be  bounded. 

2.  He  was  fortified  ;  you  might  be  left. 

3.  The  lion  was  chosen  king  by  the  animals. 

4.  The  garden  was  bounded  by  a  wall. 

5.  The  province  was  left  by  the  Germans. 

6.  We  were  fortified  by  a  mind  conscious  of  right. 

7.  You  might  be  led  home. 

8.  Ladders   were    furnished,    that    the   walls    might    be 
destroyed. 

9.  The  stag  was  held  by  [his]  horns,  that  he  might  not 
escape. 

10.  We   were    deceived,   that  we   might   not   receive   the 
money. 

Lesson  35. 

Future.    Pages  30,  33,  34,  35,  and  36. 
Translate  into  English. 

1.  Turbaberis  ;  sustinebuntur  ;  finiemini. 

2.  Amittemur ;  despiciar  ;  vincieris. 

3.  Leges  Romanae  mox  turbabuntur. 

4.  Animus  mens  justitia  sustinebitur. 

5.  Plus  oculis  quam  auribus  debetur. 

6.  In  via  amittar. 

7.  A  legatis  agnoscemur. 

8.  Tigillum  a  ranis  conspicietur  et  despicietur. 

9.  Bellum  a  stulto  incipiebatur  et  a  sapiente  finietur. 
10.  Vos,  mei  inimici,  vinciemini. 

Write  in   liatin. 

1.  He  will  be  blamed  ;  they  will  be  filled. 

2.  We  will  be  received  ;  you  will  be  sent. 

3.  I  shall  be  praised,  but  you  will  be  blamed. 

4.  The  ocean  will  be  filled  with  fishes. 

5.  Our  friends  will  be  warned  in  vain. 


202  Latin  Method. 

6.  The  attack  will  be  received  by  us  all. 

7.  The  power  of  the  Romans  will  be  broken. 

8.  We  shall  be  destroyed,  that  you  may  be  hidden. 

9.  The  armies  will  not  be  sent  across  the  Rhine. 

10.  The  monkey  will  be  punished,  because  he  has  seized 

the  meat. 

Lesson  36. 

Perfect,  Pluperfect,  and  Future  Perfect.    Indicative  and  Subjunctive. 
Pages  30,  33,  34,  35,  and  36. 

Translate  into  English. 

1.  Distingueretur,  distinctus  sit;  jubebitur,  jussus  erat. 

2.  Falsi  sumus,  fallamur  ;  conficientur,  confecti  essent. 

3.  Pulchra  puella  delecta  est  a  Public  Claudio  (proper 
name). 

4.  Vocati  eramus  Romani,  ut  a  posteris  memoraremur. 

5.  Ager  divisus  erit  in  tres  partes. 

6.  Domus  colore  distincta  esset. 

7.  Verba  fallacia  dicta  sint. 

8.  Hostium  equitatu  erepti  essetis. 

9.  Litterae  confectae  erunt  a  diligentibus  discipulis. 
10.  Non  prius  dormiemus,  quam  negotia  finita  erunt 

\  Write  in  Latin. 

1.  We  had  been  heard  ;  they  will  have  been  calmed.^ 

2.  You  may  have  been  told  ;  he  might  have  been  rescued.^ 

3.  A  great  crash  has  been  heard. 

4.  The  voice  of  anger  will  have  been  calmed. 

5.  The  body  might  have  been  taken  to  Athens. 

6.  The   horses   have   been  frightened   by  the   attack   of 
the  enemy. 

7.  Gaul   is  bounded  (perf.)  by  the  river  Rhine  and  the 
ocean. 

8.  Who  doubts  that  Socrates  has  been  unjustly  punished  ? 

9.  When  the  city  will    have  been  fortified,  the  citizens 
will  defend  it. 

10.  Tell  me,  what   had   been   written    (subj.)   to   you   by 
your  sister. 

1  to  calm  =  lenioA  '^  to  rescue  =  eripio^ 


Exercises.  203 

Lesson  37. 

Imperative,  Pages  31,  34,  35,  and  37. 
Translate  into  English. 

1.  Pueri,  exercemini  in  artibus ! 

2.  Scriba  regis  agnoscitor. 

3.  Vox  populi  auditor. 

4.  Alti  montes  adscenduntor. 

5.  De  rupe  puella  dejicitor.  ^ 

6.  Amici,  edite  et  nutrimini  !  [clauduntor.^ 

7.  Portae    prima    luce    aperiuntor,    ante   solis    occasum 

8.  Mi  fili,  probe  erudire  in  optimis  rebus  ! 

1  daudo^  siy^sum  =  to  shut,  close. 
"Write  in  liatin. 

1.  Be  ye  conquered,  O  gates  ! 

2.  Be  thou  sustained,  O  friend  !  [and  Gauls. 

3.  The  peace   shall   be  maintained  among  the   Romans 

4.  Let  the  arms  be  carried  into  the  city. 

5.  Evils  shall  be  prevented  at  all  times. 

6.  The  man  shall  be  blamed  on-account-of  ^  his  guilt.^ 

7.  Be  thou  always  sought,  O  virtue ! 

8.  Let  the  meat  be  grasped-at  by  the  dog. 

1  on-3.ccount-oi  = />ro/>ter  (with  ace).        ^  guilt  =  a(//>a,  ae  (f.). 

Lesson  38. 

Infinitives,  Pages  31,  34,  35,  and  37. 
Translate  into  English. 

1.  Reddi ;  conjectus  esse. 

2.  Paratum  iri ;  erudiri. 

3.  Ager  vastari  non  debet. 

4.  Timor  leti  deleri  non  potest.  * 

5.  Ciconiae  in  unum  locum  congregare  solent. 

6.  Nuntiat  se  eruditum  esse. 

7.  Leges  civem  Romanum  verberari  vetuerunt. 

8.  Magna  pars  sermonis  responderi  potest. 

9.  Sapientes  semper  ratione  regi  student. 

10.  De  monte  hastas  torqueri  imperator  jussit. 


204  Latin  Method. 

TVrite  in  I.atin. 

1.  To  have  been  accused  \  to  be  about  to  be  taught. 

2.  To  be  betrayed  \  to  have  been  guarded. 

3.  To  have  been  warned  is  not  to  have  been  accused. 

4.  It  is  not  easy  to  be  taught  well. 

5.  For  a  man  (ace.)  to  be  changed  in  one  day  is  very 
difficult. 

6.  The  general   commanded,   [that]    the   line   of   battle 
be  arranged. 

7.  It  is  a  great  wrong  for  a  friend  to  be  betrayed. 

8.  Nothing  can  be  accomplished  without  labor. 

9.  No  one,  without  a  fault,  ought  to  be  accused. 

10.  The  captive  has  been  prepared  to  be  cast  into  chains. 

Lesson  39. 

Deponent  Verbs.    Four  Conjugations.    Page  37. 
Translate  into  English. 

1.  Testis  fidelis  non  mentitur. 

2.  Nunquam  sapiens  irascitur. 

3.  De  multis  rebus  locuti  sumus. 

4.  Subita  tempestas  classem  morabatur. 

5.  Improbus  plurima  pollicetur,  pauca  perficit. 

6.  Cur  stulta  ista  rana  bovem  imitatur  ? 

7.  Frons,  oculi,  vultus,  saepe  mentiuntur. 

8.  Nox  atque  praeda  hostes  remorata  sunt. 

9.  Omnia  vetustate  labuntur,  nee  quidquam  a  senectute 
tutum  est. 

10.  Omnibus  in  vita  una  cum  amicis  fruere  ! 

11.  Tu  voluptate  frueris,  ego  utor. 

12.  Senectutem  omnes  sperant,  eandem  accusant  adeptam. 

^  Write  in  IL.atin. 

1.  At  the  beginning  of  summer  the  enemy  set  out  for 
Rome. 

2.  Many  of   the  Greeks,  who*  had   gone  forth  to  Troy, 
never  returned  home. 


Exercises.  205 

3.  Orgetorix  persuades  Dumnorix,  that  he  may  attempt 
the  same. 

4.  On   every  side  flowers  sprang-up^  in  the    fields    and 
meadows. 

5.  Speak  Uttle,  promise  cautiously,  remember  always  the 
benefits  of  your  friends. 

6.  The  lieutenant  will  measure  corn  to  the  soldiers. 

7.  My  son  has  reached^  the  same  grades  of  honor. 

8.  The  soldiers  are  about  to  attack  the  city,  which  the 
enemy  occupy. 

9.  There  is  no  doubt,  that  the  generals  have  promised 
rewards  to  the  brave  soldiers. 

10.  On  the  same  day,  on  which  the  most  famous  battle  was 
fought,  the  poet  Euripides  was  born. 

1  to  spring  up  =  oriorS  ^  to  reach  =  adipiscor} 

Lesson  40. 

Irregrular  Verbs.    Possum;   prosnm.    Page  36. 
Translate  into  English. 

1.  Vulpes  autem  uvam  tangere  non  potuit. 

2.  Duos  libros  tibi  dare  possimus. 

3.  Praeterita  mutare  non  possumus. 

4.  Aut  prodesse  poetae  cupiunt  aut  delectare. 

5.  Agros  Remorum  depopulati  sunt,^  quos  adire  poterant. 

6.  Vir  sapiens  luctum  calcare  potuerit. 

7.  Vix   Caesar   milites   e   castris   educere  potuerat,  cum 
^ostes  impetum  fecerunt. 

8.  Illi  minus  facile  earn  rem  in  imperio  nostro  consequi 
poterant. 

9.  Alterum   deinde,    priusquam   tertius   posset   consequi, 
interfecit 

10.  Non  id  potuit  efficere. 

11.  Potest  ex  casa  magnus  vir  exire ;  virtus  in  omni  loco 
nascitur. 

12.  Cura,  ut  possis  aequo  animo  vitam  relinquere. 

1  depopulor}  to  lay  waste. 


2o6  Latin  Method. 

Write  in  Latin. 

1.  Many  cannot  endure  the  pain  of  sickness. 

2.  He  could  not  seize  all  places  in  Italy. 

3.  They  will  be  able  to  enter  the  town  to-day  with  all  their 
troops. 

4.  He  may  be  able  to  give  me  this  letter. 

5.  The  teacher  always  praises  him  because  he  is  able  to 
read  better  than  all  [other]  pupils. 

6.  Caesar  could  not  defend  the  city,  which  the  enemy  had 
attacked. 

7.  They  could  not  be  taught  the  Latin  language  by  others. 

Lesson  41. 

Volo;    nolo;    malo.    Page  88. 
Translate  into  English. 

1.  Noli  esse  amicus  homini  iracundo. 

2.  Ambo  rempublicam,  quam  tueri  potuissent,  perturbare 
maluerant. 

3.  Iter  Helvetii  averterant,  a  quibus  discedere  nolebat. 

4.  Visne  scire,  quae  scripserim  ? 

5.  Ego  domi  manere  nojo,  tu  ambulare  non  yi^. 

6.  Soror  saltare  mavult,  quam  studere. 

7.  Oro  te,  ut  mecum  ludere  velis.  [debemus. 

8.  Si    beati    esse    volumus,    sorte    nostra   contenti   esse 

9.  Si  vis  amari,  ama  ! 

10.  Non    dubitabam,    quin    prodesse    mihi   malles,  quam 
obesse.^ 

1  obsum  =  to  do  harm. 
Write  in  r.atin. 

1.  What  we  wish,  we  gladly  believe. 

2.  Love  others,  if  you  wish  to  be  loved  yourself. 

3.  While  the  greedy  dog  wishes  to  grasp  the  shadow,  he 
lets-fall  ^  the  meat  from  his  mouth. 

4.  Do  you  wish  to  walk  in  the  fields  with  me  ?     No  ;  I 
prefer  to  remain  at  home. 

1  to  let  fall  =  amitto^  \  >,  \,  •     . 


Exercises.  207 

5.  They  did  not  wish  the  soldiers  to  remain  in  the  city. 

61  Do  the  boys  wish  to  play  on  the  plain  ?     No  ;  they  pre- 
fer td  study.     - 

7^=  If  you  wish  to  be  happy,  imitate  the  examples  of  good 
men  1  / 

X   8i  We  had  if^her  be  useful  to  our  country  than  be  rich. 

g.  A  goo(ji^an  will  prefer  to  be  loved  rather  than  feared, 
li.  Do  n(/t  follow  bad  examples,  my  son ! 

Lesson  42.  / 

Fero  and  compounds,  Pag:e  39. 
•^  Translate  into  English. 

1.  Quid  est  tam  nobile  quam  opem  ferre  supplicibus  ? 

2.  Sehectus  affert^  prudentiam. 

3.  Laudo  vos,  quod  misero  auxilium  fertis. 

4.  Nihil  potest  praeferri  virtuti. 

5.  Curabamus,  ut  auxilium  tibi  ferretur. 

6.  Perfer  patienter  laborem. 

'.  7.  Milites  in  itineribus  multas  aerumnas  pertulerunt.^ 
%.  Non  omnis  ager,  qui  seritur,  fert  fruges. 
.  9.  Agricola  paupertatis  onus  patienter  tulit.  ■■    .. 

10.  Domum  reditus  spes  sublata  est.  "O^^L/^ 

Write  in  I.atin.  .mo*  naj  ^  i«^ 

1.  Bad  citizens  bear  arms  against  [their]  country. 

2.  Socrates  bore  hardships  most  patiently. 

3.  Learn  to  bear  well  pleasure  and  pain. 

4.  There  is  no  doubt,  that  old  age  brings  many  sorrows 
with  it. 

5.  Caesar  ordered  two  legions  to  bear  aid  to  the  cavalry. 

6.  A  good  man  is  able  to  bear  with  even  mind  the  hard- 
ships of  life. 

7.  Who  can  endure  the  discourse  of  this  foolish  man? 

8.  Bring  back  those  books  to  me,  which  I  gave  you  yes- 
terday ! 

1  affero  =  to  bring^  2  perfero  ==  to  endure. 


208  Latin  Method, 


Lesson  43. 

Fio,  Page  39. 
Translate  into  ^English. 

1.  Nemo  fit  casu  bonus. 

2.  Ex  amico  inimicus,  ex  inimico  amicus  fieri  potest. 

3.  Senectute  prudentior  fis. 

4.  Deus  dixit :  Fiat,  et  factus  est  mundus. 

5.  Apud  veteres  Romanos  ex  agricolis  fiebant  consules. 

6.  Themistoclis  consilio  factum  est,  ut  Athenienses  ^  urbem 
relinquerent. 

7.  Onus,  quod  bene  fertur,  leve  fit. 

8.  Qui  noxium  adjuvabit,  culpae  socius  ^  fiet. 

9.  His  rebus  fit,  ut  Helvetii  minus  facile  finitimis  bellum 
inferre  possint. 

10.  Caesar  litteris  Labieni  certior' factus  erat. 

i  Atheniensis,  is  (m.)  =  the  Athenian.         ^  socius,  /  (m  )  =  the  ally. 

"Write  in  Latin. 

1.  No  one  becomes,  by  chance,  very  base. 

2.  This  heavy  burden  was  made  light  by  patience. 

3.  In  time  (mox)  our  soldiers  will  become  bolder. 

4.  In  winter   the   days   become   shorter   and  the  nights 
longer. 

5.  The  Athenians  had  become  the  allies  of  the  Romans. 

6.  Caesar,  having  been  informed  by  the  legates,  set  out  for 
Rome. 

7.  He  wished  to  become  friendly  to  me. 

i^  Lesson  44. 

£0  and  compounds.  Page  39* 
Translate  into  English. 

1.  Ego  abeo,  tu  ex  itinere  redis. 

2.  In  pugna  atrocissima  multi  fortissimi  milites  perierunt. 

3.  Curare  debemus,  ne  vitam  silentio  transeamus. 

4.  Milites  e  castris  redeuntes  occisi  sunt. 

5.  Socrates  aequo  atque  hilari  animo  mortem  obiit. 


Exercises.  209   / 

6.  Alexander  ad  Jovis  oraculum  ^  adire  constituit. 

7.  Alpes  nemo  unquam  ante  Hannibalem   cum  exercitu 
transierat. 

8.  Cum  his  quinque  legionibus  ire  contendit. 

9.  Civitati    persuasit,   ut   de   finibus   suis   cum   omnibus 

copiis  exirent. 

1  oraculum,  /  (n.)  =  the  oracle. 

IVrite  in  Latin. 

1.  Very  many  [persons]  pass  their  lives  in  silence. 

2.  Let  us  go  to  the  city ;  let  us  return  from  the  country. 

3.  A  brave  man  will  meet  his  last  day  with  even  mind. 

4.  After  the  battle  very  many  perished  by  hunger  and 
cold. 

5.  Italy  is  fortified  by  the  Alps,  [those]  very  lofty  moun- 
tains, which  an  army  cannot  easily  cross. 

6.  Go  to  Rome,  my  son,  and  wonder  [at]  the  monuments 
of  the  old  Romans. 

7.  At  the  beginning  of  winter  the  general  wished  to  cross 
the  river  with  all  his  forces  on  a  bridge. 


t 


AP 


C^  VOCABULARY. 


Id 


No.  II.  — LATIN   AND    ENGLISH. 
The  figures  in  parenthesis  refer  to  the  List  of  Synonymes. 


a,  ab  (abl.),  from,  away  fro7n,'>^SiCcen6iO,^  ere,  di,  sum,  kindle, 
by;    i n  compos . ,  away,  off  ( i )  •  M      infiame 

'      acoido^  [cado],  ere,  cidi,  befall^ 
happen  (4). 

accingo,^  ere,  nxT,  nctum,  gird, 
b?'ace  up. 

accipio^  [capio],  ere,  cepi,  cep- 
tum,  receive,  accept  (25). 

accurro,^  ere,  curri,  or  cucurrT, 
^^     cursum,  to  run  up  to. 
^ccusator,  oris,  m.,  accuser, pub- 
lic prosecutor. 

accuso  [ad,  causa],^  are,  avi, 
atum,  to  accuse. 

acer,  acris,  acre,  sharp,  eager. 

acerbus,  a,  um,  sharp,  sour. 

acidulus,  a,  um,  rather  sow^. 

acidus,  a,  um,  sour. 

acies,  ei,  F.,  edge,  eyesight ;  the 
battle-array  of  an  army  (5). 

acriter(acrius,  acerrime),  sharp- 
ly, eagerly  J  acrius,  too  eagerly. 

acus.  lis,  F.,  needle. 

acutus,  a,  um,  sharp,  keen. 

ad  (ace),  to,  at,  towards,  about 
(to  the  number  oi),for,  near ; 
in  comp.,  /;/,  upon,  to,  with. 

adclamo,^  are,  avi,  atum,  to  cry 
out  at. 

adcumbo,^  ere,  cubuT,  cubitum, 
recline  or  sit  near  (at  table). 

addo,3  ere,  didi,  ditum,  add. 

adduce,^  ere,  xT,  ctum,  bring, 
draw  to  (a  thing),  induce. 

adeo,  so  (to  that  degree). 

adeo,  Ire,  ii,  itum,  go  to,  ap- 
proach. 

adeptus,  a,  um,  gained,  or  hav- 
ing gained  (part,  of  adi- 
piscor^). 


abdo,^  ere,  did!,  ditum,  to  put 
away,  hide  (2).  . 

abeo,  Ire,  il,  itum,  go  away  (3)J 

abfero(aufero),  ferre,  abstulT,  ao- 
latum,  bear  away. 

abhorreo,'^  ere,  ui,  shrink  away, 
hold  aloof. 

abies,  etis,  y.,  fir-tree. 

abjicio^  (abicio),  ere,  jecT,  jec- 
tum,  throw  away,  cast  down. 

Aborigines,  um,  plur.  M.,  the 
early  inhabitants  of  Italy. 

abripio^  [rapio],  ere,  ripul,  rep- 
tum,  snatch  or  drag  away. 

abscedo,^  ere,  cessi,  cessum, 
move  off,  withdraw. 

absens,  tis  (part,  of  absum), 
absent. 

absentia,  ae,  f.,  absence. 

absolve,^  ere,  solvT,  solutum, 
acquit,  relieve  of  an  obligation 
or  burden,  pay  off,  complete. 

abstinens,  tis,  abstinent,  tem- 
perate; part  of 

abstineo'^  [teneo],ere,  tinuT,  ten- 
tum,  to  hold  off,  refraiii. 

absum,  esse,  fui,  to  be  absent ; 
non  multum  abest  quin,  it  is 
not  far  [from  being  the  case] 
that. 

abundo,^  are,  avT,  atum,  to  over- 
flow, abound  (unda). 

abiitor,^  T,  iisus,  to  abuse,  take 
advantage  of. 

ac  (atque),  and,  as. 

accede,^  ere,  cessT,  cessum, 
7nove  up  to,  approach,  be  added 
(with  ut,  ==  and  besides^. 


AF 


i86 


Latin  Method, 


adfero,  ferre,  tuli,  latum,  bear  to, 

bring. 
adficio,^  ere,  feci,  fectum,  affect 

with  ;  — supplicio,  to  punish ; 

—  honoribus,  to  reward  with 

honors. 
adflicto,^  are,   avT,   atum,  dash 

about  violently,  afflict. 
adfligo,3  ere,  flixl,  flictum,  dash 

against. 
adhibeo.^  ere,  uT,   itum,  apply, 

furnish,  eynpioy, 
adhuc,  hitherto,  till  now. 
adimo,^  ere,  emi,  emptum,  take 

away. 
adipiscor,^   cl,   adeptus,    reach, 

attain. 
aditus,  us,  m.,  access,  approach, 

entrance. 
adjumeiitum,  i,  N.,  aid,  help. 
adjuugo,^   ere,   nxl,    nctum,    to 

joiit,  annex. 
adlatus,  see  adfero. 
adloquor,^  loqui,  locutus,  speak 

to,  address. 
administro,'     are,     avT,     atum, 

serve,  supply,  perform,  direct. 
adrriiratio,  onis,  F.,  adjniration. 
admiror,'  ari,  atus.  to  admire. 
admodum,  to  a  degree,  quite. 
admoneo,^  ere,  ui,  itum,  ad- 
monish. 
admoveo,'^  ere,   movT,   motum, 

7nove  towards. 
adolescens,    adolescentia,    see 

adulescens,  &c. 
adorior,*    irl,    adortus,    attack, 

accost. 
adpeto,^  ere,  TvT,  Itum,  aiin  at,  at- 
tack, seek,  lo7ig for,  approach. 
adrepo,^  ere,  psi,    ptum,   creep 

towards. 
adrideo,^  ere,  rlsT,  rlsum,  smile 

at  (in  token  of  good  humor). 
adscendo,^  ere,  di,  sum,  7?tount, 

ascend. 
adscensus,  iis,  M.,  ascent. 
adsentior,'*   Tri,    sens  us,    agree 

with,  assent  to. 
adsequor,^  qui,  secutus,  follow 

close,  come  up  with,  reach  (95). 


adspectus,  iis,  M.,  aspect,  view. 

adspicio,^  ere,  spexl,  spectum, 
look  at,  view.  \Jiand. 

adsum,  esse,  fuT,  be  present,  at 

adulatio,  onis,  Yg^jjUawniiig, 
flattery.  ^%    ^ 

adulescens,  tis,  M.,  young  man 
(properly,  from  17  to  30^. 

adulescentia,  ae,  f.,  youth, 
early  manhood. 

advento,!  are,  avi,  atum,  ^^w^ /6>, 
approach. 

adventus,  us,  M.,  coming,  ap- 
proach . 

adversus  (ace),  turned  towards, 
against. 

adversus,  a,  um,  turned  to,  op- 
posite, in  fro?it,  ad^ierse. 

adverto,^  ere,  vertT,  versum, 
turn  to;  animum  adverto,  turn 
the  mitid  to,  ?iotice. 

advesperascit,^  ere,  avit,  to  ap- 
proach evening,  grow  late. 

aedes,  is,  F.,  tejnplej  plur., 
house  (39). 

aediiicium,  1,  n.,  builditig,  edi- 
fice. 

aedifico,^  are,  avT,  atum,  build, 
erect. 

aeger,  orra,  grum,  sick,  weary ;  — 
pedibus,  lame. 

aemulus,  T,  m.,  rival. 

Aeneas,  ae,  M.,  A£neas,  son  of 
Anchises  and  Venus,  a  prince 
of  Troy. 

Aeolus,  1,  M.,  ^olus,  god  of 
Winds. 

aequalis,  e,  of  the  same  or  equal 
age  (6). 

aequitas,  atis,  v.,  equity,  justice, 
calmness. 

aequo,'  are,  avT,  atum,  make 
equal. 

aequor,  oris,  N.,  level,  sea  (6j). 

aequus,  a,  um,  level,  even,  equal, 
just  (6). 

aer,  aeris  (ace.  aera),  m.,  air. 

aerumna,  ae,  'P..  grief  {2,^). 

aerumnosus,  a,  nmfull  of  grief. 

aes,  aeris,  n.,  copper,  money. 

aestas,  atis,  f.,  siwimer. 

hi 


Vocabulary :  Latin  and  English. 


187 


aestimo.i  are,  avT,  atum,  value, 

esteem,  reckon. 
aestivus,  a,  um,  summer  (adj.), 

of  siunmer. 
aestuo,^  are,  avT,  atum,  to  boil 

up,  seethe,  surge,  suffer  heat. 
aestus,  us,  M.,  surge,  tide,  heat. 
aetas,   atis,   F.,   age^  period  of 

life  {7)- 

aeternitas,  atis,  F.,  eternity,  tin- 
mortality. 

Aetna,  ae,  f..  Mount  Etna 

aevum,  1,  n.,  age,  period,  lapse 
of  time  (7). 

afiBcio^  [ad  facio],  see  adficio. 

affirmoiare,  avi,  atum,  confirm, 
strengthen. 

afiligo,^  see  adfligo. 

Africanus,  i,  m.,  a  title  of  P. 
Scipio,  as  conqueror  of  Car- 
thage, and  of  his  grandson 
by  adoption  as  its  destroyer. 

Agamemn5n,  onis  (ace.  ona), 
Agamemnon,  king  of  the 
Greeks  at  Troy. 

ager,  agrl,  m.,  field,  territory  (8). 

Agesilaus,!,  m'.,  a  king  of  Sparta, 
yaggredior,^  di,  gressus,  ap- 
V  proacli,  attack,  undertake. 

agito.i  are,  avT,  atum,  drive, 
move,  stir,  agitate,  J) ass,  hunt. 

agmen,  inis,  N.,  band,  troop  (5). 

agna,  ae,  f.,  ewe- lamb. 

agnoscos  [ad,  gno],  noscere, 
novT,  nitum,  to  recognize. 

agnus,  T,  m.  ;  agna,  ae,  F.,  lamb. 

ago,3  agere,  egi,  actum,  to  lead, 
do,  drive;  agere  gratias,  thank. 

agrestis,  e,  wild,  rustic,  rude. 

agricola,  ae,  ^.,  fanner. 

agricultura,  ae,  f.,  agriculture. 

aheneus,  a,  um,  brazen,  of  brass. 

ain,  for  aisne,  do  you  say  so? 

aio  (defect.),  say,  say  yes  (64). 

Ajax,  acis,  M.,  Ajax,  a.  Grecian 
hero. 

ala,  ae,  f.,  wing  (61). 

alacritas,  atis,  f.,  activity,  eager- 
ness, alacrity. 

Albanus,  a,  um,  of  Alba,  a  town 
near  Rome. 


albeo,2  ere,  to  be  white. 

albus,  a,  um,  white  (9). 

alea,  ae,  F.,  die  (of  a  pair  of 
dice),  hazard. 

ales,  itis,  c,  winged  creature^ 
bird  (21). 

Alexander,  dri,  m.,  Alexander, 
king  of  Macedonia,  conqueror 
of  Asia. 

algeo,^  ere,  alsT,  to  be  or  endure 
cold. 

algor,  oris,  M.,  cold  (the  feeling). 

alias,  otherwise,  elsewhere,  at 
any  other  ti?ne. 

alienus,  a,  um,  belonging  to  an- 
other, foreign,  others' . 

aliger,  gera,  gerum,  winged, 

aliment  um,  1,  'H.,food;  pi.  kinds 
of  food. 

aliquamdiu,/i7r  some  time. 

aliquando,  at  some  time,  some- 
times, at  length. 

aliquis.  qua,  quod,  or  quid  (p.  21), 
sotne,  so7ne  one. 

aliquo,  to  some  place. 

aliquot,  some,  several,  a  num- 
ber of  . 

aliter,  otherwise. 

alius,  a,  ud  (p.  7),  other,  another j 
al.  .  .  al.,  one  .  .  another. 

almus,  a,  um,  cherishing,  be- 
nignant. 

alo,^  alere ,  aluT,  2i\[tara,feed,  keep 
(of  animals). 

Alpes,  ium,  f.,  the  Alps. 

altaria,  ium,  N.  plur.,  altars. 

alter,  tera,  terum  (p.  7),  other 
(of  two),  second,  the  other; 
alter  .  .  alter,  the  one,  the  other. 

altercor,^  arl,  atus,  quarrel,  dis- 
pute. 

alternus,  a,  um,  alternate. 

altitude,  dinis,  F.,  height,  depth. 

altus,  a,  um,  high,  deep  (10). 

alumnus,  1,  u.,  foster-child. 

alveus,  T,  M.,  river-channel. 

amabilis,  e, /^-z/^/k. 

amans,  tis,  lovins^,  foftd  {axao). 

amarus,  a,  um,  bitter. 

ambages,  um,  f.  plur.,  obscurity 
(dark  hints)  ;  also  in  abl.  sing. 

AM 


i88 


Latin  Method, 


ambitus,  us,  m.,  circuity  going 
around. 

ambo,  ae,  o  (p.  7),  both. 

ambulatio,  5nis,  F.,  a  walk. 

ambulo,'  are,  avT,  atum,  to  walk. 

amens,   tis,   distracted^    insane. 

amicitia,  ae,  Y.^  friendship. 

amicus,  a',  urn,  friendly^  fond. 

amicus,  T,  m.,  a  fiend. 

amitto,^  ere,  misi,  missum,  to 
lose  (83). 

amo/  are,  avi,  atum,  to  love{i\). 

amoenus,  z-yUm,  pleasant,  charm- 
ing (to  the  eye  :  41). 

amor,  oris,  m.,  love. 

amplitude,  inis,  f.,  fulness, 
grandeur. 

amplius,  more  (§  54,  5.  ^). 

amplus,  a,  um,  full,  abundant, 
grand,  large  (65). 

amputo,^  are,  avi,  atum,  prune 
away,  cut  off. 

Amulius,  i,  m.,  Amulius,  king 
of  Alba. 

an,  whether,  ^r  (sign  of  interr.). 

Anacharsis,  is,  M.,  a  philoso- 
phical Scythian. 

anas,  anatis,  c,  duck. 

Anchises,  ae,  m.,  Anchises, 
father  of  ^neas. 

ancilla,  ae,  F.,  handmaid  (fem. 
of  servus,  slave) . 

ancora,  ae,  f.,  anchor. 

ango,^  ere,  nxT,  nctum,  to  choke, 
distress. 

anguis.is,  c,  snake,  serpent {12). 

angulus,  T,  M.,  corner. 

angustus,  a,  um,  narrow. 

auima,  ae,  f.,  breath,  life  (13). 

animadverto^[animum  adverto], 
ere,  tl,  sum,  to  perceive. 

animal,  alls,  N.,  aftimal  (14). 

animus,  T,  m.,  7nind,  soul,  cour- 
^g^  (13);  animum  adverto 
(ace),  perceive. 

anniversarius,  a,  um,  yearly. 

annona,  ae,  F.,  the  grain-crop 
(year's  gxovi\\\), grain  (in  mar- 
ket), price  of  grain  (94). 

annus,  1,  m.,  year. 

annuus.  a,  Mva,  yearly. 


ante  (ace),  before  (prep,  and 
adv.) ;  ante  .  .  quam,  before 
(rel.  adv.) ;  non  ante  .  .  . 
quam,  not  .  .  .  until j  ante 
duas  horas,  two  hours  ago. 

antecapio,^  ere,  cepi,  captum, 
anticipate. 

ant^edo,^  ere,  cessT,  cessum, 
precede,  walk  in  front,  excel. 

antepono,^  ere,  posui,  positum, 
set  before,  prefer. 

Antiochia, '  ae,  F.,  Antioch,  a 
city  of  Syria. 

antiquitas,  atis,  F.,  antiquity. 

antiquus,  a,  um,  ancient  (100). 

Antonius,  1,  m.,  Antony,  a  Ro- 
man family  name. 

antrum,  1,  N.,  cave,  grotto. 

anulus,  T,  M.,  ri?ig,  bracelet. 

apage  (def.),  away  !  begone  / 

aper,  apri,  m.,  boar. 

aperio,''  ire,  ui,  apertum,  open, 
uncover,  disclose  (80)  ;  aperl 
caput,  take  off  your  hat. 

apertus,  a,  um  (part,  of  preced- 
ing), opened,  open. 

apiarium,  T,  n.,  bee-house,  apiary, 

apis,  is,  F.,  bee. 

Apollo,  inis,  m.,  Apollo,  god  ot 
music  and  art. 

appareo,2  ere,  uT,  itum,  appear. 

apparo,'  are,  avi,  atum,  to  make 
ready. 

appello,'  are.  avT,  atum,  call. 

appeto,^  (see  adpeto). 

approbatio,  onis.  f.,  approval. 

approbo,^  are,  avi,  atum,  ap- 
prove. 

apto,'  are,  avT,  atum,7f/,  adapt. 

aptus,  a,  ViVa,  fitted,  fit. 

apud  (ace),  at,  near,  among, 
with,  in  (of  authors). 

aqua,  ae,  F.,  water,  spring. 

aquations,  a,  um,  of  the  water; 
M.  or  F.  plur.,  water-fowl. 

aquatio,  onis,  F.,  watering-place. 

aquila,  ae,  F.,  eagle  (the  Roman 
standard). 

Aquilo,  onis,  M.,  Aquilo  (the 
North  Mrind),  the  North. 

Arabs,  Arabis,  Arabian. 


Vocabulary:  Latin  ajtd  English, 


189 


Arar,  aris,   M.,  a  river  in  Gaul 

(the  Saone). 
arator,  oris,  M.,  ploughman. 
aratrum,  T,  N.,  plough. 
Aratus,  Ardtus,  a  Greek  poet. 
arbitror,^  arl,  atus,  judge,  think, 

suppose  (92). 
arbor  (os),  oris,  F.,  tree  (15). 
arbustum,  T,  N.,  orchard  {\^), 
Arcadius,  1,  a  man's  name. 
arceo,^  ere,  arcul,    to  shut  off, 

restrain.  * 

Archelaus,  1,  M.,  a  man's  name. 
Archias,  ae,  Archias,  M.,  a  poet. 
arcus,  us,  M.,  «  bow. 
ardens,  tis  (participle  of  ardeo), 

blazing. 
ardeo/^  ere,  arsi,  arsum,  blaze, 

burn. 
ardor,  oris,  M.,  heat,  wartnth. 
arduus,  a,  um,  steep,  diffiadt. 
area,  ae,  F.,  open  space,  area, 

couj-t-yard. 
argentarius,  a,  um,  pertaining  to 

silver  or  money ;  argentarius, 

a   money  lender;  argentaria, 

(sc.  res),  banking  business. 
argentum,  1,  n.,  silver. 
argumentum,  T,  N.,  argument. 
arguo,^  ere,  ui,  utum,  to  assert, 

declare.,  accuse. 
arista,  ae,  F.,  wheat-ear,  harvest. 
Aristoteles,  is,  m.,  Aristotle,  a 

Greek  philosopher. 
arma,  orum,  N.,  arms,  weapons ; 

ad  arma,  to  war;   in  armis, 

under  arms  (16). 
armatus,    a,   um,   armed;    pi., 

armed  ?nen. 
aro,^  are,  avi,  atum,  plough. 
ars,  artis,  F.,  art,  skill  (17). 
arte  (tius,  tissime),  closely. 
articulatim  (te),  articulately. 
artifex,  ficis,  m.,  artist,  artisan, 

workman. 
artus,  us,  M.,joifit,  liinb  (dat.  pi. 

7ibus) . 
arundo,  inis,  F.,  reed,  stick. 
arvum,  T,  N.  [aro],  a  field  for 

tilla<re  {^). 
arx,  arc  is,  F.,  tower,  citadel. 


Ascanius,  1,  m.,  son  of  yEneas. 
ascensus,      iis,     M.     (see     ad- 

scensus). 
asinus,  1,  m.,  ass,  donkey. 
aspectus,  us,   M.,   sight,   view, 

aspect. 
asper,  era,  erum,  rough,  harsh, 

sharp. 
asperuor,^  ari,  atus,  spurn,  scorn. 
aspis,  idis,  F.,  asp  (a  poisonous 

serpent). 
asporto^  [abs,  porto],  are,  avi, 

atum,  carry  off. 
astrologia,    ae,    F.,    astronotny 

(knowledge  of  the  stars). 
astrum,   1,    n.,    star,    heavenly 

body. 
asylum,  T,*N.,  asylum,  refuge. 
at,  but,  but  yet,  still. 
ater,  atra,  atrum,  black  (9). 
Athenae,  2itViVcs.,Athens,  the  most 

famous  city  of  Greece. 
Atlas,  an  tis,  M.,  Atlas,  a  Titan, 

changed  to  a  mountain. 
atque  (ac),  and,  as,  and  even. 
Atreus,  eos  or  1  (p.  5),  m.,  Atreus, 

father  of  Agamemnon. 
Atrides,  ae,  m.,  son  of  Atreus. 
atrox,  6c\s,,  fierce,  cruel  (93). 
attendo,^   ere,   dl,  tum,    stretch 

towards,  attend,  listen. 
attentus,  a,  um,  attentive. 
attingo^  [tango],    tingere,    tigi, 

tactum,  to7tch  on,  touch,  reach. 
attonitus,  a,  um,  thuftders truck. 
auctoritas,  atis,  F.,  authority. 
auctumnus,  T,  m.,  autumn  (from 

augeo,    the   increase   of    har- 
vest). 
audacia,  ae,  F.,  boldness  (usually 

in  a  bad  sense). 
audax,  acis,  bold,  daring. 
audeo.^audere,  ausus  sum,  dare, 

venture  {\Z). 
audio,^  Ire,  TvT,  Ttum.  hear. 
auditio,  onis,  f,,  hearsay. 
aufero  [ab,  fero],  auferre,  abs- 

tuli,  ablatum,  bear  away,  re- 
move. 
augeo, -^   augere,    auxT,   auctum, 

to  increase,  enlarise. 


190 


Latin  Method, 


augur,  uris,  M.,  augur  (inter- 
preter of  omens). 

auguror,!  ari,  atus,  to  interpret 
omens,  interpret,  predict. 

aula,  ae,  F.,  hall,  palace. 

aura,  ae,  F.,  breeze,  air  {ig). 

aureus,  a,  um,  golden,  of  gold. 

auriga,  ae,  c,  driver,  charioteer. 

auris,  is,  F.,  ear. 

auritus,  a,  um,  'having  ears. 

aurum,  T,  ^.,  gold. 

auster,  tri,  M.,  the  south  wind. 

ausus,  a,  um,  part,  of  audeo.^ 

aut,  or ;  aut  .  .  aut,  either  .  .  or. 

autem,  but,  however,  moreover. 

auxilium,  T,  n.,  aid,  help. 

avaritia,  ae,  f.,  avarice,  greed. 

a  varus,  a,  um,  greedy,  avari- 
cious (20). 

averto,^  ere,  ti,  sum,  to  turn 
away,  avert. 

avis,  is,  F.,  bird  {21). 

avoco,^  are,  avi,  atum,  to  call 
away. 

avolo,^  are,  avI,  atum,  to  fly 
away. 

avus,  1,  M.,  grandfather.   • 

axis,  is,  M.,  axle,  axis  (of  the 
earth). 


B. 

balneum,!,  N.,  bath;  plural,  ae, 

arum,  F. 
bale,'  are,  avT,  atum,  to  bleat. 
barba,  ae,  F.,  beard. 
barbarus,  a,  um,  barbarian  (93). 
beatus,  a,  um,  blessed .^  happy, 

wealthy  (47). 
Belga,  ae,  M.,  a  Belgian. 
Bellerophon,  ontis,  M.,  a  hero 

of  Greek  fable,  slayer  of  the 

Chiincera. 
bellicosus,  a,  um,  warlike. 
bellicus,  a,  um,  warlike, 
bellum,  1,  N.,  war  (22). 
bellus,  a,  um,  pretty,  fine  (91). 
belua,    ae,   f.,    beast,   motister, 

strange  animal  (14). 
bene,  well. 


benefacio,^  facere,  feci,  factum  ; 

pass.,benefio,  do  good,  benefit. 
beneficium,    1,    n.,   a  kindness, 

benefit;  favor,  gift  (40). 
benevolentia,  ae,  F.,  good  will, 

kindness. 
bestia,    ae,    f.,   animal,    beast, 

brute  (14). 
Bias,  antis,  M.,  a  Greek  philo- 
sopher. 
bibo,^  ere,  bibi,  itum,  to  drink. 
biennium,  1,  n.,  a  period  of  two 

years. 
bis,  twice. 

blandimentum,  T,  'ii.,  flattery. 
bonus,  a,  \im,  good,  kind  {22,). 
Boreas,  ae,  M.,  the  North  witid, 

north. 
bos,  bo  vis  (p.  14),  C,  ox,  cow ; 

plur.  cattle. 
braohium  (bracchium),  i,  n.,  arm 

(properly  the  fore-arm ;   com- 
pare lacertus). 
brevis,  e,  short;  brevi,  in  a  short 

time. 
Britannia,  ae,  F.,  Britain. 
Britannus,  a,   um,    British,   a 

Briton. 
Brundisium,  1,  N.,  a  seaport  in 

the  S.E.  of  Italy. 
bubulcus,  1,   M.,  a  ploughinan, 

herds7?ian. 


C. 


C,  initial  for  Gains  [Cains).  The 
spelling  Gaius  is  the  correct 
one,  but  is  not  usually  pre- 
served in  Enghsh. 

CA.T>,fall  (cado,  accido). 

cado,^  cadere,  cecidT,  casum,/^//. 

caeco.i  are,  avI,  atum,  to  make 
blind. 

caecus,  a,  um,  blind. 

oaedes,  is,  f.,  destruction,  muti- 
lation, slaughter  (24). 

caedo,=^  caedere,  cecTdi,  caesum, 
fell,  cut  down,  kill,  beat. 

caelum,  1,  n.  ;  pi.  caeli,  drum, 
M.,  sky,  heaven,  climate. 


Vocabulary :  Latin  and  English. 


191 


Caepio,  onis,  M.,  a  man's  name. 

Caesar,  aris,  M.,  Ccesar. 

caesaries,  ei,  F.,  head  of  hair, 
locks. 

calamitas,  atis,  F.,  a  calamity 
(originally  a  hailstorm,  which 
beats  down  stalks  of  grain). 

calamus,  1,  m.,  stalk,  reed,  pen. 

calco.i  are,  avT,  atum,  to  tram- 
ple, tread,  travel. 

caleo,^  ere,  uT,  be  hot  or  warm. 

calesco,^  ere,  grow  hot  or  warm. 

calidus,  a,  um,  hot. 

calix,  icis,  M.,  nip. 

callidus,  a,  um,  cunning. 

calo,  onis,  m.,  camp-servant. 

campus,  1,  u.,Jield,  plain  (%). 

CAx\,  sing  (caiio^). 

candens  (part,  of  candeo),  tis, 
glowi?ig,  hot. 

candidus,  a,  um,  white,  bright {g). 

canis,  is,  C.  ;  gen.  pL,  um,  dog. 

Canius,  T,  M.,  a  proper  name. 

Cannae,  arum,  F.,  CanticB,  a 
town  in  S.  E.  Italy,  where  the 
Romans  were  defeated  by  Han- 
nibal, B.C.  216. 

cano,^  ere,  cecinT,  cantum,  sing, 
crow,  soutid,  play  (on  an  in- 
strument). 

canorus,  a,  um,  clear-voiced, 
melodious. 

cantillo,'  are,  sing  feebly,  chirp. 

canto,!  are,  avi,  atum ,  sing. 

cantus,  lis,  M.,  song,  chant{2']). 

canus,  a,  um,  white,  hoary  (9) ; 
pi.,  cani,  gray  hair. 

CAP,  take  (capio,  accipio). 

capax,  acis,  capacious,  roomy. 

caper,  capri,  m.,  goat. 

capesso,^  ere,  Tvi,  itum,  take 
hold  of ,  seize,  grasp. 

capillus,  T,  M.,  hair. 

capio,^  ere,  cepT,  captum,  take, 
catch  (25) ;  captus  oculls,  blind. 

Capitolium,  1,  N.,  the  Capitol,  a 
hill  in  Rome. 

capra  (more  commonly  capella), 
ae,  F.,  she- go  at. 

capto,!  are,  avT,  atum,  to  catch 
at,  seize,  reach  eagerly  for. 


Capua,  ae,  F.,  a  town  of  South 
Italy,  near  Naples. 

caput,  capitis,  N.,  head,  chief 
(town,  dish,  &c.). 

career,  eris,  yi.,  prison,  dungeon. 

careo,^  ere,  uT,  itum,  to  be  free, 
be  relieved  (of  annoyance),  do 
without,  be  destitute  (26) . 

caritas,  atis,  F.,  dearness,  both 
as  affection  and  as  high  price. 

carmen,  inis,  N.,  song  (27). 

caro,  carnis,  Y.,  flesh,  meat. 

Carolus,  1,  M.,  Charles. 

Carthago,  inis,  F.,  Carthage,  a 
city  of  N.  Africa.  \ian. 

Carthaginiensis,  e,   Carthagin- 

casa,  ae,  f.,  cottage. 

caseus,  T,  m.,  cheese. 

Cassandra,  ae,  F.,  Cassandra. 

cassia,  ium,  m.,  hunting-net. 

Cassius,  1,  M.,  one  of  the  con- 
spirators against  Caesar. 

castanea,  ae,  f.,  chesttiut. 

castellum,  i,  ^.,fort. 

castra,  orum,  N.  pi.,  camp. 

castrensis,  e,  of  the  camp. 

casus,  us,  M.,  downfall,  chance^ 
accident  (cado). 

catellus,  1,  M.,  little  puppy. 

catena,  ae,  F.,  chain. 

Catilina,  ae,  M.,  Catiline. 

Cato,  onis,  M.,  a  Roman  name. 

catulus,  T,  M.,  whelp,  puppy. 

caula,  ae,  f.,  a  sheep-fold,  stall. 

causa,  ae,  f.,  cause,  motive; 
causa,  for  the  sake  of 

caveo,2  ere,  cavi,  cautum,  to 
beware;  to  be  on  otie' s  guard ; 
cave,  with  pres.  subj.  (used  in 
prohibitions),  don''t. 

cecidi,  see  cado. 

cecidi,  see  caedo. 

cecini,  see  cano. 

cedo,^  ere,  cessT,  cessum,  move, 
move  awav,  yield,  retire,  re- 
sign, be  ififerior. 

celeber,  bris,  bre,  thronged,  cele- 
brated, 7iU7nerous. 

celebro,!  are,  avT,  atum,  to 
throng,  celebrate. 

celer,  eris,  ere,  swift. 


192 


Latin  Method. 


celeritas,  atis,  F.,  swiftness. 

celeriter,  swiftly. 

celo,i  are,  avi,  atum  (with  two 

ace),  hide,  cover  (2). 
celsus,  a,  um,  lofty  (10). 
cena,  ae,  f.,  diiuier  (36). 
ceno,^  are,  avi,  atum,  ditte,  sup. 
censeo,'^  ere,  suT,  sum,  estimate^ 

reckon  (92). 
censor,  oris,  m.,  censor  {2.  Roman 

magistrate). 
census,  lis,  m.,  census,  a  register 

and  valuation  of  citizens, 
centesimus,  a,  um,  hu?idredth. 
centum,  a  hundred. 
cera,  ae,  F.,  waxj  pi.,  wax  tablets 

(for  writing). 
Ceres,  eris,   f.,   Ceres,  goddess 

of  grain  and  harvest. 
cereus,  a,  um,  waxen. 
cerno,^  ere,  crevi,  cretum  or  cer- 

tum,  distinguish,  descry, decide, 
certamen,     inis,      n.,     contest, 

rivalry. 
certatim,  emulously. 
certe,  surely,  at  any  rate. 
certiorem  facere,  to  i7iform  one. 
certo,  certai?tly. 
certo,!   are,   avi,  atum,   decide, 

vie,  strive,  contend  (90.) 
certum  est,  it  is  resolved. 
certus,  a,  um  (part,  of  cerno), 

decided,  certain,  sure,  resolved. 
cervix,  icis  (f.  ;  generally  plur.), 

neck,  shoulders. 
cervus,  1,  m.,  stag. 
cespes,  itis,  M.,  turf 
cesso,^  are,  avi,  atum,  cease. 
[ceterus],  a,  um  (masc.  sing,  not 

used),  other,  the  rest. 
Chrysippus,  T,  m.,  Chrysippus, 

a  Stoic  philosopher. 
cibus,  1,  M.,food  (36). 
cicada,  ae,  F.,  tree- locust,  katy- 
did. 
Cicero,  onis,  M.,  Cicero. 
ciconia,  ae,  f.,  stork. 
cieo,'^  ere,  cIvT,  citum,  to  rouse, 

stir. 
Cinna,  ae,  M.,  a  Roman  name. 
circa,  about^  aroufid  {diCc). 


circiter,  (adv.  or  prep.),  about. 
circum-aro,i  to  plough  around. 
circumcido,^   ere,    cidi,    cisum, 

to  cut  or  tritn  around. 
circumcisus,  a,  um,  cut  off  all 

around. 
circumdo,!  dare,  dedi,  datum, 

to  put  round. 
circum-fero,  ferre,  tulT,  latum,  to 

cast  around. 
circumplico,!    are,    avi,    atum, 

fold  or  wrap  round,  surround. 
circumsedeo,^  ere,  sedi,  to  sit 

round,  besiege. 
circumspecto,^  are,  avi,  atum, 

to  look  round  upon. 
circus,    1,  M.,  circus  (for  exhi- 
bitions, races,  &c.). 
citatus,  a,  um,  hastening,  stirred. 
civilis,  t,  of  a  citizen,  civil. 
civis,  is,  c,  citizen;  —  meus,  7ny 

fellow-citizen . 
civitas,  atis,  f.,  city,  state    (as 

organized  commonwealth :  98). 
clades,  is,  f.,  7nassacre,  loss  (24). 
clamito,^  are,  avi,  atum,  to  shout^ 

call  (freq.  of  clamoi). 
clamor,  oris,  M.,  shout,  scream, 

cry  (97).  \_loud. 

clarus,  a,   um,   bright,  fatnous, 
classicum,  1,  n.,  trumpet-signal. 
classis,  is,  Y.,  fleet. 
Claudius,  I,  m.,  Claudius,  a  Ro- 
man family  name. 
claudus,  a,  um,  lame. 
Clemens,  tis,  merciful,  gentle. 
dementia,  ae,  F.,  7nercy.      » 
cliens,  tis ,  c,  clie7it^\lepe7tda7it. 
clipeus,  1,  M.,  shield  {2%). 
cloaca,  ae,  f.,  drain,  sewer. 
Clusinus,    a,   um,    of'*Clusium. 
Cn.  for  Gnaeus  or  Cneius.^ 
coactus,  a,  um  (part,  of  c6go), 

coDipelled,  gathered. 
cochlea,  ae,  f.,  snail. 
Codes,  itis,  M.,  a   surname  of 

Horatius  ("  one-eyed  "). 
coctilis,  e,  baked. 
coepi,  def.  (§  38,  \.  a^,  I  began. 
coerceo,"'^  ere,  cuT,  citum,  coifi- 

pel,  restrain  (arceo) . 


Vocabulary :  Latin  and  English. 


9Z 


coetus,  us,  M.,  assembly. 

cogito,'  are,  avi,  atum,  to  think ^ 
reflect. 

cognatio,  onis,  F.,  relationship 
(by  blood). 

cognomen,  inis,  N.,  surname^ 
family  name  (74). 

cognosco,^  ere,  novi,  nitum, 
learn^  recognize^  know. 

cogo,^  ere,  coegl,  coactum,  to 
gather^  compel  (co,  ago). 

cohortor,!  arl,  atus,  to  encourage^ 
exhort. 

coliega,  ae,  m.,  colleague. 

collego  (or  coUigoy  ere,  leg!, 
lectum,  gather,  collect. 

colligo,!  are,  avI,  atum,  to  bind 
together. 

coUis,  is,  M.,  hill. 

collum,  1,  N.,  neck. 

colo.^ere,  colui,  cultum,  cherish^ 
till,  worship. 

colonus,  1,  u.,  farfner,  colonist. 

color,  oris,  M.,  color. 

columba,  ae,  f.,  dove. 

coma,  ae,  f.,  hair ;  pi.  (poet- 
ically ),/(?//^^^. 

comes,  itis,  c,  companion  (29). 

cometes,  ae,  m.,  comet. 

comis,  e,  kind,  courteous  (41). 

comitium,  1,  N.,  place  of  gather- 
ing;  plur.,  election. 

commemoro,'  are,  avi,  atum, 
call  to  jnind,  relate,  recount. 

commendo,^  are,  avi,  atum,  to 
put  in  charge,  intrust. 

commigro,^  are,  avi,  atum,  to 
7nigrat^'e7nove. 

commil^BT  onis,  yi.,  fellow-sol- 
dier, cmh-ade. 

commo^^,  conveniently. 

comi^^mtas,  atis,  F.,  conven- 
ience, advantage,  fitness. 

commodum,  I,  n.,  convenience, 
advantage^  profit. 

commoveo,-^  ere,  m5vi,  motum, 
move,  disturb  (violently),  stir. 

communis,  e,  common. 

communitas,  ^atis,  F.,  co?nmu- 
nity  (con,  munus). 

compareo,2  ere,  ui,  to  appear. 


compare,^  are,  avi,  atum,  to  get 

together,  procure,  co7npare. 
compenso,'  are,  avT,   atum,    to 

recompense,  repay,  compensate. 
compes,  edis,  y.,  fetter. 
complector,^  ti,  plexus,  embrace. 
compleo,^  ere,  evi,  etum,  to  fill. 
completus,    a,    um,  full,  com- 
plete. 
complures,  a  or  ia,  very  many, 
compono,^  ere,  posui,  positum, 

to  arrange,  settle,  put  together. 
comprehendo,^  ere,  di,  sum,  to 

seize,  perceive,  comprehend. 
comprobo,^  are,  avi,  atum,  make 

good,  proiie,  verify. 
compute,!  are,  avi,  atum,  reckon, 

co7npute. 
concede,^   ere,    cessT,    cessum, 

allow,  retreat,  withdraw. 
concerpo^  [con,  carpo],  ere  (no 

perf.),  cerptum,  pluck,  gather. 
concessus,   us,    m.,   concession, 

permission. 
concilio,'   are,  avi,  atum,  win, 

acquire,  unite,  conciliate. 
concilium,  T,  n.,  coimcil. 
concito,'  are,  avi,  atum,  rouse, 

excite  (strongly). 
couclamo,!  are,  avT,  atum,  ciy 

aloud. 
conclude^  [con,   claudo],   ere, 

cliisT,  clusum,  to  shut  up. 
conclusus,  a,  um  (part,  of  last), 

shut  up. 
Concordia,  ae,  F.,  concord,  har- 
mony. 
concors,    cordis,    harmonious, 

friendly  (cor), 
concursus,    iis,    m.,   concourse, 

a  running  together. 
concutio^    [con,    quatio],    ere,- 

cussT,  cussum,  shake,  clash. 
condemno,!  are,  avT,  atum,  con- 

defnn. 
condicio  (conditio),  onis,  f.,  con- 
dition, ter7ns. 
condimentum,  1,  N.,  seasoning, 

sauce. 
condio,"*    Ire,   TvT   (ii),    itum,    to 

season,  etttbcllish. 


194 


Latin  Method, 


condo",^  dere,  didi,  ditum,  put 
together^  found,  build,  put  to 
rest,  get  in,  cure  (of  crops). 

condocefactus,  a,  um,  trained, 
tamed.  {together,  hire. 

conduco,^  ere,  xi,  ctum,  bring 

coufectus,  a,  um  (part,  of  con- 
ficio),  wrought,  reduced. 

confero,  ferre,  tuli,  latum  (col- 
la  turn),  to  bring  together,  com- 
pare, betake  (one's  self),  put 
upofi,  convey. 

confertus,  a,  \i\-n,full,  crowded. 

conficio,*  ere,  feci,  fectum,  make 
thoroughly,  Jinish,  prepare. 

coiifirmo,^  are,  avi,  atum,  con- 
Jirm,  strcfigthen,  affirm. 

confiteor,"^  eri,  fessus  [fateor], 
confess,  acknowledge,  admit. 

confluo,^  ere,  fluxl,  flow  to- 
gether, throng. 

confringo,^  ere,  fregi,  fractum, 
break  in  pieces  [frango]. 

confugio,^  ere,  fugi,  to  Jiee  for 
refuge. 

congrego,^  are,  avT,  atum  [grex], 
gather  in  flocks,  congregate. 
\    conjicio  (conicio),^  ere,  jecT,  jec- 
tum,  to  cast,  to  hurl. 

conjunctio,  6n\s,  ¥.,  a  Joinijtg, 
companiotiship. 

conjunctus,  a,  xiva.  Joined. 

conjungo,^  ere,  junxi,  junctum, 
to  join  closely. 

conjunx  (or  conjux),  jugis,  c, 
partner,  i.e.  husbatid  or  wife. 

conjuratio,  onis,  f.,  conspiracy. 

conjuratus,  i,  m.,  conspirator. 

cohjuro,^  are,  avI,  atum,  to  con- 
spire (con;  juro,^  swear). 

conligo,^  are,  avi,  atum.  to  bind, 
fasten  together  (=  coUigo^). 

conloquor,^  qui,  locutus,  to  con- 
verse. 

conor,^  ari,  atus,  try,  endeavor, 
attempt  iyZ). 

conquiro  [con;  quaero],^  ere, 
quTsivi,  quisltum,  to  inquire, 
search  out. 

conscientia,  ae,  F.,  conscious- 
ness, conscience. 


conscio,^  ire,  to  be  conscious. 

consecro,^  are,  avi,  atum,  con- 
secrate (con;  sacer). 

conscius,  a,  um,  conscious. 

consenesco,^  ere,  senuT,  to  grow 
old  (con ;  senex). 

consensus,  us,  m.,  consent,  fel- 
low-feeling (con;  sentio). 

c5nsequor,^  sequi,  secutus,  to 
follow  close,  overtake  (95). 

conservatio,  onis,  F.,  preserva- 
tion (con;  servo^). 

consessus,  us,  m.,  meetings  as- 
sembly (con;  sedeo"^). 

considero.i  are,  avi,  atum,  to 
consider,  ponder. 

consido,^  ere,  sedi,  sessum,  to 
sit  down  (con ;  sido'^). 

consilium,  1,  n.,  counsel,  plan, 
wise  counsel,  wisdom  (31). 

consimilis,  e,  very  like,  just  like. 

consisto,^  ere,  stitT,  stitum,  to 
stand  fast,  halt,  stay. 

consocio,'  are,  avi,  atum,  to 
associate  with,  join,  connect. 

consolatio,  onis,  f.,  consolation. 

conspectus,  u^,  m.,  sight,  view. 

conspicio,^  ere,  spexi,  spectum, 
to  view,  behold. 

conspicor,^  arl,  atus,  to  get 
sight  of. 

constantia,  ae,  ¥.,  firmness. 

constituo,^  ere,  stituT,  utum,  to 
establish,  resolve  [statuo]. 

consto,'  stare,  stiti,  statum,  con- 
sist, be  established ;  constat, 
it  is  settled  (fact  or  resolve). 

constringo,^  ere,  strinxi,  stric- 
tum,  to  bind  fast. 

consuesco,^  ere,  suevi,  suetum, 
become  accustomed. 

consuetude,  inis,  F.,  custom  (70). 

consul,  ulis,  M.,  consul  (chief 
executive  officer  of  Rome). 

consulatus,  us,  m.,  consulship. 

consulo,^  ere,  ui,  sultum,  to  con- 
sult (ace),  consult  for  {dL-A.\..). 

consult©,  on  purpose. 

consultum,  T,  n.,  counsel. 

consurgo,^  ere,  surrexT,  surrec- 
tum,  to  rise  up,  revolt. 


Vocabulary:  Latin  and  English. 


19s 


contemno,-''  ere,   tempsi,  temp- 

tum,  to  despise. 
contemptus,  us,   M.,   contempt^ 

scorn. 
contendo,'  ere,  di,  turn,  stretch 

towards^  strive.,  contend;  con- 

tendo  ab,  urge  upon. 
contentio,  onis,  F.,  strife.,  con- 
test. 
contero,^   ere,    trlvi,  tritum,  to 

wear  away.,  bruise.,  waste. 
conterritus,  a,  urn,  terrified. 
contexo,^    ere,    texul,    textum, 

weave  together. 
conticesco,^  ere,  ticuT,  to  grow 

silent  (incept,  of  taceo'-^). 
continens,   tis    (part,    of    con- 

tineo),  continuous ;  as  a  noun, 

the  continent. 
contineo,'-  ere,  continuT,  tentum 

[con ;  teneo],   hold  together^ 

contain.,  keep. 
contingo,^  ere,  tigl,  tactum  [tan- 
go], to  touch,  befall  J  contin- 

git,  it  happens  (4). 
continue,  immediately. 
continuus,  a,  um,  constant.,  in 

succession. 
contra,  as  prep,  (ace.),  against, 

over  against ;  as  adv.,  on  the 

other  hand. 
contraho,^  ere,  xT,  ctum,  to  draw 

together,  contract,  restrain. 
contrarius,  a,  um,  contrary. 
contremisco,^  ere,  tremul,  to  be 

seized  with  trembling. 
contuli,  see  confero. 
convenio,''    Ire,    veni,    ventum, 

to  meet,  gather. 
conventus,  us,  m.,  meeting,  con- 
course. 
converto,^  ^ere,  tl,  sum,  turn. 
con  viva,   ae,    c,  fellow-guest, 

companion  (at  table). 
convivium,  1,  ti.,  feast,  banquet. 
convoco,^  are,   avT,  atum,  call 

together. 
copia,  ae,  F.,  abundance,  oppor- 

tu7iity  (78)  ;  ^\\xxd\,  forces. 
copiosus,  a,  um,  abounding  in 

resources. 


coquo.^ere,  coxT,  coctum,  to  cook. 

cor,  cordis,  n.,  heart. 

coraxn,  openly ;  (with  abl.),  in  the 

presence  of 
Corinthius.  a,  um,  Corinthian. 
Corinthus,  T,  f.,  Corinth,  a  city 

of  Greece. 
Cornelia,  ae,  f.,  a  Roman  matron, 

daughter  of  Scipio  and  mother 

of  Gracchus. 
cornicen,  cinis,  M.  [cornu;  cano], 

horn-blower. 
cornii,  us  {n),  N.,  horn. 
corpus,  oris,  N.,  body. 
corripio,^  ere,  ripui,  reptum,  to 

seize  (25). 
corruptus,  a,  um  (part,  of  cor- 

rumpo),  spoiled,  corrupt. 
cortex,  icis,  M.  or  F.,  bark.,  hull. 
corvus,  1,  M.,  a  crow. 
eras,  to-morrow. 
crastinus,  a,    um,   belonging  to 

the    morrow;    crastinus    (sc. 

dies),  T,  M.,  the  morrow. 
creber,  bra,  brum,  thick,  close, 

frequent. 
crebresco,^    ere,    bruT   or   buT, 

grow  dense,  thicken,  increase. 
credo,^  dere,  didi,  ditum,  to  give  \ 

in  trust,  trust,  believe  (92),      J 
creo,^  are,  avi,  atum,  to  create, 

elect.  [din. 

crepitus^  iis,  m.,  noise  (rattling), 
Ores,  Cretis,  c,  Cretan. 
cresco,^  ere,  crevi,  cretum,  grow, 

increase. 
Creta,  ae,  F.,  Crete,  an  island, 
creta,  ae,  F.,  chalk. 
cretaceus,  a,  um,  of  chalk. 
Cretensis,  e,  belonging  to  Crete. 
criminor,  ari,  atus,  to  accuse. 
crinis,  is,  m.,  hair. 
crocio,"  ire,  to  croak  (as  a  raven). 
crocodilus,  i,  m.,  crocodile. 
crucio,'  are,  avI,  atum,  torme^^t, 

torture. 
crudelis,  e,  bloody,  cruel  (93). 
crudelitas,  atis,  f.,  cruelty. 
cruentus,  a,  um,  bloody. 
cruor,  oris,  M.,  blood  {yi\\Q.\\  it  is 

shed). 


196 


Latin  Method, 


crus,  cruris,  n.,  leg. 
crux,  crucis,  f.,  cross. 
:J:cuB,  to  lie  (-cumbo^). 
cubiculum,  1,  N.,  chamber. 
cuculo.i  are,  to  call  '•'•  cuckoo.^'' 
cuculus,  1,  M,  ^  cMckoa. 
culpa,  ae,  Y.,  fault  (32). 
culpo,^  are,  avi,  atum,  to  blame. 
cultrix,  icis,  F.  [colo],  she  that 

tills ^  &c. 
cultura,  ae,  f.,  cultivation. 
cultus,  us,  M.,  tillage.,  worship^ 

7node  of  living.,  attention. 
cum  (prep,  abl.),  with. 
cum  (adv.),  'whe7i;  cumprimum, 

as  soon  as;  cum  . .  turn,  while 

.  .  so  also ;  both  .  .  and. 
cunabula,  orum,  n.,  ci'adle. 
cunae,  arum,  f.,  cradle. 
cunctatio,  onis,  F.,  delay. 
cunctator,  oris,  M.,  delayer. 
cunctor,!  arl,  atus,  to  delay. 
cuuctus,  a,  um,  all  {J7  :    more 

often  in  the  plural). 
cuniculus,  T,  M.,  rabbit. 
cupiditas,  atis,  F.,  eager  desi?e, 

cupidity. 
cupido,  inis,  F.,  desire. 
cupidus,  a,  um,  eager,  desirous, 

greedy  (20). 
cupio.^ere,  ivi,  itum,  desire  (33). 
cur,  why. 

cura,  ae,  f.,  care,  anxiety  (38). 
curatio,  onis,  F.,  care,  treatment. 
Cures,  ium,  M.,  F.,  a  Sabine  town, 
curia,  ae,  f.,  senate-house. 
euro,'   are,  avi,  atum,  provide, 

take  care  of. 
curro,^  ere,  cucurrT,  cursum,  run. 
currus,  (is,  m.,  chariot,  car. 
cursus,  lis,  M.,  rujining,  course, 

race,  voyage. 


curvus,  a,  um,  crooked,  bent.    ^  I  defendo,^  ere,  di,  sum,  to  defend. 


|CTStS 


todia,  ae,  f.,  custody,  guard. 
itodio,^  ire,  TvJ,  itum,  guard. 
tos,  odis,  M.,  guard,  guard- 
ian. 
cygnus,  T,  M.,  rt;  swan. 
cymba,  ae,  F.,  a  boat  (73). 
Cyrus,  T,  M.,  Cyrus,  a  Persian 
kinsf. 


D. 

damno,^  are,  avi,  atum,  condemn. 
de  (abl),  down  from,  of  about  {i). 
dea,  ae,  f.,  goddess  (p.  4,  a). 
debeo,2  ere,  ul,   itum,  to  owe, 

ought. 
debilis,  e,  weak,  feeble. 
decedo,^  ere,  cessT,  cessum,  to 

withdraw,  retreat  (3). 
decem,  ten. 
decemvir,  virT,  m.,  decemvir {onQ 

of  a  board  of  ten). 
decerno,^  ere,  crevi,  cretum,  to 

decree. 
decerpo,^  ere,  psT,  ptum,  to  pluck, 

gather  [carpo]. 
decerto,^  are,  avi,  atum,  to  con- 
tend, strive  (90). 
decet,'^  uit,  //  is  becoining. 
decido,^  ere,  dl,  to  fall  off,  fail 

[cado]. 
decimus,  a,  um,  tenth. 
declare,^  are,  avT,  atum,  make 

clear,  show,  declare. 
decline,'  are,  avi,  atum,  to  bend 

aside,  avoid. 
decor,  oris,  m.,  beauty,  grace. 
decorus,  a,  um,  beautiful,  becotn- 

ing{()i) ;  ad  decorum,  neatly. 
decresco,^  ere,  creyT,  cretum,  to 

decrease. 
decurro,^  ere,  curri  or  cucurri, 

cursum,  run  down,  advance. 
decus,  oris,  n.,  orna^nent,  honor, 

dignity  (46). 
dedecet,  uit,  it  is  unbecoming. 
dedecus.  oris,  N.,  dishonor. 
dedo,^  didT,  ditum,  to  surrender. 
deduce,''  xT,  ctum,  to  lead  away. 
defectio,  onis,  f.,  revolt,  eclipse. 


I 


derinsor,  oris,  m.,  defender. 
deflecto,^  ere,  flexT,  flexum,  bend, 

turn  off  (down  or  away), 
deinde,  the^i. 
dejicio  (deicio),^  ere,  jeci,  jec- 

tum.  to  cast  down;  dejectus, 

downcast. 
delectatio,  onis,  F.,  delight. 


Vocabulary:  Latin  and  English, 


197 


delecto,'  are,  avi,  atum,  delight^ 

please. 
delectus,  iis,  m.,  «  levyoi  troops, 
deleo,^  ere,  evi,  etum,  blot  out, 

destroy,  annihilate. 
delicatus,  a,  um,  delicate,  effem- 

iftate,  dainty. 
delictum,  1,  -^.^  fault  (32). 
delitesco,^  ere,  litui,  to  lie  hid 

(lateo). 
Delos,   1,   F.,   an   island  of  the 

^gean,  sacred  to  Apollo. 
dementia,  ae,  Y.,  madness,  folly. 
demerge,^  ere,  si,  sum,  to  plunge, 

(trans.) ;  pass.,  to  dive,  sink. 
demetior/  irl,  mens  us,  to  meas- 
ure out  (sparingly). 
demeto,^  ere,  messui,  messum, 

to  reap,  inow,  cut  off. 
demigro,'  are,  avT,  atum,  to  re- 
move. 
Demosthenes,  is,  M.,  an  orator 

of  Athens. 
demum,  at  length,  in  short. 
denique,  at  letigth,  in  short. 
dens,  dentis,  m.,  tooth,  tusk. 
densus,  a,  um,  crowded,  dense, 

close.  {down. 

dependeo,^  ere  (no  perf.),  hang 
dependo,^  ere,  dl,  sum,  to  weigh 

out,  pay. 
depone,^  ere,  posuT,  positum,  to 

lay  down  or  aside. 
deposco,^   ere,  poposci,   to  de- 

7nand,  claim,  request  (79). 
depreliendo,^  ere,    di,   sum,  to 

catch,  seize,  arrest. 
depugno.i  are,   avT,  2i\.wm,  fight 

(out  a  battle). 
descendo,^  ere,  di,  sum,  to  de- 
scend. 
describe.^  ere,  scrips!,  ptum,  to 

describe,   write   about,    trace, 

draw,  mark  off. 
desero,^  ere,  deseruT,  desertum, 

forsake,  desert  [sero,  bind]. 
desiderium,  I,  n.,  ^  longing  for. 
desidero,'  are,  avI,  atum,  want, 

desire,  feel  the  want  <?/'(33). 
desilio*  [de ;   salio],  ire,   silui, 

sultum,  leap  down. 


desino,3  ere,  desTvI  (desii),  desi- 
tum,  leave  off,  cease. 

desipio,^  ere,  to  be  foolish. 

despero,'    are,     avI,    atum,    to 
despair  of. 

despicio,3  ere,  spexi,   spectum, 
to  look  down  on,  despise. 

destitutus,  a,  um,  left  alone. 

desum,  esse,  fuT,  to  be  wanting. 

deterreo,=^  ere,  uT,  itum,  to  ter- 
rify, alari7t. 

detrimentum,  T,  n.,  loss,  dam- 
age (de;  tero:  35). 

detrudo,^  ere,  si,  sum,  to  thrust 
away,  push  back. 

deus,  1,  M.,  pllir.  del,  dil  or  di 
(p.  S-  ^)i  ^  god,  divinity. 

devasto,^  are,  atum  (no  perf.),  to 
lay  waste. 

deversor,!  arl,  atus,  turn  aside. 

deversorium,   I,  n.,  a  resting- 
place^  ijtn. 

devineo,^   ere,   vIcT,  victum,  to 
conquer. 

dexter,  tera  (tra),  terum  (trum), 
right,  right  hand. 

Jdic,  say  (dico,^  disco,^  dico^). 

dicio,  onis,  f.,  sway,  subjection. 

dico,^  ere,  xi,  ctum,  say,  tell {6^) ; 
imperat.,  die. 

dictito,!  are,  avi,  diiVLTCi,  keep  say- 
ing, repeat. 

didici,  see  disco.^ 

Dido,  onis  (or  Didiis),  F.,  Dido^ 
queen  of  Carthage. 

dies,  diei,  m.  (rarely  f.),  day. 

differo,  ferre,  distuli,  dilatum,  to 
delay,  differ,  defer. 

difficilis,  e,  difficult. 

diffugio,3  ere,  fiigi,  scatter,  flee 
away. 

diffundo,^  ere,  fudi,  fusum,  pour 
far  and  wide,  pour  out,  spread. 

digitus,  T,  M.,  finger,  toe. 

dignitas,  tatis,  f.,  dioftity. 

dignor,  arl,  atus,  to  deem  wo? 

dignus,  a,  um,  worthy  (abl.). 

dilabor,^    1,  lapsus,  fall  apart, 
glide  away. 

diligens,  tis,  diligent. 

diligenter,  diligently. 


wead. 


198 


Latin  Method. 


diligentia,  ae,  f.,  diligence. 

diligo,^  ere,  lexl,  lectum,  love 
(less  strong  than  amo  :  11). 

dimico.i  are,  avi  or  ui,  atum,  to 
fight,  contend  {go). 

dimidium,  1,  N.,  half. 

dimitto,^ere,  misi,  missMm^  send 
away,  dismiss. 

Dion,  5nis,  M.,  Dion,  a  patriot  of 
Sicily. 

directus,  a,  um  (part,  of  dirigo), 
straight,  perpendicular. 

direptio,  onts,  Y.,  plutidering. 

dirimo,^  ere,  emi,  emptum,  to 
div  ide.  put  asunder  [^dds,em.o^. 

dirus,  a,  um,  dreadful  (93). 

Dis,  DItis,  PlutOj  god  of  the 
Lower  World. 

dis  (in  comp.),  apart. 

discedo,^  ere,  cessi,  cessum,  de- 
part, pass  away,  cease. 

discepto,'  are,  avi,  atum,  to  dis- 
pute, discuss. 

discessus,    us,   M.,    departure,  v 
separation. 

discidium,  1  [discindo],  N.,  sep- 
aration, parting,  quarrel. 

discindo,  ere,  cidi,  cissum,  to 
cut  apart,  separate,  divide. 

disoiplina,  ae,  f.,  system  of  teach- 
ing, discipline,  training. 

discipulus,  1,  M.,  scholar^  dis- 
ciple. 

disco,^  ere,  didicT,  to  learn. 

discordia,  ae,  F.,  discord. 

discrimen,  inis,  N.,  decision  (by 
conflict),  crisis,  peril. 

disourro,^  ere,  curri  (cucurri), 
cursum,  to  run  about. 

disertus,  a,  um,  eloquent  (72). 

dispar,  paris,  unequal,  unlike. 

disputo,^  are,  avT,  atum,  to  dis- 
pute (think  apart),  discuss, 
deliver  an  opinion. 

diiiensio,  onis,  F.,  disagreement. 

dissentio,"*  Ire,  sens!,  sum,  to 
disagree. 

dissimilis,  e,  unlike. 

distincte,  disiittctly. 

distinctus,  a,  um  [distinguo], 
studded,  marked,  set-off. 


distineo  [teneo^J,  ere,  uT,  ten- 
turn,  to  hold  apart,  divide. 

distinguo,*  ere,  nxi,  nctum,  to 
set-off,  mark,  distinguish. 

disto,^  are,  to  be  distant  or  apart^ 
to  differ. 

ditior,  ditissimus,  richer,  richest 
(used  as  compar.  and  superl. 
of  dives). 

diii,  diOtius,  diutissime,  long  (of 
time),  />/  a  long  time. 

diiiturnitas,  atis,  F.,  long  dura- 
tion. 

diuturnus,  a,  um,  long  (in  time), 
lasting,  durable^  long  con- 
tinued. 

diversus,  a,  um,  inconsistent. 

dives,  itis,  rich. 

divide,*  ere,  isi,  Tsum,  to  divide. 

divinus,  a,  um,  divine^  godlike^ 
superhuman. 

divitiae,  arum,  F.,  riches,  wealth 
(78). 

do,  dare,  dedi,  d2ii\im,give  {Z7)j' 

\n  combos.,  place. 
loceo,^  ere,  docui,  doctum,  teach, 

tell  (followed  by  two  ace), 
loctor,  oris,  m.,  teacher. 

doctus,  a,  um,  learned,  skilled. 

doleo,*^  ere,  doluT,  be  painful,  feel 
pain,  grief,  suffer  (with  abl.  of 
that  from  which  one  suffers). 

dolor,  oris,  m.,  pain,  grief  {->,%). 

dolus,  T,  M.,  trick,  fraud,  craft. 

domesticus,  a,  um,  of  the  house 
or  family. 

domi  (loc),  at  home. 

domicilium,  1,  n.,  home,  resi- 
dence. 

domina,  ae,  F.,  queen,  mistress. 

dominatus,  us,  M.,  dominion, 
tyranny. 

dominor,^  arl,  atus,  to  rule,  be 
master  or  tyrant. 

dominus,  1,  M.,  master,  lord; 
domine  (voc),  sir. 

domo.i  are,  domul,  domitum, 
subdue,  tame,  break  in. 

domus.  us,  F.  (p.  18.  b),  house ; 
domi,  at  home  (39). 

donee,  until. 


Vocabulary :  Latin  and  English, 


199 


dono,^  are,  avi,  atum  (§  51,  i .  c\ 

to  give^  present  (37). 
doiium,  1,  N.,  gift  (40). 
dormio,*  Ire,  ivi,  itum,  to  sleep. 
dos,  dotis  (g.  pi.  ium),  f.,  dowry. 
Druides,  um, IJrmds,  the  priestly 

class  of  Gaul, 
dubitatio,  onis,  F.,  doubt. 
dubito,'  are,  avi,  atum  (with  an 

or  quin),  doubt j  (with  infin.), 

hesitate. 
dubius,  a,  um,  doubtful. 
Jduc,  lead  (duco,^  dux), 
ducenti,  ae,  a,  two  hundred. 
duco,3  ere,  duxi,   ductum ;    im- 

perat.,  due,  to  lead,  hold,  think. 
dulcedo,  inis,  F.,  charm,  sweet- 

7iess. 
dulcis,  e ,  sweet,  fresh  (of  water). 
duni,  with   indie,   while;    with 

subj.  (generally),  until. 
dumetum,  1,  n.,  brainble-thicket. 
dumus,  1,  M.,  brier,  bramble. 
duo,  ae,  o  (see  p.  7),  two. 
duplico,^  are,  avi,  atum,  double. 
diiritia,  ae,  F.,  hardness. 
duro,i  are,    avi,    atum,  endure, 

last,  hold  out. 
durus,  a,  um,  hard,  hardy  (93). 
dux,  ducis,  c,  leader,  guide  (42). 


H 


e  (ex),  from,  out  of  (i)  ;  in 
compos.,  out,  completely. 

ea,  fern,  of  is;  earn,  her. 

ecquid,  what?  any,  at  all? 

edax,  acis,  greedy. 

edisco,^  ere,  didici,  to  learti  thor- 
oughly. 

editus,  a,  um  (part,  of  edo^), 
prominent. 

edo,3  ere,  edidi,  editum,  exhibit, 
put  forth,  utter,  produce. 

edo,  edere  or  esse,  edi,  esum 
(Gr.  p.  80),  eat. 

efifemino,'  are,  avT,  atum,  debme 
by  luxury,  enfeeble  [femina]. 

effero,  ferre,  extull,  elatum,  carry 
out,  carry  away. 


efBcentia,  ae,  f.,  efficacy, pote7icy. 

efficio,3[ex;  facio],  ere,  feci,  fec- 
tum,  make  out,  effect. 

effigies,  iel,  F.,  an  image,  appa- 
rition. 

effluo,^  ere,  fliixl,  to  flow  out,  or 
away 

effodio,^  ere,  f5dl,  fossum,  dig 
up  or  out. 

effugio,^  ere,  fiigi,  to  flee  away, 
escape  from. 

egens,  tis  (part,  of  egeo),  desti- 
tute (82). 

egeo,^  ere,  eguT,  be  destitute, 
need  (abl.  or  gen  ), 

Egeria,  ae,  F.,  nymph  of  a  grotto 
near  Rome. 

Egerius,  I,  m.,  a  proper  name. 

egestas,  atis,  F.,  poverty,  desti- 
tution . 

egi,  egeram,  see  ago.^  *. 

ego,  mei,  mihi,  me  (p.  i8j,  /. 

egomet,  /  myself. 

,egredior,^di,  gressus,  logo  forth. 

egregius,  a,  um,  excellent,  dis- 
tinguished, unusual,  fine,  7'e- 
markable  [e ;  grex]. 

ejus,  ei  (gen.  and  dat.  of  is), 
his,  hers,  &c. 

elatus,  a,  um  (part,  of  efifero), 
carried  away,  uplifted. 

elegans,  \S^,fine,  elegant. 

elegantia,  ae,  f.,  elegance. 

elementum,  1,  N.,  beginnittg. 

elephant  us,  T,  m.,  elephant. 

elevo.i  are,  atum  (no  perf.),  dis- 
parage, make  light  of  [levis]. 

eligo,^  ere,  elegi,  electum,  pick 
out,  elect,  select,  choose. 

eloquens,  eloqueftt  (72). 

eloquentia,  ae,  f.,  eloquence. 

eludo,^  ere,  sT,  sum,  to  delude, 
mock,  i7take  game  of  [ludus]. 

emergo,"^  ere,  si,  sum,  to  emerge. 

emineo,^  ere,  uT,  to  project,  be 
co7ispicuous  [e ;  maneo]. 

emo,3  ere,  emi,  emptum,  buy 
(originally  take). 

emptor,  oris,  m..  purchaser. 

erapturio,*  Ire,  /  wa7it  to  buy. 

en  (exclam.),  behold  >  ho! 


200 


Latin  Method, 


enervo,^  are,  avT,  atum,  enervate^ 
unman,  enfeeble  [nervus]. 

enim.ybr  (following  one  or  more 
words). 

Ennius,  i,  m.,  Ennius,  an  early 
poet  of  Rome. 

ensis,  is,  m.,  sword  (poetic). 

enumero/  are,  avT,  atum,  to  re- 
count, reckon  (numerus). 

eo,  thither. 

eo  .  .  quo  (with  comparatives), 
the  .  .  the:  see  §  22,  2. 

eo,  Ire,  TvT,  itum  (p.  39)j^^(43)- 

Epaminondas,  ae,  a  general 
and  statesman  of  Thebes. 

epistola  (ula),  ae,  f.,  a  letter. 

epulae,  arum,  F.,  banquet  (36). 

eques,  itis,  m.,  rider,  horseinan, 
knight ;  pi.,  cavalry  (equus). 

equester,  tris,  tre,  belonging  to 

"^cavalry,  equestrian. 

equidem,  in  fact,  for  my  part 
(concessive),  it  is  true,  to  be 
sure. 

equitatus,  us,  M.,  cavalry. 

equito,^  are,  avT,  atum,  to  ride. 

equus,  T,  M.,  horse. 

erga,  towards  (ace). 

ergo,  therefore,  then. 

Eriphyle,  es,  F.,  wife  of  Amphi- 
araus. 

eripio,^  ere,  ripuT,  reptum,  snatch 
away,  reinove,  rescue  (rapio). 

erro,^  are,   avi,    atum,  wander, 
err,  stray,  mistake. 
*  erudio,*  Tre,  IvT  (il),  itum,  to  in- 
struct, train  (e ;  rudis). 

erumpo,^  ere,  erupT,  eruptum,  to 
break  out,  burst  forth,  begin 
io^ow  (verb-root  rup). 

escarae,  F.,food^  bait. 

esse  (see  sum),  to  be. 

esurio,*  Tre,ivT  (il),  Itum,  to  fast, 
be  himgry  (desider.  ofedo). 

et,  and  even ;  et  .  .  et,  both  .  . 
and ;  on  the  one  hand  .  .  07t 
the  other. 

etenim,/i?r  (you  see,  you  know). 

etiam,  also,  even,  yes. 

Etruscus,  a,  um,  Etruscan. 

eum,  hint  [is]. 


Eurotas,  ae,  M.,  a  river  of  Sparta, 
evado,^  ere,  sT,  sum,  C07ne  out, 

escape,  pass  out. 
evenio,^    ire,    veni,  ventum,   to 

come  forth,  happen  (4). 
eventus,  us,  m.,  event,  result. 
everto,-'  ere,  tl,  sum,  overturn. 
ex,  out  offrofji,  of,  directly  after, 

on  account  of,  according  to{i). 
exanimo,^    are,    avi,    atum,    to 

render  lifeless  (ex;  anima). 
exaudio,'*  Tre,  TvT  (il),  Ttum,  hear 

(at  a  distance),  overhear. 
excedo,-'  ere,  cessT,  cessum,  to 

go  forth,  withdraw. 
excello,^  ere,  uT,  sum,  to  excel. 
exoipio,^»ere,   cepT,  ceptum,   to 

overtake,  receive,  welcome  (25). 
excito,^  are,  avT,  atum,^*?  rouse^ 

excite,  stir  up  (ex  ;  cieo). 
exclamo,^    are,    avT,   atum,   cry 

out,  exclaim. 
exoludo,^  clCidere,  clusT,  clusum, 

shut  out,  hatch  (ex;  claudo). 
exousatio,  5nis,  F.,  exc7ise. 
exedo,=^  ere,  edl,  esum,  eat  out, 

consume,  wear  away. 
exemplum,  T,  n.,   sample,  pat- 
tern., exa7npie. 
exeo,  Tre,  iT,  itum,  go  forth  (3). 
exerceo,^  cere,  cuT,  citum,  keep 

busy,  manage;    (in    passive), 

train  one's  self  (ex ;  arceo). 
exercitatio,  onis,  F. ,  exercise. 
exeroitus,  iis.  m.,  ar7ny  (5). 
exesus,  see  exedo. 
exigo,^  ere,  egT,  actum,  to  drive 

out  (ex ;  ago), 
exiguus,  a,  um,   stnall,   mean, 

scanty. 
exilis,  e,  slender,  feeble  (44). 
existimatio,  onis,   F.,  estimate, 

judgmetit. 
existimo,^  are,  avT,  atum,  think, 

deem,  7'eckon  (aestimo :  92). 
existo,  see  exsisto. 
exitium,  T,  N.,  destruction,  ruin 

•(ex;  eo:  lit.,  a  going  out^. 
exordium,  T,  N  .  )he  begi7i7ii7ig, 

origin  (ex,  ordior). 
exorior,"  TrT,  ortus,  arise. 


1 


Vocabulary :  Latin  and  English. 


20I 


expeditus,  a,  um,  tmenciunbered^ 

rapid  (ex ;  pes  ^=  foot-free) . 
expello,^  ere,  expuli,  expulsum, 

to  drive  07it,  expel. 
expergefacio,"^  ere,  feci,  factum, 

to  ro2ise,  awaken, 
expergiscor,^  cT,  experrectus,  to 

rouse  one^s  self  wake. 
experimentum,  I,  m.,  trial^  ex- 
periment. 
experior,'*   Tri,  expertus,  to  try, 

prove,  test. 
expers,    tis,    ivithotit    a   share, 

destitute  (ex;  pars), 
expeto,^  ere,  petivi  (il),  petltum, 

to  seek,  claim  (7g). 
explico/  are,  uT,  itum  (or  avi, 

atiim),  to  7mfold,  explain. 
explorator,  oris,   m.,   searcher, 

scout. 
exprimo,^  ere,  press!,  pressum, 

to  press  out,  express  (premo). 
expromo,^  ere,  mpsT,  mptum,  to 

take  out,  exhibit,  declare. 
expugno,'  are,  avT,  atum,  to  take 

by  siege,  stonn,  conquer. 
expulsor,  oris,  M.,  expeller. 
expulsus,  see  expello^. 
exsilio,^  Ire,  silui,  sultum,  to  leap 

forth,  start  up  (salio). 
exsilium,   T,    n.,   exile,  banish- 
ment (exsul). 
exsisto,^  ere,  stitT,  stitum,  arise, 

appear,  exist  (sis to,  sta). 
exspecto,*  are,  avI,  atum,  look 

out  for,  expect,  wait. 
exstinguo,^  ere,  stinxT,  nctum, 

to  extinguish,  destroy,  kill. 
exsto,"  stare  (no  perf.  or  sup  ), 

stand  forth,  ?'ise. 
exsul,  ulis,  c,  an  exile. 
extemplo,  instantly. 
externus,  a,  um,  foreign;  as  a 

noun,  stra7iger. 
extra  (ace),  outside  of,  beyond. 
extraho,^    ere,    traxT,    tractum, 

draw  out,  drag. 
extremus,  a,  um,  last ;  extrema 

insula,  the  end  of  the  island. 


Jfa,  say  (for,'  fa  turn). 

fabricarier  =  fabricari,  old  inf. 
of 

fabricor,!  arl,  ?ii\is,  manufacture, 
fabricate,  forge. 

fabula,  ae,  Y.,  fable,  tale  (for). 

Jfac,  make,  do  (facio).^ 

facesso,^  ere,  T,  Ttum,  to  do 
eagerly ;  facesso  negotium, 
bring  trouble  upon  (dat.). 

facetiae,  arum,  F.,  wit,  fun. 

facetus,  a,  um,  elegant,  funny. 

facile,  easily. 

facilis,  e,  easy. 

facinus,  oris,  N.,  act,  crime  (of 
violence  :  32). 

facio,^  ere,  feci,  factum,  make, 
do  J  imperat.,  fac  ;  pass.,  fio. 

facultas,  atis,  F.,  opportunity, 
ability  (88). 

fagus,  T,  F.,  beech-tree. 

fallax,  acis,  treacherous,  de- 
ceitful. 

fallo,^  ere,  fefellT,  falsum,  cheats 
deceive,  disappoint  (45). 

f also,  falsely. 

falsus,  a,  um  (part,  of  fallo),  de- 
ceived, false. 

falx,  falcis,  F.,  sickle,  pruning- 
knife.     •> 

fama,  ae.  P.,  com7non  talk,  re- 
port, fame  (46).  ^ 

fames,  is,  F.,  hunger,  famine. 

familia,  ae,  F.,  household,  fa77tily , 
especially  the  slaves  (famulus). 

familiaris,  e,  belonging  to  a  fa7n- 
ily,  fa77iiliarj  (noun),  fr/ie7td. 

fasciculus,  T,  m.,  bundle,  faggot. 

fateor,-  eri,  fassus ,  to  cofifess. 

fatigo,'  are,  avi,  atum,  to  weary, 
distress. 

fatum,  T,  'H.,fate,  desti7ty. 

fauces,  ium,  F.,  jaws,  throat, 
passage  (into  any  thing). 

fautor,  oris,  m.,  favorer,  sup- 
porter. 

faveo.'^ere,  favi,  fautum,  to  favor 
(dat.). 


202 


Latin  Method, 


fax,  facis,  F.,  torch^  firebrand. 

fecundus,  a,  um,  fertile,  produc- 
tive, prolific. 

felis  (or  feles),  is,  C,  cat. 

felix,  icis,  happy,  fortunate,  of 
good  otneti  (47). 

femina,  ae,  F.,  woman,  female 
(root  FE  :  *'  the  producer  "). 

fenestra,  ae,  F.,  window. 

fenus,  oris,  N.,  interest,  usury, 
profit  (root  FE,  in  fetus). 

fera,  ae,  f.,  wild  creature,  wild 
animal  or  beast  (14). 

ferax,  2ic\s,  fertile,  productive. 

fere,  abnost,  for  the  most  part, 
about. 

ferens,  tis,  bearing,  bringing. 

feriae,  arum,  f.,  holidays. 

ferio*  (no  perf.  or  sup.),  to  strike. 

feritas,  atis,  F.,  wildness,  fierce- 
ness. 

ferme,  nearly,  abnost,  about. 

fero,  ferre,  tulT,  latum  (p.  39)  ; 
bear^  carry,  tell ;  prae  se  ferre, 
to  show,  exhibit. 

ferox,  bc\?,,  fierce,  cr7iel  (93). 

ferreus,  a,  um,  of  iron. 

ferrum,  T,  n.,  iron. 

fertilis,  t,  fertile. 

fertilitas,  atis,  Y.,  fertility. 

ferus,  a,  um,  wild,  fierce  (93). 

ferveo,2  ere,  bui,  to  glow,  burn, 
be  hot. 

fessus,  a,  um,  weary. 

festino,^  are,  avT,  atum,  to  hasten. 

festus,  a,  nvci.,  festal.     [^  prolific. 

fetus,    a,    um,  producing,  full, 

J  FID,  split  (findo,''  fissio). 

fidelis,  ^,  faithful. 

Fidenas,  atis,  of  Fiden(^. 

fides,  is,  F.,  string ;  plur.,  lyre. 

fides,  ei,  Y.,  faith. 

f  ido,3  ere,  f  Tsus,  to  trust  (dat.). 

fidus,  a,  Mvci,  faithful. 

Jfig,  shape  (fingo,''  fictilis). 

figura,  ae,  Y.,  figure,  shape. 

figure,'  are,  avi,  atum,  fashion, 
shape. 

f  ilia,  ae,  F.  (see  p.  4,  a\  daughter. 

f  iliola,  ae,  f.,  little  daughter. 

f  iliolus,  T,  M.,  little  son. 


filius,  T,  M.,  son  J  voc,  fill. 

findo,^  ere,  fidi,  fissum,  to  split, 
divide,  separate. 

fingo.^ere,  finxi,  ^Q.\.wm,  fashion, 
form,  imagine  (root  fig). 

finio,"  Ire,  IvI  (il),  itum,  to  limit, 
bound,  fix. 

finis,  is,  m.,  end;  plur.,  bounds, 
lb  nits,  territory  (48). 

f  initimus,  a,  um,  neighboring. 

f  io,  fieri,  factus,  become,  be  made, 
be  done  (used  as  passive  of 
facio:^  p.  39). 

firmus,  a,  wm,  fi?'m,  steady. 

fissio,  onis,  F.,  cleft,  cleaving. 

fistula,  ae,  ¥.,pipe,  reed,fiute. 

flagrans,  tis,  blazing. 

fiamen,  inis,  N.,  blast  of  wind. 

fiamma,  ae,  F.,  blaze, fame. 

flavesco,^  ere,  to  grow  yellow. 

flavus,  a,  um,  yellow. 

flecto,^  ere,  xi,  xum,  to  bend,  turn. 

flexuosus,  a,  um,  crooked,  bend- 
ing. 

florins,  \\s,fiourishing. 

fioreo,^  ere,  florui,  to  flourish^ 
bloom  (flos). 

floresco,^  ere,  begin  to  bloo?n. 

flos,  floris,  u.,fiower. 

I  FLU,  flow  (fluo,^  flumen). 

fluotus,  ijs,  M.,  wave.fiood. 

flumen,  inis,  n.,  fiowing  water, 
stream,  river  (49). 

|fod,  dig  (fodio,^  fossa). 

fluo,^  ere,  fluxi,  ^wyMva,  flow. 

foculus,  1,  M.,fii-e-pan,  brazier. 

focus,  I,  ^.,  fire-place,  hearth. 

fodio,^  ere,  fodi,  fossum,  to  dig, 
pick. 

foedus,  eris,  ^.,a  treaty,  league. 

foedus,  a,  um,  foul,  disgraceful. 

folium,  1,  N.,  leaf. 

fons,  fontis,  u.,  spring,  fottntain. 

fore,  will  be  (fut.  inf.  of  esse). 

forma,  ae,  f.,  inward  form  (or- 
ganization),/^;-;/?, shape. 

formica,  ae,  F.,  ant. 

formido,  inis,  F.,  dread,  terror. 

formidolosus,  a,  VlVC\.  formidable. 

formosus,  a,  um,  beatctiffd, 
shapely  (91). 


Vocabulary:  Lam 


203 


formula,  ae,  f.,  little  model,  pat- 
tent,  rtcle,  writ  (legal). 

fortis,  e,  sturdy,  strong,  brave, 
valiant  (23). 

fortiter,  bravely. 

fortitudo,  inis,  F.,  bravery,  cou- 
ra(^e,  fortitude, 

fortuiia,  ae,  Y,  fortune. 

fortunatus,  a,  Mm^fortunate  (47). 

forum,     T,    n.,    forum    (public 
square), 

fossa,  ae,  f.,  ditch,  trench  (fod). 

foveo,^  ere,  fovi,  fotum,  warm, 
fondle,  cherish,  brood  over. 

Jfrag,  break  (frango,^  fragor). 

fragilis,  q,  frail,  easily  broken. 

fragor,  oris,  m.,  crash,  crashing 
noise  (97). 

frango,^  ere,  fregl,  fractum,  break. 

frater,  tris,  m.,  brother. 

fraudo,!  are,  avT,  atum,  to  cheat, 
deprive  {\^^. 

freno',  are,  avT,  atum,  to  check, 
curb. 

fretum,  T,  N.,  strait,  a  narrow 
sea  (67). 

frigidus,  a,  um,  cold. 

frigus,  oris,  N.,  cold. 

frons,  dis,  f.,  leaf. 

frons,  tis,  F.,  brow,  forehead. 

Jfru,  enjoy  (fruor,^  fruges). 

fructuosus,  a,  \xv(\,  fruitful,  pro- 
fitable. 

fructus,  tus.  M.,  frtnt  {g/^),  fruits 
(generally),  profit. 

fruges,  um,  F.,  grain,  produce. 

frugi  (a  clat.  used  as  indecl.  adj.), 
good,  honest,  thrifty. 

frugifer,  fera,  i^mn^  productive. 

frumentum,  T,  n.,  grain  (94), 

fruor,-'  T,  fructus.  enjoy  (abl.). 

frustra,  in  vain. 

frustror,'    arl,    atus,  to  deceive, 
disappoi7it,  elude  (45). 

frustum,  T,  ^.,  piece,  fragment. 

Jfud,  pour  (fundo,^  fusus). 

fui,  see  sum. 

fugio,^  ere,  fiigl,  itum,  tofiee.  . 

fugo,'  are,  avi,  atum,  to  drive, 
put  to  flight. 

fulgeo,^  ere,  f ulsT,  to  shine,  glow. 


fulgur,  uris,  n.,  Iighini7ig^^ 

fulmen,  inis,  N.,  thuiiderboir, 
flash  of  light7iing  (75). 

fumo,^  are,  to  smoke. 

funditus,  utterly,  fro7n  the  bot- 
tom. 

fundo,^  ere,  fudi,  fusum,  to  pour, 
pojir  forth. 

fundus,  T,  M.,  ground,  estate. 

funestus,  a,  wm,  fatal. 

fuiigor,^  1,  functus,  to  fulfil,  per- 
form (abl.). 

fur,  furis,  M.,  thief. 

furor,  oris,  m.,  ?nadness  (raving), 
rage  (mad). 

furor,'  arl,  atus,  steal  (by  craft). 

furtim  (adv.),  by  stealth. 

fustis,  is,  M.,  chib. 

fusus,  a,  um  [fundo],  poured 
forth,  routed. 

futurus,  a,  um  [sum],  about  to  be. 


G. 


Gaius,  Caius,  M.,  a  proper  name, 
e.g.,  C.  Laelius  (§  15). 

galea,  ae,  f.,  helmet. 

Gallia,  ae,  f.,  Gaul,  including 
France,  with  part  of  Belgium 
and  Switzerland. 

Gallicus,  a,  um,  of  Gaul,  Gallic, 

gallina,  ae,  f.,  a  hen. 

Gallus,  1,  M.,  a  Gaul, 

gallus,  T,  M.,  a  cock. 

gannio,''  ire,  to  snarl,  yelp. 

garrulus,  a,  um,  chattering. 

gaudeo,^  ere,  gavTsus,  to  rejoice. 

gelu,  us,  ^.,  frost,  cold. 

geminus,  a,  um,  twin. 

gemma,  ae,  f.,  a  bud,  gem,  jewel. 

gemitus,  us,  m.,  g7'oan,  sigh. 

gemmatus,  a,  um,  jezvelled. 

|gen,  produce  (gnascor,  gigno). 

gener,  eri,  m.,  so7i-i7i-law. 

genero,^  are,  avI,  atum,  to  gen- 
erate ,  produce. 

genetrix,  trlcis,  F.,  7nother. 

genitus,  a,  um  (gigno^),  bor7t. 

gens,  gentis, F.,  race,  7iationi^id). 

genu,  us,  N.,  knee. 


204 


Latin  Method, 


% 


genus,  eris,  n.,  race^  family^ 
•  descent^  kind,  class  (50). 

Germanus,  a,  um,  Gerjuan. 

gero,^  ere,  gessl,  gestum,  carry ^ 
carry  on,  bear,  wear,  ^<:7[ges]. 

gestus,  us,  M.,  gesture,  bearing  j 
agere  gestus,  7nake  motions. 

gigno,^  ere,  genu!,  genitum,  pro- 
duce {y^xh-xGOt  GEN  :  gi-geno). 

glacialis,  e,  icy. 

glacies,  ei,  F.,  ice. 

gladiator,  oris,  M.,  swordsman, 
gladiator. 

gladiolus,  T,  M.,  little  sword. 

gladius,  I,  M.,  sword  (16). 

glaeba,  ae,  f.  ,  sod,  turf  (of  un- 
tilled  ground). 

gloria,  ae,  F.,  glory  (46). 

glorior,!  ari,  atus,  glory,  glory  in 
(abl.),  boast  (with  accus.  of  a 
neuter  pronoun). 

Jgno,  know  (gnosco,  gnovi). 

Gracchus,  T,  m.,  the  name  of  two 
brothers,  Tiberius  and  Caius, 
leaders  of  the  people's  party 
in  Rome. 

gradus,  us,  m.,  step,  stride. 

Graecia,  ae,  F.,  Greece. 

Graecus,  a,  um,  Greek ;  GraecT, 
pi.,  the  Greeks. 

gramen,  inis,  n.,  grass. 

grandis,  e,  large,  big,  tall  (65) ; 
—  natu,  old. 

grando,  inis,  f.,  hail. 

grassor,^  ari,  atus,  to  roam,  ad- 
vance upon. 

gratia,  ae,  F.,  favor,  influence, 
good  will  (88);  gratia  (with 
gen.),  for  the  sake  of;  plur., 
thanks. 

gratiosua,  a,  um,  favorite,  pop- 
ular. 

gratulatio,  5nis,  f.,  congratu- 
lation. 

gratus,  a,  um,  pleasing. 

gravate,  reluctantly. 

gravis,  e,  heavy,  weighty,  respect- 
able, influential,  oppressive. 

graviter,  heavily,  severely. 

grex,  gregis,  1,1.,  flock,  herd  (si). 

grunuio,*  Ire,  1  vT,  itum,  to  grunt. 


guberno,*  are,  avT,  atum,  steer, 

govern. 
gusto,!  are,  avi,  atum,  to  taste. 
gymnasium,  1,  n.,  gymnasium. 


liabeo,^  ere,  uT,  itum,  hold,  have, 
keep,  imply,  have  in  itself, 
consider,  have  for;  bene  se 
habet,  that  is  right. 

habilis,  e,  handy.  fl 

habito,'  are,  avi,  atum,  inhabit,    fl 
live. 

habitus,  us,  M.,  habit,  suit,  bear- 
ing, ^k 

haereo,2  ere,  si,  sum,  to  cling,     H 
stick. 

haesito,!  are,  avi,  atum,  to  hesi- 
tate (intens.  of  haereo). 

hamus,  I,  m.,  Ii7ik,  hook. 

Hannibal,  alis,  m.,  Hannibal,  a 
Carthaginian  general. 

hasta,  ae,  f.,  spear  (16). 

haud,  not  (modifying  only  one 
word) . 

haurio,''  Ire,  si,  stum,  to  drain, 
drink  in. 

Helvetii,  orum,  people  of  Hel- 
vetia (Switzerland). 

hem  (interj.),  ah  !  indeed! 

Henna,  ae,  f.,  Enna,  a  vale  in 
Sicily. 

Hennensis,  e,  of  Eitna. 

Heraclides,  is,  m.,  a  name  of  a 
philosopher. 

herba,  ae,  f.,  grass,  turf 

Hercules,  is,  m.,  the  most  fa- 
mous hero  of  Greek  fable. 

herl,  yesterday. 

heroicus,  a,  um,  heroic. 

heros,  ois  (ace.  sing.  5a,  pi.  oas), 
hero  (a  Greek  word). 

herus,  I,  m.,  master  (less  ap- 
proved spelling  for  erus). 

heu,  alas  ! 

heus  (interj.),  ho  I  hallo  ! 

hiberna,  orum,  n.,  winter  quar- 
ters of  an  army. 

Hibernia,  ae,  f.,  Ireland. 


Vocahtilary :  Latin  and  English. 


205 


hie,  here. 

hie,  haec,  hoc,  this  (near  the 
speaker  :   52). 

hiems  (hiemps),  hiemis,  F.,  win- 
ter^ stonn. 

hilaris,  e,  cheerful. 

hilariter,  cheerfully . 

hine,  hejice,  next;  hinc  .  .  hinc, 
on  this  side  .  .  on  the  other. 

hinnio,^  Ire,  to  neigh.,  whinny. 

hio.i  are,  avi,  atum ,  to  gape. 

hirundo,  inis,  F.,  a  swallow. 

Hispania,  ae,  F.,  Spain. 

Hispanus,  a,  um,  Spanish^ 
Spaniard. 

historia,  ae,  F.,  history. 

hodie,  to-day. 

hodiernus,  a,  um,  to-day^s;  ho- 
dierno  die,  to-day. 

Homeius,  T,  m.,  Homer,  the 
Greek  poet. 

homo,  hominis,  m.,  man  (as  a 
human  being), /^rj-^;/,  fellow 
(53;  seep.  125). 

honestus,  a,  um,  becoming,  hon- 
orable. 

honor  (6s),  oris,  m.,  respect, 
honor  (46). 

honorifice,  honorably;  —  ap- 
pello,  salute  with  titles  of 
honor. 

honorifieus,  a,  um  (comp.  -cen- 
tior ;  superl.  -centissimus), 
honorable,  giving  honor. 

honoro,!  are,  avT,  atum,  to  honor 
(do  honor  to). 

hora,  ae,  f.,  hour;  omnium  ho- 
rarum  homo,  a  man  for  any 
thing. 

Horatius,  T,  M.,  a  Roman  name. 

horreo,"^  ere,  horruT,  shudder  {?Lt). 

horridus,  a,  um,  rough,  horrid. 

hortor,  ^  arl,  atus,  exhort. 

hortulus,  i,  u.,  little  garden. 

hortus,  1,  M.,  garden. 

hospes,  itis,  m.,  host,  guest. 

hospitium,  I,  n.,  office  of  host,  hos- 
pitality, an  inn. 

hostilis,  e,  of  art  enemy. 

hostis,  is,  C-,  enemy  (54). 

hue,  hither. 


humanitas,  atis,  f.,  refinement^ 
■   courtesy,  culture. 
hiimanus,  a,  um,  of  man,  human. 
humens,  tis,  moist. 
humerus,  i,  m.,  shoulder. 
htimidus,  a,  um,  moist. 
humilis,  e,  low,  lowly. 
humo,^  are,  avi,  atum,  bury. 
humus,  1,  F.,  ground;  humi,  on 

the  ground. 
huneine  (interrog.),  ace.  of  hie 

=  huncne. 


I,  go  (eo,  ire  ;  iter). 

lason,  onis,  M.,  Jason,  leader  of 
the  Argonauts. 

ibi,  there. 

ibis,  is,  F.,  ibis,  a  sacred  bird  of 
Egypt. 

ieo,^  ere,  TcT,  ictum,  to  strike,  hit. 

idem,  eadem,  idem,  the  safne. 

identidem,    again   and   again, 
now  and  then. 

ideo,  so,  therefore,  for  this  pur- 
pose. 

idolon,  T,  n.  (a  Greek  noun),  an 
linage,  apparition. 

idoneus,  a,  um,yf/,  apt,  capable 
(with  ad  or  rel.  clause). 

igitur,  therefore. 

ignarus,  a,  um,  unaware,  igno- 
rant. 

ignavia,  ae,  f.,  sloth,  cowardice. 

ignavus,  a,  um,  cowardly,  slug- 
gish. 

ignis,  is,  ^.,fre. 

ignoro,i  are,  avi,  atum,  to  be  ig- 
norant; pass.,  to  be  unknown. 

ignosco,^  ere,   novi,  notum,   to 
pardon  (dat.  of  person  :  Gxo). 

ille,  ilia,  illud,  that  (away  from 
speaker:   52). 

illiic,  to  that  place. 

illiistro,'  are,  avi,  atum,  to  shine 
upon,  brighten,  bring  to  light. 

illustris,  e,  bright,  well-lighted, 
illustrious.  ^  Sjion. 

imago,  inis,  F.,  image^^ppari- 


f 


2o6 


Latin  Method, 


imber,  bris  (ium),  m.,  a  rain- 
stonn  (75). 

imitor.i  an,  atus,  imitate. 

immanis,  e,  monstrous  (93). 

immanitas,  atis,  F.,  cruelty^  fe- 
rocity. 

imraemor,  oris,  timnindful. 

immensus,  a,  um,  measureless, 
immense,  unbounded. 

immitto,^  ere,  misT,  missum,  to 
let  in,  send  upo?i. 

immo,  7iay,  on  the  contrary,  nay 
rather. 

immortalis,  e,  immortal. 

immortalitas,  atis,  F.,  immor- 
tality (in- ;  mors). 

immutabilis,  e,  unchangeable. 

impavidus,  a,  um,  without  ter- 
ror (in-;  paveo). 

impedimentum,  1,  n.,  hin- 
drance; plur.  bags;age. 

impedio,'*  Ire,  TvT,  Ttum,  to  hin- 
der, itnpede  (in-;  pes). 

impendeo,2  ere,  to  overhang, 
threaten. 

impendo,^  ere,  di,  sum,  to  pay, 
bestow  (weigh  out  to). 

Jmperator,  oris,  m.,  commander 
(in  chief-.  42). 

imperitus,  a,  um,  unacquainted, 
ujiskilled  {gtn.). 

imperium,  T,  N.,  authority,  com- 
mand, state  (as  a  power  :  88.) 

impero,!  are,  avT,  atum,  com- 
mand, reqiiire  (dat.  and  ut). 

impetro,'  are,  avi,  atum,  accoiii- 
piish,  obtain  (a  request). 

impetus,  iis,  m.,  attack,  violence, 
impulse  J  animi  impetus,  im- 
petuosity of  feeling. 

impiger,  gra,  grum,  vigorous. 

Impius,  a,  um,  i7npious,  wicked. 

impleo,2  ere,  evi,  etum,  to  fill. 

implico,!  are,  cuT,  citum  (or 
avT,  atum) ,  entwine,  entangle. 

Imploro,'  are,  avT,  atum,  to  im- 
plore, ejttreat. 

impono,^  ere,  posuT,  positum,  to 
place  upon,  impose,  inflict. 

importo,'  are,  avI,  atum,  to  i?n- 
port. 


impotens,  tis,  impotent,  tmcon- 

trollable. 
impotentia,  ae,   f,,    impotence, 

ungovernableness. 
improbus,  a,  um,  bad,  wicked, 

7nischievous,  obstinate  (66). 
impiibes,  is  or  eris,  youthful, 

beardless. 
impudens,  tis,  shameless. 
impudentia,  ae,  F.,  impudence. 
imus,  a,  um,  lowest,  foot  of. 
in    (ace),    into,  for,    toivards ;     ™ 
(abl.),  /;/,  in  regard  to,  upon.     ■ 
inanis,  e,  empty,  unreal.  ^ 

incantamentum,  1,  n.,  enchant- 

77ient. 
incedo,-^ere,  cessi,  cessum,  i7iove 

071,  adz/a7ice. 
incendium,   I,  n.,  fi7'e  (confla- 
gration). 
incendo,^   ere,   di,  sum,  set  on 

fi7-e,  infla77is. 
incertus,  a,  um,  uncertain. 
inchoo  (or  incoho),i  are,  avi, 

atum,  to  begi7t,  undertake. 
incido,^  ere,  cidT,  casum,  to  fall 

upo7i,  happe7i  (in;  cado). 
incido,^  ere,  cTdT,  cTsum,  to  cut 

upo7i,  inscribe  (in;  caedo). 
incipio,^  ere,   cepT,   ceptum,   to 

begin  (in;  Cdcpio,  take  hold). 
incite,^  are,  avi,  atum,  to  incite, 

rouse. 
includo,^  ere,   sT,  sum,  to  shut 

i7i,  e7iclose  (in ;  claudo) 
incolo,^  ere,  coluT,  to  i7thabit. 
incolumis,  e,  safe,  unhurt. 
incommodum,  1,  -i^.,a0i7toyance, 
i7ico7ive7iience,  disaster  (by  a 
euphemism  :  35). 
inconditus,  a,  um,  unfashio7ied, 

rude  (ill  put  together). 
incredibilis,  e,  i7tcredible. 
increpo,!  are,  ul,  itum,  to  chide, 

shout  at. 
incultus,   a,  um,    uncultivated, 

rude  (in;  colo). 
incumbo,^  ere,  cubuT,  cubitum, 
lie  upofi,  devote  07ie's  self  to. 
incunabula,  orum,  N.,  cradle. 
inde,  the7ice,  then. 


Vocabulary :  Latin  and  English. 


207 


indecorus,  a,  um,  unbecoming^ 
dishonorable. 

index,  icis,  c,  guide. 

indico.i  are,  avi,  2iium,  point  out, 
indicate. 

indico,^  ere,  xT,  ctum,  to  decla7'e. 

indigeo,^  ere,  ul  [egeo],  to  need 
(with  gen  :   26). 

indignor,!   ari,    atus,  to   be  in- 
dignant^ deein  unworthy . 

indignus,  a,  um,  u?tworthy  (abl.). 

inditus,  a,  um,  put  on,  given. 

indo,^  ere,  didi,  ditum,    to  put 
tcpon,  bestow. 

indoles,  is,   F.,  talent,  disposi- 
tion (13). 

induco,^  ere,  xT,  ctum,  to  lead 
or  bring  on. 

induro,'  are,  avi,  atum,  harden. 

indulgentia,  ae,  F.,  indulgence. 

indulgeo,'2  ere,  si,  sum,  to  in- 
dulge (dat.)- 

induo,^  ere,  uT,  utum,  to  put  on. 

industria,  ae,  F.,  industry,  dili- 
gence j  de ,  on  purpose. 

indutus,  a,  um,  clad. 

inedia,  ae»  Y.,  fasting,  famine. 

inepte,  foolishly. 

inerro,^    are,   to  wander  in  or 
over,  pass  before  (dative). 

iners,  tis,  stupid,  lazy. 

infacetus,  a,  um,  without  humor. 

infamis,  e,  illfajned,  infamotis. 

infandus,  a,  um,  shocking,  un- 
speakable. 

infans,  tis,  c,  infant,      [tunate. 

infelix,  Icis,  unfruitful,  i^nfor- 

infensus,  a,  um,  angry,  hostile. 

inferior,  ius  (comp'  ot  inferus), 
lower,  inferior.  \below. 

infernus,  a,  um,  of  the   world 

infero,  ferre,  tulT,  latum  (illatum), 
bring  or  throw  in  or  upon; 
'  bellum  infero,  make  war. 
—fttiferus,  a,  um,  lower,  below. 

infestus,  a,  um,  hostile,  danger- 
ous, in  a  dangerous  condition. 

inf idus,  a,  um,  unfaithful. 

infimus,  a,  um,  lowest. 

inf  initus,  a,  um,  unlimited,  in- 
finite, immeasurable  (finis). 


infirmus,  a,  Mm,  feeble,  infirm. 

inflammo,'  are,  avi,  atum,  to  set 
on  fi^'e. 

inflatus,  a,  um,  inflated,  puffed 
tip. 

infortiinium,  T,  n.,  misfortune. 

ingeniosus,  a,  um,  full  of  genius. 

ingenium,  i,  n.,  nature,  mitid, 
genius  (13). 

ingens,  tis,  vast,  monstrous  (65). 

ingenuus,  a,  um,  noble,  free- 
born  (62). 

inhabito,^  are,  avT,  atum,  inhabit. 

inhiimanus,  a,  um,  rude,  churl- 
ish, ill-bred,  barbarous  {\).  1 25). 

inimicus,a,  um,  unfriendly,  hos- 
tile ;  personal  enemy  (54). 

iniquus,  a,  um,  unjust  (slqcivlvls). 

initium,  1,  N.,  begifining ;  initio, 
at  first  {in;  eo,  entering  on). 

injicio  (Tnicio),^  ere,  jecl,  jec- 
tum,  to  cast  upon  (in;  jacio). 

injiicundus,  a,  um,  unpleasant. 

injussii    (abl.),   without  orders 

injiiria,  ae,  F.,  injury, 

in  j  us  te,  u  njustly . 

injiistus,  a,  um,  unjust. 

inlatus,  a,  um,  brought  upon  or 
against  (infero). 

innatus,  a,  um,  inborn,  innate. 

innocens,  tis,  harmless, ijinocent. 

innocentia,  ae,  F.,  ifmocence. 

innuo,^  ere,  uT,  utum,  nod,  hint. 

inopia,  ae,  F.,  want,  need. 

inquam  (def.  Gr.  p.  81),  say 
(always  in  direct  discourse 
and  following  some  of  the 
words  said)  :  said  he,  &c.  (64). 

inrideo,^  ere,  rlsT,  risum,  to 
mock,  laugh  at  (ace). 

inrumpo,^  ere,  riipT,  ruptum,  to 
break  in  or  upon,  burst  in. 

insanio/  Ire,  IvI,  Itum,  be  insane. 

insanus.a,  um,  unsound,  insane. 

inseotum,  1,  n.,  insect,  fly . 

insequor,^  sequi,  secutus,  to  fol- 
low closely,  pursue  (95). 

insero,''  ere,  serul, .  sertum,  to 
weave  in,  bind  if i. 

insero,^  ere,  sevi,  situm,  to  im- 
plant. 


208 


Latin  Method, 


insideo,^  ere,  sedT,  sessum,  to 
sit  upon^  be  established. 

insidiae,  arum,  F.,  ambush^  plot, 
treachery. 

insidior,!  arl,  atus,  plot  against., 
lie  in  wait  for  (as  game). 


insignis, 


marked,      distin- 


guished. 
iiisitus,  a,  um  (part,  of  insero), 

fixed.,  implanted. 
insolens,  tis,   unused,  insolent, 

arrogant. 
insomnium,  T,  n.,  sleeplessness, 
insono,'     are,     sonui,    resound 

over,  rattle  (dat.). 
instabilis,  e,  varying,  unsteady. 
iustituo,^  ere,  uT,  utum,  to  estab- 
lish, train  (statuo). 
institutum,  T,  n.,  institution  (any 

thing  established). 
insto.i  are,  stitT,  to  Be  at  hand, 

insist  on,  threaten. 
instructus,    a,    um,    equipped, 

armed. 
instruo,^  ere,  xT,  ctum,  furnish, 

set  i7i  order,  equip. 
insula,  ae,  f.,  island. 
insum,  esse,  fui,  to  be  in  or  on., 

belong  (dat.). 
intactus,  a,  um,  untouched. 
integer,  gra,  grum,  sound,  whole. 
integritas,  atis,  F..  uprightness, 

soutidness. 
intelligo  (-lego),^  ere,  xi,  ctum, 

to  understand  (inter ;  lego).  ^ 
intendo,^  ere,  tend!,  tentum,  or 

sum,  strain,  devote. 
intentus,  a,  ViVc\,  fixed,  intent. 
inter   (ace),   between,  among; 

inter  se,  with  each  other. 
interdico,^  ere,  xT,  ctum,  inter- 
dict, forbid. 
interdiii,  by  day,  in  the  day  time. 
inter dum  (adv.),  sometimes. 
interea,  in  the  meaft  time. 
interest,  erat,  &c.,  //  interests  or 

is  important  {to  the  state,  cTv- 

itatis  ;  to  me,  mea,  §  50, 4.  «) . 
interficio,^  ere,  feci,  fectum,  to 

kill. 
interim,  meanwhile. 


interior,  ius,  inner. 
intermisceo,^  ere,  miscul,  mix- 

tum  or  mistum,  mingle  amoftg. 
interpellator,    oris,    m.,    inter- 
rupter;    sine    interpellatore, 

without  interruption. 
interrumpo,3  ere,  rupT,  ruptum, 

to  break  down,  interrupt. 
intersum,  esse,  fuT,  to  be  present 

at  or  engaged  in  (dat.). 
intimus,  a,  um,  ininost. 
intra  (ace),  within.  ^ 

intro.i  are,  avT,  atum,  to  enter.        ■ 
intuli,  see  infero.  ^ 

intus  (adv.),  within. 
inundo.i  are,  avT,  atum,  to  ovej- 

fiow,  inundate  {yind.a.) . 
inutilis,  e,  useless. 
invado,^  ere,  si,  sum^  to  advance 

upoti,  attack,  invade. 
invenio,"  Ire,  venT,  ventum,  coine 

upoji.find  (55). 
investigo,^  are,  avT,  atum,  track, 

trace,  investigate  (following  a 

scent) . 
invideo,'   ere,    vidT,    visum,    to 

envy  (dat.). 
invidia,  ae,  f.,  envy,  jealousy^ 

malice,  odiuin  (76). 
invidiosus,     a,     um,     envious, 

odious. 
inviolatus,  a,  um,  utiharmed. 
invisus,  a,  um,  hated. 
invito,!  ^re,  avi,  atum,  entertain, 

invite  (with  ad  or  in). 
invitus,  a,  um,  unwilling,  reluc- 
f^tant. 

apse, a,  um,  i'<?^(emphatic),^m^ 
\  self,  herself,  &.C. 
»a,  ae,  F.,  anger. 
iracunde  {a.dv.),with  irascibility, 

with  little  patience. 
iraoundus,  a,  um,  irascible,  high- 
tempered,  passionate. 
irascor,3  T,  Tratus,  to  be  angry, mm^ 
ire,  see  eo  (p.  39). 
is,  ea,  id,  he,  she,  it,  that  (52). 
Isocrates,  is,  M.,  an   orator  of 

Athens. 
iste,  ista,  istud,  that  yonder,  that 

of  yours  (52). 


tic- 
im4 


VocabuIa7y :  Latin  and  English, 


209 


ita,  so,  thus. 
Italia,  ae,  f.,  Italy. 
itaque,  therefore,  accordingly. 
item,  likewise,  also. 
iter,  itineris,  N.,  way,  journey, 
jnarch. 
^  itero,^  are,  avT,  atum,  to  repeat. 
iterum,  again,  a  second  tiine. 


tjAC,  throwJAB.oio,'^  conjicio). 
jaceo,2  ere,  prcul,  jacitum,  to  lie, 

be  low,  lie  low. 
-jacio,^  ere,4ecl,  jactum,  throw, 

cast. 
jacto,'  are,  avT,  atum,  cast,  toss, 

dooj^Ant^ns.  of  jacio). 
isim,now,   already;  jam    non, 

no  longe/ {with  present) ;  jam 

vero,  then  again;  (with  future), 

presently ;  jam  pridem  nonful, 

it  is  long  since  I  have  been. 
Janiculum,  T,  N.,  a  hill  of  Rome. 
janua,  ae,  F.,  doorway,  door  (86). 
jocor,^  arl,  2i\M^,  jest,  joke. 
jocus, i,  M.  ;  pi.,  joca,  drum,  N., 

jest ;  per  )QQ.Vi\ri,  for  fun. 
Jovis,  see  Juppiter, 
jubeo,'^  ere,  jussi,  jussum  (ace. 

and  infin.),  to  order,  command. 
jucunditas,    atis,    F.,  pleasure, 

delight.  \^ful. 

jucundus,  a,  \xm, pleasant,  cheer- 
judex,  icis,    c,  judge,   juror  j 

in  plural,  properly 7/^ r(?rj. 
judicium,!,  'S>i.,judi^ment,  court. 
judico,'  are,  avT,  atum,  judge, 

decid3. 
t JUG,  join  (jungo,3  conjux). 
juglans,  andis,  F.,  walnut. 
jugum,  1,  N.,yoke,  r/<i^^of  hill. 
Jugurtha,  ae,  m.,  a  king  of  Nu- 
^    midia. 
Julius,  T,    M.,   Julius,  a  man's 

name  ;  as  adj.,  of  Julius. 
jungo,3  ere,  nxi,  nctum,  to  join, 

connect  (jug;  63). 
Juno,  onis,  F.,  Juno,  queen  of 

the  gods.  I 


Juppiter,  Jovis,  m.,  Jupiter,  king 

of  the  gods. 
jlis,  juris,  N.,  right,  justice  (57). 
jiis,  juris,  N.,  broth. 
jiistitia,  ae,  Y.,  justice.  ^ 

jiiitus,  a,  wvci.just. 
jussu  (abl.),  by  command. 
juvencus,  1,  m.,  bullock. 
juvenis,   is,    c,   young  person 

(from  20_  to  40)  ;  gen.  pi.  um. 
juventus,  utis,  y.,  youth. 
juvo,'  are,  juvT,  jutum,  aid,  help^ 

do  good,  favor,  please  (ace). 
juxta,  7iear  (ace). 


Kalendae,    arum,    f.,   Kalends 

(ist  of  the  month), 
Karthago,  inis,  f.,  Carthage. 


L.  for  Lucius,  a  Roman  name. 

labor  (6s),  oris,  m.,  toil,  hard- 
ship (58). 

labor,^i,  lapsus,  to  fall,  fail,  de- 
cay, ^lide.  \Jabor. 

labori5se    (adv.),    with  'great 

laboriosus,  a,  um,  toilsome. 

laboro,^  are,  avT,  atum,  to(l,  labor, 
trouble  one's  self.  ,  • 

labrum,  T,  n.,  lip.  ^  ; 

lac,  lactis,  n.,  milk.  \ 

Lacedaemon,  onis,  ona,  Lace- 
dcEmon  or  Sparta,  a  city  of 
Greece. 

Lacedaemonius,  a,  um,  Lace- 
dccmonian,  Spartan. 

laceratus,  a,  um,  mangled. 

lacero.i  are,  avi,  atum,  to  mangle. 

lacertus,  T,  m.,  the  arm  (above 
the  elbow  :  comp.  brachium). 

lacrima,  ae,  f,,  tear. 

lacus,  CLis,  M.,  lake  (p.  18). 

laedo,^  ere,  si,  sum,  to  injure, 
hurt  (ace). 

laetifico,^  are,  avT,  atum,  to  make 
^/^^(laetus;  faoio). 


2IO 


Latin  Method, 


laetitia,  ae,  F.,  joy.  \ 

laetus,  a,  um,  glad,   blooming, 

gladdening   (by  abundance). 
laevus,  a,  um,  lejt  (left  hand) . 
lampas,  adis  (os),  ada,  adas,  f., 

lamp,  lof'ch. 
lapis,  idis,  M.,  a  stone  (59). 
lapsus,  a,  \xm,  fallen  (labor), 
lapsus,  sus,  u.,Jlow. 
laqueus,  1,  m.,  noose,  snare. 
largior,"  Tri,  itus,  to  lavish,  give 

lavishly  (37). 
largitas,     atis,    F.,     generosity, 

abmidance,  bounty. 
largus,  a,  wva,, broad. 
Lars,  tis,  M.,  an  Etruscan  title. 
lateo,2  ere,  latul,  be  hidden  (with 

ace,  front). 
laterculus,  T,  m.,  brick. 
Latinus  or  Latins,  a,  um,  Latin 

(of  Latium). 
latitudo,  inis,  F.,  breadth. 
latro,!  are,  avi,  atum,  to  bark. 
latro,  5nis,  M.,  robber. 
latrocinium,  T,  n.,  robbery. 
latus,  eris,  N.,  side. 
latus,  a,  um,  wide. 
laudatio,  onis,  ¥.,  praise, eulogy. 
laudatus,  a,  um  (part,  of  follow- 
ing), micch  praised. 
laudo,'  are,  avI,  atum,  to  praise. 
laus,  laudis,  Y.,  praise  (46). 
lautus,    a,    um,    noble,    elegant, 

dainty ;  part,  of 
lavo,  are  or  ere,  lavl  or  lavavT, 

lavat-  laut-  or  lotum,  to  wash. 
lectus,  T,  M.,  bed  (60). 
legatus,  T,    m.,  lieutenant,  am- 
bassador (part,  of  lego :  42). 
legio,  onis,  F.,  legion  (61). 
legitimus,  a,  um,  lawful,  estab- 

lished  by  law. 
Aego,^  ere,  legT,  lectum,  gather, 

read,  choose. 
legumina,  um,  N.  pi.,  vegetables. 
leiiio,''  Ire,  Ivi  (ii,)  itum,  soothe, 

calm,  soften. 
lenis, ^.gentle,  smooth,  mild{^i). 
lentus,  a,  um,  slow.' 
leo,  onis,  M.,  lion. 
lepu^  oris,  m.,  hare. 


letum,  T,  N.,  death. 

levamen,  inis,  n.,  relief,  alle- 
viation. 

levis,  e,  light. 

levis,  e,  smooth. 

levitas,  atis,  F.,  lightness. 

levitudo,  inis,  F. ,  s?noothness.    ^ 

levo/  are,  avT,  atum,  to  lighten, 
lift,  relieve. 

lex,  legis,  F.,  law  (written). 

liber,  brl,  m.,  book. 

liber,  era,  ^ruxn,  free  (62). 

Ubera,  ae,  F  ,  Pros^ine,  daugh- 
ter of  Ceres.    ^^ 

liberator,  ^d^  m.,  deliverer. 

libere,  freei^         ^ 

liberi,  orum,  M.,  children. 

libero.i  are,  avT,  atum,  set  free. 

libertas,  tatis,  F.,  libei^^free- 
dom.  ^^^ 

libet  (or  lubet),  uit,  itum  est,  it 
pleases  (dat.). 

libido,  inis,  Y.,  passion,  desire. 

libum,  1,  N.,  cake. 

Jlic,  leave  (linquo^). 

licet,  licuit,  licitum  est,  //  is  per- 
mitted, one  may  (dat.). 

lictor,  oris,  m.,  lictor,  attendant 
on  a  Roman  magistrate  ;  ex- 
ecutioner. 

ligo,'  are,  avT,  atum,  to  fasten, 
bind{6'i,). 

ligo,  onis,  M.,  hoe,  inattock. 

ligustrum,  T,  n.,  privet  (a  hedge- 
plant). 

liraen,  inis,  N.,  threshold,  e7t- 
t ranee  (86). 

lingua,  ae,  F.,  tongue,  language. 

linquo,^  ere,  liquT,  to  leave. 

liquidus,  a,  um,  clear,  trans' 
parent. 

lis,  litis,  F.,  lawsuit,  quarrel. 

litera  (littera),  ae,  F.,  letter  oi 
the  alphabet :  plur.,  a  letter, 
epistle,  literature. 

liter atus,  a,  um,  learned,  let- 
'tered. 

litus  (littus),  oris,  N.,  shore. 

loco,i  are,  avI,  atum,  to  place, 
station,  let  (for  hire). 

locuples,  etis,  wealthy. 


Vocabulary :  Latin  and  English, 


211 


locupleto,'  are,  avT,  2X\xvt\,  enrich. 
locus,  T,  M. :    plur.,  loca,  orum, 

N.,  place ^  region.  , 
locusta,   ae,    F.,   locust.,  grass- 
hopper. 
longaevus,  a,  um,  aged. 
♦loiige,  ius,  issime,  far.,  by  far., 
.  ^   at  a  distance. 
loiigimaiius,  a,um,  long-handed. 
loiiginquus,  a,  um,  distant.,  long 

(of  time). 
longus,  a,  um,  long ;  longum  est, 

/'/  would  tc^e  too  long. 
loquax,  2iQ\^fmlk alive. 
loquor,^  T,  locutus^)^^:^  (64). 
lubet  (or  li]^t),  ir^eases.,  one  is 

glad. 
lubricus,  a,  um,  slippery. 
luci<^ML   a,  um,  bright.,    trans- 

Pat^^,  glittering  (lux) . 
Jucruni,  T,  n.,  gain. 
luctor,^  arl,  to  wrestle.,  struggle. 
luctus,  us,  M.,  grief   7nourning 

(38). 
LucuUus,  1,  M.,  a  Roman  name. 
Lucumo,  onis,  an  Etruscan  title, 

properly,  one  inspired. 
lucus,  1,  M.,  grove  (96). 
ludibriuni,  1.  ^..j'est,  fnockery. 
■"  jludo.^ere,  sT,  sum,  to  play,  sport. 
Tiudovicus,  T,  m,,  Lewis. 
ludus,  T,  VL.,play,  school;  plur., 

public  games. 
lugeo,2  ere,  xT,  ctum,  to  grieve, 

mourn. 
lumbricus,  T,  M.,  earth-worm. 
lumen,  inis,  N.,  light. 
luna,  ae,  f.,  moon. 
lupa,  ae,  f.,  she-woif. 
lupus,  I,  M.,  wolf. 
luscinia,  ae,  F.,  nightingale. 
lustro/  are,  avi,  atum,  purify, 

siirvey. 
lusus,  us,  'WL.,piay,  sport. 
lutulentus,  a,  um,  muddy,  dirty. 
lutum,  T,  N.,  mud. 
lux,  lucis,  F.,  light. 
luxi,  see  lugeo. 
lyra,  ae,  F.,  lyre. 
Lysias,    ae,    M.,   an    orator    of 

Athens. 


M. 

M.,  abbrev.  of  Marcus. 

M'.,  abbrev.  of  Manius. 

Macedo,  onis,  a  Macedonian. 

machina,  ae,  F.,  machine , engine, 

macies,  iei,  F.,  emaciation,  lean- 
ness. 

macte  (voc),  well-done  f  prosper. 

maculo.i  are,  avT,  atum,  stain. 

maestus,  a,  um,  sad,  sorrowful. 

magis,  tnore. 

magister,  trl,  m.,  master,  teacher. 

magistia,  ae,  f.,  jnistress. 

magis tratus,  tus,  M.,  magistrate^ 
office. 

magnitudo,  inis,  F.,  greatness, 
size;  incredibili  magnitudine, 
of  marvellous  size. 

magiiopere,  greatly. 

magnus,  a,  um,  great  (in  all 
senses),  powerful  (65). 

major,  us  (comp.  of  magnus), 
greater,  older. 

majusoulus,  a,  um,  somewhat 
large  or  larger. 

male,  ill. 

maledico,^  ere,  xT,  ctum,  to  speak 
ill,  curse  (dat.). 

maleficium,  T,  n.,  ///  deed,  crime. 

malo,  malle,  maluT,  wish  more\» 
choose  rather  (p.  38).  r 

malus,  a,  um,  bad,  malicious  (i.  e. 
intended  evil :  66). 

mancipium,  1,  n.,  a  chattel^ 
slave  (taken  in  the  hand). 

mandatum,  1,  n.,  command. 

maneo,2  ere,  mansT,   mansum,  f    . 
wait,  stay,  remain,  await.        \f 

manes,  ium,  m.,  a  departed  spirit, 

maniplaris,  e,  belonging  to  a 
company,  manipiary. 

maniplus,  T,  M.,  wisp  of  straw 
(used  as  a  standard  for  a  mili- 
tary company,  hence  later  the 
company  itself:  61). 

Mantinea,  ae,  F.,  a  city  of 
southern  Greece. 

manus,  lis,  f.,  hand,  troop. 

Marcellus,  T,  M  ,  a  famous  Ro- 
man. 


212 


Latin  Method, 


Marcus,  i,  m.,  a  proper  name. 

mare,  is,  N.,  sea. 

maritimus,  a,  um,  of  the  sea,  on 
the  sea. 

maritus,  i,  M.,  husband. 

marmoreus,  a,  um,  of  marble, 
glistening. 

Mars,  Martis,  M.,  the  god  of  war. 

mater,  tris,  F.,  mother. 

materia,  ae ;  ies,  iei,  f.,  timber, 
mateiHal.  \bered. 

materiatus,  a,    um,   built,  tim- 

maternus,  a,  um,  of  a  mother. 

matricida,  ae,  C,  matricide. 

matrimonium,  T,  N. ,  marriage. 

matrona,  ae,  F.,  matron,  mar- 
ried woman. 

mature,  early,  hastily,  promptly. 

maturus,  a,  um,  ripe,  early. 

maxime,  chiefly,  especially. 

maximus,  a,  um,  greatest. 

Maximus,!,  m.,  Q.  Fabius  Max- 
imus, a  Roman  commander  in 
the  war  against  Hannibal. 

m^deor,-  eri,  to  heal. 

medicabilis,  e,  curable. 

medicamen,  inis,  N.,  remedy. 

medicamentarius,  pertaining 
to  (dealing  in)  remedies. 

medicamentosus,  curative. 

medicamentum,  T,  n.,  remedy. 

medicina,  ae,  F.,  medicine. 

medicinalis,  e,  medicinal. 

medicor,'  arl,  atus,  heal. 

medicosus,  a,  um,  curative. 

medious,  T,  m.,  physician. 

m editor,^  arl,  atus  (devote  one's 
self  to),  practise,  meditate. 

medius,  a,  um,  mid,  middle, 
middle  ofixn  agr.  with  noun). 

mel,  mellis,  N.,  honey. 

meleagris,  idis,  ¥.,  a  guinea-hen. 

membrana,  ae,  f.,  mejubrane. 

membrum,  i,  N.,  lij/ib. 

memento  (imperat.),  re77iember. 

memini  (def.),  remember  (68). 

memor,  oris,  inindful. 

memorandus,  a,um,  memorable. 

memoria,  ae,  F.,  7nefnory. 

memoro',  are,  avi,  atum,  call  to 
mind,  relate. 


mendacium,  T,  ^.,  falsehood. 

mendax,  2.q\s,  false,  deceitful. 

mens, mentis,  f.,  mind,  ivits{\'^). 

mensa,  ae,  F.,  table. 

mensis,  is,  m.,  Dtonth. 

mensura,  ae,  F.,  measure. 

mentior,*  iri,  Itus,  to  lie  (speak  1^ 
falsely).  ^ 

merceuarius,  T,  m.,  hireling. 

merces,  edis,  F.,  wages  (40). 

meroes,  ium,  F.,  plur.,  commo- 
dities, wares. 

mercer,!  ari,  2X\x^^ade,  buy. 

Mercurius,  1,  M^^mercury,  god 
of  trade,  ^c. 

mergus,  1,  M.,  divei^  sea-fowl. 

meridies,  iel,  M.,  mid  day,  noon, 
south. 

meritum,  1,  n,,  merit,  sam^ce. 

meritus,  a,  um  (part,  ofmereor), 
deserved;  merito,  deservedly. 

messis,  is,  F.,  harvest  (94). 

-met,  intens.  (added  to  pronoun). 

metier,'*  TrI,  mensus,  ?neasure, 
nieasure  out. 

metue,^ere,  m,  fear,  dread  {6g). 

mietus,  us,  M.,  fear,  apprehen- 
sion. 

meus,  mea,  meum,  my,  7nine ; 
voc.  M.,  mi. 

mice,'  are,  micui,  quiver,  shine, 
glitter. 

migratio,  5nis,  F.,  migration. 

migre,*  are,  avI,  atum,  to  re77iove, 
e7nigrate. 

miles,  itis,  c,  soldier. 

mill  a,  pi,  of  mille. 

militaris,  e,  77tilitarv. 

militia,  ae,  F.,  7nilitary  service 
{22)  ;  militiae,  abroad  (\n  mil- 
itary service). 

milito,!  are,  avT,  atum,.  serve 
(as  a  soldier). 

mille,  plur.  milia,  thousand. 

Miltiades,  is,  an  Athenian  com- 
mander. 

minaciter,  threate7iingly . 

minae,  arum,  F.,  threats. 

minax,  acis,  ihreateni7tg. 

Minerva,  ae,  F.,  Minerva,  god- 
dess of  arts  and  wisdom. 


Vocabulary :  Latin  and  English, 


213 


minime,  least- of-all,  no^  by  no 
7neans. 

minimus  (sup.  of  parvus),  the 
least;  —  natu,  youngest. 

minister,  irT,  M.,  attendant. 

ministra,  ae,  F,,  handmaid. 

ministro,^  are,  avi,  atum,  serve., 

..  sjipply.,  afford. 

minitabundus,  a,  um,  in  a 
threateiting  manner. 

minitor.i  ari,  atus,  to  threqjen. 

minor,  minus,  smaller.,  lesser. 

minus,  less  (adj.  or  adv.). 

mirabiliter,  wojidei-fully . 

miraculum,  1,  N.,  a  miracle, 
wonder. 

miror,!  ari,  atus,  to  wonder. 

mirus,  a,  um,  wonderful,  mar- 
vellous;  quid  mirum  ?  what 
wonder  ? 

misellus,  a,  um,  dim.  of 

miser,  era,  erum,  wretched. 

misere,  wretchedly. 

miseresco,^  ere,  pity  (gen.). 

miseria,  ae,  F.,  ?nisery\^^). 

misericordia,  ae,  F.,pity,  mercy. 

miserrimus,  a,  um,  nnhappiest. 

mitesco,^  grow  soft  or  mellow. 

mitigo,^  are,  avi,  atum,  to  mel- 
low, tame  down. 

mitis,  e,  mild,  gentle,  mellow. 

mitto,^  ere,  misT,  missum,  to  send 
(see  p.  134). 

mixtura,  ae,  f.,  mixture. 

mobilis,  e,  movable,  pliatit. 

modeste,  modestly. 

modestia,    ae,  f.,  modesty, 

modestus,  a,  um,  modest. 

modice,  moderately. 

modicus,  a,  um,  moderate. 

modius,  T,  M.,  modius,  a  meas- 
ure of  grain  ;  a  peck. 

modo  (in  a  manner),  ojily,  just 
7towj  non  modo,  not  only. 

modus,  T,  M.,  matiner,  measure, 
limit  (48)  ;  ejus  modi,  such,  of 
that  sort. 

moenia,  ium,  ^..fortifications. 

mola,  ae,  F.,  mill,  grain. 

molestia,  ae.  f.,  vexation,  dis- 
tress, trouble  {^f^). 


molestus,    a,    um,    vexatious; 

moles  te  fero,  to  be  vexed  at. 
molior,'*  Trl,  Ttus,  to  atte?npt,  do 

(with  effort  :  18). 
mollio,''  ire,  ivl,  itum,  to  soften. 
mollis,  e,  soft,  smooth,  mealy  (of 

fruits,  «&€.),  7'ipe  (41). 
mollitia,  ae,  F.,  efjeminacy,  soft- 
ness. 
momordi,  see  mordeo. 
moneo,'-^  ere,  ul,  itum,  warn,  ad- 

jnonish,  advise. 
monitus,  us,  M.,  admonition. 
mons,  montis,  M.,  mountain. 
monstro,'  are,  avi,  atum,  to  show, 

point  out  (80).  {^ster. 

monstrum,  T,  n.,  prodigy,  mon- 
monumentum,  T,  N.,  monument, 
mora,  ae,  f.,  delay. 
morbus,  I,  m.,  disease. 
mordeo,^  ere,  momordi,  morsum, 

to  bite. 
mores,  um,  m.  (mos),  character, 

habit  (70). 
moribundus,  a,  um,  dying. 
morior,^  1,  mortuus,  to  die.    ^"^ 
moror,  ari,  atus,  to  delay. 
morosus,  cross,  ill-tempered. 
mors,  mortis,  F.,  death. 
mortalis,  e,  mortal. 
mortuus,  a,  um,  dead. 
mos,  moris,  M.,  custojn;  plur., 

also  character  (70). 
motus,  lis,   M.,  disturbance   (of 

insurrections,  and  the  like  :  yi). 
moveo,^  ere,  movl,  motum,  move 
■  (in  all  senses). 
mox,  presently.  [  ( ^  6) . 

miicro,  onis,  m.,  blade,  sword 
miigio,*  Ire.  ivl  (il),  Itum,  bellow 

(liiie  cattle). 
mulier,  eris,  f  ,  woman. 
multiplex,  plicis,  manifold,  re- 
peated. 
multitiido,  inis,   F.,  multitude, 

great  nujttber. 
multo    (adverbial   ablative),  by 

nuich,  much. 
xa.\i\t\xvcL,mnch  (with  part.  gen.). 
multus,  a,  um  (generally  plural), 

7nuch,  many. 


214 


Latin  Method. 


mulus,  1,  M.,  mule. 

mundus,  i,  M.,  the  uniuerse,  the 

world.  \^tion. 

munimentum,   i,   N.,  foriifica- 
iniinio,'*  ire,  Tvi  (il),  \\.\xvci,  fortify. 
muuus,  eris,  n.,  office,  gift  (40). 
munusculum,  T,  N.,  little  gift. 
murmuro,^   are,    avi,    atum,    to 

7nurmur,  ?nitmble. 
murus,  T,  M.,  wall. 
mus,  murls,  M.,  jnotise. 
mutatio,  onis,  F.,  change. 
"K  muto,^  are,  avi,  atum,  to  change. 
mutus,  a,  um,  duinb^  mute. 
myrica,  ae,  F.,  heather. 
myrtus,  us  or  I,  F.,  ?nyrtle. 


N. 

X^AC,fnd,  win  (nanciscor^). 

nam,  namque.ybr. 

nanciscor,^  ci ,  nactus  or  nanctus, 
catch,  get,  find  {$s)- 

nares,  ium,    F.,    nostrils,  see  fit. 

!T9tTO,'  are,  avi,  atum,  tell,  7'elate, 
talk  ^(with  ace). 

Nasica,  ae,  m.,  Nasica,  a  name 
of  a  family  of  Scipios. 

nascor,^  cl,  natus,  be  born  (gen). 

natio,  onis,  F.,  nation  (50). 

nato/  are,  avT,  atum,  to  sivim. 

natu,  by  birth  (abl.). 

natura,  ae,  F.,  nature. 

naturalis,  e,  natural. 

natus  (part,  of  nascor),  a,  um, 
borit ;  as  noun,  son. 

nauta,  navita,  ae,  m.,  sailor. 

navigo,^  are,  avi,  atum,  to  sail, 
navigate. 

navis,  is,  Y.,ship;  —  \on^3., gal- 
ley (a  ship  of  war,  driven  by 
oars  :   73). 

ne,  lest;  with  imperat.,  ftot ;  with 
subj.,  not  to;  ne  .  .  quidem, 
not  .^ .  even,  not  .  .  either. 

-ne  (enclitic),  mark  of  interroga- 
tion, whether. 

Jnec,  bind  (necto,^  nexus). 

nee  (neque),  and  not,  neither, 
nor. 


nee  enim,  for  .  .  not  (you  see), 
necessarius,  a,  um,  necessary. 
neeesse  (indecl.),  necessary. 
necessitas,  atis,  f.,  necessity. 
neeo,i  are,  avi,  atum,  to  destroy, 

kill. 
nefarius,  a,  um,  wicked,  abonii- 

nable. 
nefas,  moral  wrong,  impiety. 
negligo  (ego),^  ere,  neglexT,  ctum, 

neglect,  disregard  (nee ;  lego), 
nego,'  are,  avi,  atum,  to  refuse, 

deny  (ne ;  aio). 
negotior,^  ari,  atus,  do  business. 
negotium,  1,  n.,  business,  task. 
nemo,  inis,  c,  no  one,   no  (in 

apposition  with  noun)  ;  nemo 

non,  every  one. 
nemus,  oris,  n.,  wood, gjove (96). 
nepos,  Otis,  yi., giandson. 
nequam  (indecl.),   ior,  issimus, 

worthless. 
nequaquam,  by  no  means. 
neque,  see  nee. 
nequeo,  ire,  ivi  (ii),  itum,  ca^mot 

(see  p.  40). 
nequiquam   (nequiequam),  in 

vain,  to  no  purpose. 
nequis,  nequa,  nequid,  7iot  {lest) 

any. 
nereis,    idis,    F.,    nereid,     sea- 
nymph. 
Nereus,  I  (eos),  m.,  Net'eus,  god 

of  the  sea-depths. 
n6seius,  a,  um,  ignorant. 
Nestor,  oris,  m.,  Nestor,  a  wise 

and  aged  Greek  chieftain, 
neve,  nor. 

nex,  necis,  f.,   death   (by  vio- 
lence) (neeo^). 
nidus,  T,  M.,  nest. 
niger,  gra,  grum,  black,  dark  in 

color  (^). 
nihil,  indec,  nothing;  (as  adv.), 

not  at  all. 
nihilominus,  nevertheless. 
nihilum,  T,  N.,  nothing. 
nil  =  nihU,  nothing. 
nimius,  a,  um,  excessive. 
nimis,  too,  too  much. 
nisi,  U7iless. 


Vocabulary:  Latin  and  English. 


215 


niteo,2  ere,  uT,  to  shine^  glitter. 

nix,  nivis,  F.,  snow. 

nobilis,  e,  well-known^  famous^ 
noble  (gno  in  gnosco). 

nobilitas,  atis,  F,,  nobility. 

nocens,  tis,  injurious,  guilty  (66). 

noceo,'-^  ere,  nocuT,  nocitum,  do 
harm,  hurt,  injure  (dat.). 

nocturnus,  a,  um,  nightly^  of 
the  night  (nox). 

nodosus,  a,  um,  knotty. 

nodus,  1,  M.,  knot. 

nolo,  ndlle,  noluT,  to  be  unwilling 
(p.  38)  ;  noli,  do  not  (prohib.). 

nomen,  inis,  N.,  name,  bill  of 
exchange  (74).  \jnention. 

nomino,'  are,  avi,  atum,  to  name^ 

non,  not. 

nonaginta,  ninety. 

nondum,  not  yet. 

nonne,  not  ?  {does  not  ?  do  .  . 
not?  whether  .   .  not). 

nonnullus,  a,  um,  some. 

nonnunquam,  sometimes. 

norim  for  noverim,  see  nosco. 

nos,  nostrum,  tri,  nobis,  we. 

nosco,'^  ere,  novi,  notum,  learn  ; 
perf.  know  (as  an  acquaint- 
ance :   GNO). 

noster,  tra,  trum,  our^  ours. 

notus.  a,  um,  known  (nosco). 

Notus,  T,  M.,  south  wind. 

novem,   nine. 

noverca,  ae,  F.,  stepmother. 

novi,  /  know  (nosco). 

novo.i  are,  avI,  atum,  to  renew. 

novus,  a,  um,  7iew. 

nox,  noctis,  F,,  night. 

nube3,  is,  f.,  cloud  (j^. 

nubilus,  a,  um,  cloudy. 

nubo,^  ere,  nupsT,  nuptum  (dat.), 
marry  (of  the  woman). 

nudus,  a,  um,  naked,  bare,  unclad. 

nullus,  a,  um  (gen.  Tus),  710,  none. 

num,  sign  ofquestion  expecting 
negative  answer  :  translate  in 
indirect  question,  whether;  in 
direct,  by  denial  and  question 
together,  is  not^  is  it  ? 

numen,  inis,  N.,  nod,  will^  di- 
vine being,  divinity. 


numero,^  are,  avI,  atum,  to  num- 
ber, account. 

numerus,  I,  m.,  number. 

Numida,  ae,  M.,  a  Nuinidian. 

Numitor,  oris,  M.,  grandfather 
of  Romulus. 

nummus,  1,  M.,  coin  =  5  cts. 

numquam   (nunquam),  never. 

nunc,  now  (emphatic). 

nuutio,'   are,  avI,   atum,  britig 
news,  announce,  report. 

nuntius,  1,  m.,  messenger,  ?nes- 
sage.  {veiled).^ 

nupta,  ae,  f.,  married,  bride  (lit. 

nuptiae,  arum,  F.,  marriage. 

nusquam,  nowhere. 

nutrio,*   Ire,    ivl   (il),    itum,  to  ^r*/  - 
nourish.  %y 

nux,  nucis,  F.,  nut;  ludere  or 
certare  nucibus,  play  marbles. 

nympha,  ae,  F.,  nymph. 


O  (interjection),  Oh! 

ob  (ace),  ott  account  of. 

obeo,  Ire,  il,  itum,  go  to  meet 

or  in  the  way,  to  die.     - 
obfero  (oflFero),  ferre,  tuli,  latum, 

bring  in  the  way  of  offer. 
obfirmo,'     are,    avI,    atum,    to 

strengthen  against,  strengthen. 
objicio  (obicio),^  ere,  jeci,  jec- 

tum,  cast  at,  throw  in  the  way. 
oblecto,'  are,  avI,  atum,  delight, 

amuse,  entertaift.  - 
oblitus,  a,  um,  forgetful,  part,  of 
obliviscor,^  I,  oblitus,  to  forget. 
obnoxius,  a,  um,  exposed,  liable. 
obscurus,  a,  um,  obscure,  s 
obsequium,  I,  N.,  indulgence  (of 

whims),  deference. 
observe,^  are,  avI,  atum,  to  keep, 

observe,  watch. 
obses,  idis,  c,  hostage. 
obsideo,^  sedi,  sessum,  besiege. 
obsidio,    onis,    F. ;  -ium,  I,   n., 

siege. 
obsisto,^   ere,    stiti,   stitum,   to 


N 
Ob 

Ql 

H 
at 

V 

X 

Y 


2l6 


Latin  Method, 


obstinatus,  a,  um,  obstinate. 

obsto,^  are,  stiti,  statum,  to  stand 
against,  oppose. 

obstupefacio,^  ere,  feci,  factum, 
to  stupefy,  amaze. 

obtempero/  are,  avi,  atum,  to 
give  heed,  observe  (dat.). 

ob tester,!  ari,  atus,  appeal^  ad- 
jure (79). 

obtineo,^  ere,  uT,  ten  turn,  to  hold, 
retain  (ob;  teneo). 

obtingo,^  ere,  tigi,  fall  to  the  lot 
of  any  one  (d2Lt  :  ob;  tango). 

obtrecto,'  are,  avT,  atum,  to  de- 
tract, oppose,  speak  enviously. 

obtrunco,^    are,    avT,   atum,    to 
kill  (with  a  blow  :  truncus). 

obtuli,  see  obfero  (offero). 

occasio,  onis,  f.,  opportunity. 

occasus,  us,  M-,  setti7ig,  west. 

occido,^  ere,  cidi,  casum,  to  fall, 
set  (ob ;  cado). 

occido,^  ere,   dl,   sum,   to   kill 
Va  (ob  ;  caedo) . 

'•  occulo,^  ere,  culuT,  cultum,  hide. 

Q  occultus,  a,  um,  hidden ;  in  oc- 

wmmm'         .        culto,  iiuder  cover. 

i  occupatus,  a,  um,  busy,  engaged. 

(occupo,^  are,  avI,  atum,  seize, 
take  possession  of. 
occurro,^  ere,  curri  or  cucurrT, 

cursum,   to  run  up^  run    to 

meet,  oppose. 
octavus,  a,  um,  eighth. 
Goto,  eight. 

octogesimus,  a,  um,  eightieth. 
o cuius,  T,  M.,  eye. 
odi,  odisse,  osus,  to  hate  (p.  40). 
odiosus,  a,  um,  odious,  hateful. 
odium,  T,  N.,  hate,  hatred  (76). 
odor,  oris,  m.,  S7nell. 
ofifero,  see  obfero. 
ofiBcium,  T,  N.,  duty,  service {^y). 
oleum,  1,  N . ,  olive-oil,  oil. 
olim,  o?tce,  of  old,  for77ierly. 
oliva,  ae,  f.,  the  olive-tree. 
olivetum,  T,  olive-orchard. 
omen,  inis,  N.,  077te7i. 
omitto,^  ere,   misi,  missum,  to 

let  go,  neglect. 
omuXrio,  altogether^  at  all. 


omnis,  e,  all,  every  {yy) ;  omnia, 

every  thi7ig. 
onerarius,  a,  um,  of  burdett  (as 

a  ship). 
onus,  eris,  n.,  burden. 
opaoo,'  are,  avI,  atum,  to  darken. 
opera,  ae,  f.,  work,  help,  pains 

(58)  ;  pi.,  work77te7i. 
opes,  opum,  f.,  plur.,  resources, 

wealth  (78). 
opifex,  ficis,  c,  work77tan. 
opinio,  onis,  ¥.,  notion,  idea  (31). 
opinor,^    ari,     atus,    to    thi7ik, 

dee  771. 
opiparis,  e,  sti7nptuous. 
oportet,  uit,  there  is  7ieed  (p.  40). 
oppidanus,    i,    m.,   towns7na7i ; 

pi.,  tow7ispeople. 
oppidum,  I,   N.,  fortified  tow7t 

(98). 
opportunitas,  atis,  Y.,  fitness. 
opportunus,  a,  \xm,fit,  suitable, 

exposed  (30). 
opprimo,^  ere,  press!,  pressum, 

oppress,  crush  (ob ;  premo). 
oppugno,!  are,  avi,  atum,  attack^ 

besiege  (in  the  modern  sense). 
[ops],  opis,  F.  (only  used  in  the 

nominative  "as  name  of  a  god- 
dess ;  in  the  other  cases),  help. 
optime  (superl.  of  bene) ,  best. 
optimus,  a,  um,  best  (bonus), 
opto,'   are,    avT,    atum,    choose^ 

desire,  wish  for  (with  ace), 
opulentia,  ae,  F.,  wealth. 
opus,  eris,«  N.,  work  (58),  need; 

as  pred.,  7ieedful. 
ora,  ae,  F.,  shore,  coast. 
oratio,  onis,  F.,  speech,  oratio7i, 

plea,  discourse. 
orator,  oris,  m.,  orator,  oivoy. 
orbis,  is,  m.,  circle,  world j  or- 

bis  terrarum,  the  earth. 
orbus,  a,  um,  bereft,  deprived. 
ordino,'  are,  avT,  atum,  to  set  i7t 

order,  regulate. 
ordo,  inis,  M.,  order,  ra7ik,  class. 
Orgetorix,  igis,  M.,  an  Helvetian 

chief. 
oriens,  tis,  m.,  risi7tg,  east. 
origo,  inis,  F.,  origi7i. 


Vocahtilary :  Latin  and  English. 


217 


e 


orior,  in,  ortus,  rise  (inflected  in 
3d  conjugation). 

ornamentum,  T,  N.,  orname7it. 

ornatus,  us,  M.,  ornament. 

oriio,^  are,  avi,  atum,  to  furnish, 
ado7'n,  equip. 

oro/  are,  avT,  atum,  pray^  en- 
treat, pray  for  (79) . 

ortus,  us,  M.,  rising,  birth. 

ortus,  a,  um  (part,  of  orior), 
risen,  rising,  descended. 

Ortygia,  ae,  F.,  the  island  on 
which  Syracuse  is  built. 

OS,  oris,  N.,  mouth. 

OS,  ossis,  N.,  bone. 

oscen,  inis,  m.,  a  bird  giving 
omens  by  its  7iote  (technical 
word  of  augury  :  os  ;  cano). 

osculor,'  ari,  atus,  kiss. 

ostendo,^  ere,  di,  sum,  or  turn, 
to  show  (80). 

ostento,^  are,  avT,  atum,  display. 

ostium,  T,  N.,  door  (outer  :  86), 
mouth  (of  a  river). 

ost'rum,  1,  "i^i., purple,     \leistire. 

6tior,i  ari,  atus,  be  idle,  enjoying 

otiosus,  a,  um,  at  ease,  leisurely. 

otium,  T,  N.,  leisure,  ease,  peace. 

ovile,  is,  N.,  sheepfold. 

ovis,  is,  F.,  sheep. 

ovum,  T,  N.,  egg. 


P.  for  Publius. 

pace  tua,  by  your  leave  (pax). 

pactum,  T,  N.,  way,  means. 

paedagogus,  T,  m.,  tutor  of  boys. 

paene,  almost. 

paenitentia,  ae,  Y.,  penitence. 

paenitet  (poenitet),  uit,  it  re- 
pents (p.  40)  ;  me  — ,  /  repent. 

VAG.fx  (pango ;  ^  pax). 

paganus,  T,  M.,  a  villager. 

pagus,  T,  M.,  village,  cantoji, 
district. 

palam,  openly. 

palatum,  T,  N.,  palate,  taste. 

pallesco,^  ere,  uT,  to  grow  pale. 

pallidus,  a,  um,  pale,  pallid. 


pallidum,  T,  n.,  robe  (99)- 

paliidamentum,  1,  N.,  military 
cloak  (99). 

pal  us,  udis,  F.,  marsh. 

paluster,  tris,  tre,  ?narshy. 

pando,^  ere,  di,  pan  sum  or  pas- 
sum,  to  spread  (80). 

papilio,  onis,  m  ,  butterfly. 

par,  paris,  equal,  a  match  for  (6). 

paratus,  a,  um,  ready,  prepared. 

parco,^  ere,  pepercl,  parcitum 
or  parsum,  to  spare  {di-aX.. :  81). 

parens,  tis,  c,  parent. 

pareo,^  ere,  uT,  itum,  obey  (dat.). 

paries,  etis,  M.,  wali  (of  house). 

pario,^  ere,  peperl,  partum  (pari- 
tum),  bring  forth,  produce. 

pariter,  equally,  alike. 

paro,'  are,  avT,  atum,  to p?rpare, 
get,  provide,  fiunish. 

parricidium,  T,  n.,  parricide. 

pars,  partis,  ¥.,part,  share. 

particula,  ae,  F . ,  a  particle. 

partus,  us,  M.,  birth. 

partus,  a,  um  (part,  of  pario), 
gained,  got,  produced. 

parum  (adv.),  a  little,  not  enough. 

parumper,  a  little  while. 

parvulus,  a,  um  (dim.  of  par- 
vus), very  small ;  ab  parvulis, 
from  childhood. 

parvus,  a,  um,  small,  scanty. 

pasco,^  ere,  pavT,  pastum,y^^^. 

pascuura,  1,  ^ .,  pastiire. 

passus,  a,  um,  part,  of  patior,^ 
suffer;  also  of  pando,^  spread j 
crinibus  passTs,  with  dishev- 
elled hair. 

passus,  lis,  M,,  step,  pace;  mille 
passuum,  a  inile. 

pastor,  oris,  m.,  shepherd. 

pastus,  a,  Mm,  fed,  pastured. 

pastus,  us,  M.,  pasturage. 

patefacio,^  facere,  feci,  factum, 
lay  open;  pass.,  patefio(8o). 

patens,  tis,  opett,  outspread. 

pateo,^  ere,  uT,  lie  open,  be  open. 

pater,  tris,  ^.,  father. 

patera,  ae,  f.,  bowl  (sacrificial). 

paternus,  a,  um,  of  a  father,  of 
one^s  father. 


2l8 


Latin  Method, 


patiens,  tis,  patient  (patior). 
patientia,  ae,  Y.,  patience. 
patina,  ae,  f  ,  plate ^  dish. 
patior,"'  1,  passus,  io  suffer,  per- 

mit. 
patria,  ae,  ¥.,  fatherland,  native 

city  or  land. 
patricius,  a,  urn,  patrician. 
patrius,  a,  urn,  of  a  father,  of 

one's  native  city. 
patro.^are,  avi,  atum,  to  com7nit, 

perpetrate. 
pauci,  ae,  a  few,  a  few  (only) ; 

paucis,  in  fe%v  words,  briefly. 
paulatim,  little  by  little. 
paulisper,  a  little  while. 
paulus,  a,  um,  small ;  paulum, 

a  little,  a  little  while  j  paulo 

post,  a  little  after. 
Paulus,  1,  M.,  a  man's  name, 
pauper,  ^x\%,poor{Zz). 
paupertas,  atis,  Y., poverty. 
pavi,  see  pasco. 
pavor,  oris,  m.,  terror. 
pax,  pacis,  F.,  peace. 
peccatum,  T,  N.,  sin,  wrojtg{2,2). 
pecco,!  are,  avi,  atum,  do  wrottg. 
pecto,^  ere,  pexT,  pexum  or  pec- 

titum,  to  co7nb. 
pectus,  oris,  n.,  breast,  heart. 
peculium,  T,  n.,  property  (private 

savings  of  a  slave). 
peciinia,  ae,  f,,  7noney,  a  sum  of 

money. 
pecus,   udis,  f.,  creature  (in  a 

flock),  domestic  animal {^\). 
pecus,  oris,  i^.,  flock  (51). 
peditatus,  us,  M.,  infantry. 
pellis,  is,  f..  skin,  hide  (34). 
pello,''  ere,   pepull,    pulsum,   to 

drive.,  expel. 
pendeo,2  ere,  pependT,  to  hang ; 

—  ex,  depend  on. 
pendo,^  ere,  pependl,   pensum, 
^***  to  weigh,  pay  (weighing   out 

the  coin).  \trate. 

penetro,'  are,  avT,  atum,  to  pene- 
penna,  ae,  Y.,  feather,  wing. 
pensum,  T,  n.,  task  (pendo). 
per-  (in  comp.),  very;  as  per- 

magnua. 


per  (ace),  through,  by  means  of. 
peractus,  a,  um'  (perago^),  fn- 

ished,  complete. 
peragro.i  are,  avi,  atum,  to  travel 

over. 

perceptio,  onis,  F.,  a  gathering. 

percipio,^  ere,  cepi,  ceptum,'/^ 

gather,  gain,  perceive  (capio). 

percommodus,  a,  um,  very  con- 

venient. 
percontor.^arT,  atus,  to  inquire. 
percrebresco,^  ere,  uT,  thicken, 

become  frequent,  spread. 
perculsus,   a,   um    (percello^), 

struck  through,  amazed. 
Perdiccas,  ae,    M.,   a   king    of 

Macedon. 
perdifficilis,  e,  very  difficult. 
perdix,  Icis,  Q..,  partridge. 
perdo,^  didi,  ditum,  to  lose,  ruin, 

destroy  (83). 
peregriruis,   a,    um,  foreigner, 

foreign . 
perennis,  e,  perennial. 
pereo,  Ire,   il,   itum,  perish  (in 

perf.),  be  dead,  be  destroyed. 
perexcelsus,  a";  um,  very  high. 
perfectus,   a,   um,  perfect,  con- 

summate. 
perficio,^  ere,  feci,  fectum,  to  do  ^ 

thoroughly,  finish,  perform. 
perfruor,^    I,    fructus,   to  enjoy 

thoroughly  (abl.) . 
perfugio,^  ere,  fugl,  fugitum,  to 

take  refuge. 
perfundo,^  ere,  fudi,  fusum,   to 

pour  upon,  dreiich  (fud). 
pergo,^  ere,  perrexi,  perrectum, 

keep  on,  proceed  (rego). 
periclitatio,  onis,  F.,  trial. 
periculosus,  a,  um,  dangerous. 
periculum,  I,  N.,  trial,  danger. 
peiinde,  Just  so,   so  much  j  — 

ac  s\,  just  as  if. 
peritus,  a,  um,  skilled {W\i\\  gen,), 
perlucidus,  a,  um,  very  clear. 
permaueo,'-^  ere,  mansi,  mansum, 

to  rejnain. 
permotus,  a,  um  (part,  of  per- 

moveo^),  moved,  disturbed. 
permulti,  ae,  a,  v^ry  many. 


Vocahti,Iary :  Latin  and  English. 


219 


pernicitas,  atis,  F  ,  swiftness. 

perobscurus,  a,  um,  very  ob- 
scu?'e. 

perpauci,  ae,  a,  very  few. 

perpetuus,  a,  um,  perpetual, 
eternal  J  perpetu5,  constantly. 

Persa,  ae,  M.,  a  Persian  j  Fersa, 
a  name  (of  a  dog). 

persequor,^  sequi,  secutus,  pur- 
sue, follow  out. 

Perses,  ae,  m.,  Perses,  a  king  of 
Macedonia. 

Perseus,  eos  (ei),  M.,  the  slayer 
of  Medusa. 

persevere^  are,  avT,  atum,  to 
persevere. 

Persicus,  a,  um,  Persian. 

persona,  ae,  F.,  mask,  character 
(of  a  play  or  dialogue). 

perspicio,^  ere,  spexT,  spectum, 
to  perceive,  ascertain. 

persuadeo,'^  ere,  si,  sum,  per- 
suade (dat.). 

pertineo,^  ere,  tinuT,  tentum, 
reach,  extend;  pertineo  ad, 
belong  to,  have  to  do  with. 

perturbo,'  are,  avi,  atum,  to  dis- 
turb. 

pervenio,'*  Tre,  venT,  ventum,  to 
come  through,  arrive  at  (with 
ad  or  /;/) . 

perverto,^  ere,  tl,  sum,  overturn, 
-  overthrow. 

pes,  pedis,  m.,  foot. 

pestilens,  tis,  infected,  unwhole- 
some. ~ 

peto,^  ere,  petTvi  (il),  petitum, 
aim  at,  seek,  ask  (79). 

Phalaris,  idis,  M  ,  Phalaris,  a 
name  of  a  tyrant. 

phasianus,  1,  M.,  pheasant. 

philosophia,  ae,  F.,  philosophy . 

philosophus,  T,  m.,  philosopher. 

Phocion,  onis,  M.,a  statesman 
of  Athens. 

pictura,  ae,  F.,  paifiting,  picture. 

pietas,  atis,  F. ,  filial  or  family 
love. 

X^iG,  paint  (pingo,*  pictura). 

piger,  gra,  grum,  sluggish^  in- 
active, stupid. 


pignus,  oris,  li.,  pledge. 

pigritia,  ae,  F.,  indolence,  stupid- 
ity. 

piugo,^  ere,  pinxi,  pictum,^^/;//. 

pinus,  us  or  T,  F.,  pine-tree. 

piscator,  oris,  isi.,  fisherman. 

piscis,  is,  ^l.,fish. 

piscor,'  ari,  2^M^,fish,  catch  fish. 

plus,  a,  um,  pious,  tender,  kind- 
hearted. 

placeo,-^  ere,  uT  (or  -itus  sum), 
itum,  please  J  mihi  placet,  / 
am  willing,  I  like  j  placetne, 
would  you  like? 

placidus,  a,  um,  mild,  gentle. 

placo,'-  are,  avi,  atum,  to  soothe, 
appease. 

plane,  plainly .^  absolutely. 

planities,  iel,  Y.,  plain,  level. 

Plato,  onis,  M.,  Plato,  a  Greek  ^^  X 
philosopher.  .--5<y^ 

plausus,   us,    M  ,    clapping    (df^^^X 
hands),  applause. 

plebeius,  a,  um,  of  the  people^ 
plebeian. 

plebs,  plebis,  f.,  common  people, 
commons  (85). 

plenus,  a,  Mm,  full. 

plerusque,  -aque,  -umque,  most; 
pi.,  very  many ;  plerumque, 
generally,  for  the  most  part. 

plurimus,  a,  um,  most,  very 
inuch  ;  pi.,  very  ntany ;  pluri- 
mum,  vs7y  much,  most. 

plus,  pluris  (see  page  16),  N., 
more ;  plur.,  7nore,  several. 

pluvia,  ae,  f.,  rain  (properly  an 
adj.  with  aqua). 

poculum,  T,  N.,  bovjl  (for-  drink- 
ing ;  PO). 

poema,  atis,  n.,  poem  {2j). 

Poenus,  a,  um,  Carthaginian. 

poeta,  ae,  u..,  poet. 

pollioeor,2  eri,  itus,  profnise 
(freely),  ofi'er  (84).  ^ 

pomum,  T,  n.,  apple,  fruit. 

pono,^  ere,  posul,  positum,  to 
put,  place. 

pons,  pontis,  m.,  bridge. 

poposci,  see  posco.         \_people. 

popularis,   e,  popular,   of  the 


at 

w 


220 


Latin  Method, 


populatio,  on  is,  F.,  devastation. 
populeus,  a,  um,  of  the  poplar. 
populus,  I,  M.,  people  or  organ- 
ized community  (85). 
por-  (in  Q.om^os.\  forward. 
porta,  ae,  ¥.,gate  (86). 
portentum,     1,    n.,   a   portent, 

prodigy, 
porticus,  us,  F  ,  gallery,  porch, 

colonnade. 
porto,'  are,  avT,  atum,  carry. 
portus,  ijs,  M.,  harbor  (p.  1 8). 
Jpos,  put  (pono). 
posco,^  ere,   poposci,   demand, 

clai7n^  call  for  (79). 
possessio,  onis,  F.,  possession, 

occiipaiion. 
possideo.^ere,  sedT,  sessum,/oi'- 

sess,  occupy  (potis  ;  sedeo). 
\  possum,   posse,   potuT,   caji,  be 
\     able;  past  tenses,  could  (87). 
post  (ace),  behind,  after ;  (adv.), 

==postea,  afterwards. 
posterus,  a,  um,  later;  with  dies, 

next ;  plur.,  posterity. 
posthabeo,2   ere,    uT,    itum,    to 

esteem  less,  ?ieglect. 
posthao,  hereafter.  \as. 

postquam,  after,  when,  as  soon 
postremus,   a,  um,    last ;    pos- 

tremum,  lastly  ;  ad  — ,  at  last. 
postridie,  the  next  day,  or  the 

day  after. 
postulo.i  are,  avT,  atum,  to  de- 
mand (79). 
poteiis,  tis,  powerful. 
potentia,  ae,  y., power  iZ?>). 
potestas,  atis,  F.,  power  {over, 

with  gen. :  88). 
potio,  onis,  F.,  a  drink. 
potipr,*  Tri,  Ttus,  to  possess,  win, 

gainf^.  37:  abl.). 
potior,   us,    better,   preferable ; 

-potius,    rather;    potissimum, 
^  first-of-all,  chiefly. 
prae  (abl.),  before,  in  comparison 

with,    considering;    prae    se 

ferre,  to  display.  [yield. 

praebeo,^  ere,  uT,  itum,  /^  afford, 
praebibo,^  ere,  bibi,  bibitum,  to 

drink  one^s  health. 


praecaveo,^  ere,  cavl,  cautum, 
to  take  precaution. 

praeceps,  cipitis,  headlong. 

praeceptor,  oris,  M.,  instructor. 

praeceptum,  1,  n.,  instruction, 
precept. 

praecipio,^  ere,  cepT,  ceptum, 
instruct  (dative). 

praecipito,^  are,  avT,  atum,  to 
hurry,  precipitate. 

praeclare,  jiobly,  handsomely. 

praeclarus,  a,  um,  glorious.  _ 

praeda,  ae,  F.,  spoil,  booty.  ■ 

praedico,^  ere,  xl,  ctum,  to  p7'e-     9 
diet. 

praedico,^  are,  avi,  atum,  tell, 
boast,  speak  of  with  praise. 

praedo,  onis,  M.,  robber,  free- 
booter. 

praedium,  T,  n.,  landed  estate. 

praeeo,  Ire,  Tvl  (il),  itum,  to  go  be- 
fore, precede  (dat.). 

praefatus,  a,  um,  having  spoken 
beforehaiid  \  —  veniam,  apolo- 
gizing. 

praefero,  ferre,  tulT,  latum,  hold 
before,  bear  before,  prefer  (dat). 

praemitto,^  ere,  misl,  missum, 
to  setid fo7'wa7'd,  in  advance. 

praemium,  f,  n.,  reward,  piHze. 

praeparo,^  are,  avi,  atum,  to 
prepare  in  advance. 

praeruptus,  a,  um,  broken,  steep 
(rumpo). 

praescribo,^  ere,  psT,  ptum,  to 
presc7'ibe. 

praesens,  tis,  prese7it. 

praesertim,  especially. 

praesidium,  I,  N.,  defence. 

praestabilis,  e,  excellent,  ad- 
mirable. 

praestans,  tis,  excellent,  co)i- 
spicuous. 

praesto,'  are,  stiti,  (avT),  stitum 
(atum),  to  excel,  bestow;  prae- 
stat,  it  is  better. 

praesum,  esse,  fuT,  to  be  at  the 
head  of  ox  m  com7nand. 

praetendo,^  ere,  di,  tum,  hold 
before  or  close  (dative),  [except. 

praeter  (ace),  beyo7id,  besides^ 


Vocabulary :  Latin  and  English.  221 


praeterea,  besides. 

pxaetereo,  ire,  ii  (TvT),  itum,  to 
pass  by  J  to  go  (or  retiini)  be- 
yond; praeterita,  the  past. 

praetor,  oris,  m.,  praetor^  a  Ro- 
man officer,  who  presided  in 
courts. 

prat  una,  1,  n.,  meadow  (8). 

pravus,  a,  um,  bad.,  evil  (66). 

preces,  um,  F.,  plur.  (also  dat., 
ace,  abl.  sing.),  prayers. 

precor,'  ari,  atus,  to  beseech., 
pray  (79) ;  bene  — ,  wish  well. 

premo,^  ere,  press!,  pressum,  to 
press;  pressum  lac,  ^^^^jr*?  or 
curd. 

pretium,  T,  yi.,  price. 

Priamides,  ae,  M.,  sofi  of  Priam. 

Priamus,  1,  M.,  Pria7n,  king  of 
Troy. 

pridem,  lo?ig  ago,  long  sijice. 

primores,  um,  chief  men.  \  first. 

primus,  a,  um,  first;  prim5,  at 

princeps,  ipis,  chief. 

principium,  T,  N.,  beginning. 

prisous,  a,  um,  early.,  ancient. 

pristinus,  a,  um,  former,  early. 

prius,  before,  soojier. 

privatim,  privately. 

prius  .  .  .  quam,  before,  sooner 
than  ;  n5n  .  .  — ,  not .  .  until. 

privatus,  T,  m.,  private  person. 

privo,^  are,  avT,  atum,  to  deprive. 

pro  (abl),  before,  for,  instead,  in 
behalf  of,  in  proportion  to,  as. 

probabilis,  e,  probable,  approved. 

probo.i  are,  avT,  atum,  to  prove, 
approve. 

prooella,  ae,  F.,  storm,  tempest. 

proceres,  um,  chiefs. 

proconsul,  ulis,  M.,  proconsul. 

■groovX,  far  off. 

prodeo,  ire,  il,  itum,  to  go  forth. 

prodesse,  infin.  of  prosum. 

prodiglosus,  a,  um,  prodigious, 
astonishing. 

prodigium,  T,  ^.,  prodigy. 

prodo,^  dere,  didT,  ditum,  give 
forth,  betray,  \bring  forward. 

produce,^  ere,  xT,  ctum,  lead  or 

proelidr,'  arl,  atus,  give  battle. 


proelium,  T,  n.,  battle  (22). 

profectS,  as  a  fact,  surely. 

profero,  ferre,  tuli,  latum,  pub- 
lish, give  out,  put  forth, 

proficio,^  ere,  feci,  tectum,  to 
effect,  put  forward. 

proficiscor,^  cT,  profectus,  set 
forth,  go,  proceed  (43). 

profugio,-^  ere,  fugl,  to  escape,  flee. 

profui,  see  prosum. 

pr6fundo,^ere,  fudi,  fusum,^<9//r 
forth,  lavish. 

progredior,^  dl,  gressus,  to  ad- 
vance (pro;  gradior). 

prohibeo,'^  ere,  ui,  itum,  to  forbid. 

proiude,  accordingly,  so,  then. 

projicio^  (proicio),  ere,  jecT, 
jectum,  cast  forth,  throw. 

proles,  is,  P.,  off^spring. 

promitto,^  ere,  misi,  missum 
(let  go  ioxXks),  pro7)iise  (84). 

promissus,  a,  um  (part,  of  pre- 
ceding), lo7ig ;  N.,  a  profnise. 

promo,^  ere,  mpsi,  mptum,  to 
draw  forth  ;  promptus,  ready. 

Pronoea,  ae,  f..  Providence. 

prope  (ace),  near,  near  by;  as 
adv.,  nearly,  almost. 

propemodum,  abnost,  nearly. 

propere,  in  haste. 

propero,'  are,  avi,  atum,  hasten, 

propinquus,  a,  um,  near,  neigh- 
boring. 

propitius,  a,  Mm,  propitious. 

propono,^  ere,  posuT,  positum, 
propose,  set  forward. 

propositum,  I,  n.,  purpose.  ^ 

propter  (ace),  near,  on  account 
of;  propterea  quod,  because. 

prorepo,^  ere,  psi,  ptum,  to  crawl 
forth. 

prorsus,  altogether,  precisely. 

proscribo,^  ere,  scrips!,  scrip- 
tum,  post  up  (in  writing),  ad- 
vertise, proscribe. 

Proserpina,  ae,  F.,  Proserpine, 
daughter  of  Ceres,  and  queen 
of  the  lower  world. 

prosilio,'*  Ire,  ul,  spi'ing  for th . 

prospicio,^  ere,  spexl,  spectum, 
to  look  forth^  view,  see. 


222 


Latin  Method, 


piosum  (p.  26),  to  benefit^  help. 

protero,'^  ere,  trIvT,  tritum,  to 
tread  upon  (follow  closely). 

protervus,  a,  um,  saucy ^  bold. 

protinus  (adv.),  farther  on,  at 
once,  immediately. 

protuli  i^xoi^xo)^  put  forth. 

pro V erbium,  T,  N.,  proverb. 

providentia,  ae,  "^.^  providence^ 
foresight.!  Prudence. 

provideo,^  ere,  vidi,  visum,  pro- 
vide, foresee. 

providus,  a,  um,  provident. 

proviucia,  ae,  f.,  province 
(sphere  of  action). 

provoco,'  are,  avi,  atum,  to  call 
forth,  challenge. 

proximus,  a,  um,  nearest,  next; 
e  proximo,/)'^/^/  near  by. 

prudens  (=  providens),  tis, 
prudent,  wise. 

prudenter,  prudently. 

prudentia,  ae,  f.,  prudence,  dis- 
cretion. 

prunum,  1,  n.,  a  plujn. 

prytanium,  1,  N.,  town  hall. 

publice,  publicly,  officially,  at 
the  public-  expense. 

publicus,  a,  um,  public. 

Publius,  T,  M.,  Roman  name. 

pudet,  uit,  it  shames  (p.  40). 

pudicitia,  ae.,  F.,  modesty. 

pudicus,  a,  um,  modest. 

pudor,  oris,  M.,  sense  of  shame, 
or  ho7ior. 

puella,  ae,  ¥.,girl,  maiden. 

puer,  i,  M.,  boy,  child. 

pueritia,  ae,  F.,  childhood  (end- 
ing at  17). 

puerulus,  i,  M.,  little  boy. 

ijIPUG,  push,  prick  (pungo,^ 
punctus). 

pugillares,  um,  note-book  (m.). 

pugua,  ae,  F.,  battle,  fight. 

pugnator,  oris,  yi.,  fighter, fight- 
ing man. 

pugnax,  acis,  pugnacious. 

pugno,'  are,  avT,  atum,y?^^/(9o). 

pugnus,  1,  'M..,fist. 

pulcher  (or  pulcer),  era,  crum, 
beautiful  (91)- 


pulcritudo,  inis,  P.,  beauty. 
pullus,  T,  M.,  chicken,  young  bird. 
pulso,'  are,  avI,  atum,  to  knock, 

beat  (intens.  of  pello). 
pulsus,  a,  um,   part,  of  pello, 

driven,  expelled. 
puuctum,  1,  ^.,  point,  spot. 
Punicus,  a,  um,  Carthaginian. 
puppis,  is,  im,  I,  F.,  stern,  ship 

(poetical:  'j-^^. 
purpura,  ae,  ¥.,ptirple. 
purpuratus,   a,  um,  dressed  in 

red ;  a  courtier. 
pusill animus,     a,    um,    feeble- 
hearted. 
pusillus,  a,  um,  feeble,  slight. 
puter,  tris,  tre,  rotten,  fetid. 
putesco,^    ere,    putuT,   to  grow 

offensive  (in  smell),  rot. 
puto,^  are,  avi,  atum,  to  think, 

suppose  (92) .     . 
putrefacio,^  ere,  feci,  factum,  to 

corrupt,  rot ;  pass.,  fio. 
Pyrrhus,  T,  M.,  a  king  of  Epirus. 
Pythagoras,  ae,  m.,  an  ancient 

G^reek  philosopher. 


Q.  for  Quintus. 
qua,  where,  in  what  way. 
quacumque,  wherever. 
quadriennium,  T,    n.,  space  of 

four  years. 
quae,  see  qui,  or  quis. 
quaero,^   ere,  quaesIvT,  quaesl- 

tum,  to  seek,  ask  {y<f). 
quaeso,^  ere,  ivT  (ii),  to  ask. 
quaestio,  onis,  F.,  investigation^ 
quaestor,    oris,    M.,    qucestor,  a 

Roman  officer,  like  paymaster. 
qualis,   e,  as,  what  (correl.   to 

talis) ;  such  as. 
quam,    how,    as,   than;    quam 

maximus,    the    very  greatest 

(as    great  as   the   greatest)  ; 

quam    primum,    as    soon    as 

possible. 
quamdiu,  how  long,  as  long  as. 
quamobrem,  why,  wherefore. 


Vocabulary 


Latin  and  English, 


223 


quamquam,  although  (lit.  how- 
ever)^ though  (corrective). 

c^aiavls,  however  7mich,tho7igh. 

quaudo,  when  (interrog.),  since  ; 
num  — ,  whether  ever. 

quaudoquidem,  since. 

quantopere,  how  greatly. 

quantus,  a,  um,  how  great. 

quartus,  a,  \xm,  fourth. 

quasi,  as  if,  as  it  were. 

<\\xa.tex,four  titites. 

quatio,^  ere,  quassum,  to  shake. 

quattuor,  four. 

-que  (enclitic),  and. 

quemadmodum,  how. 

queo  (clef.  Gr.  p.  82),  can  (87). 

quercus,  Qs,  F.,  oak. 

queror,^  T,  questus,  to  complain^ 
bewail. 

qui,  quae,  quod,  who.,  which,, 
that,  as  (rel.) ;  quod,  so  far  as. 

qui,  old  ablative  form  of  quis; 
as  quicum,  with  whom. 

quia,  because. 

quicquam,  atty  thing,  at  all. 

quicquid,  whatever,    [whoever. 

quicumque,   quaecumque,   &c., 

quid  (adv.  ace),  what  ?  why  ? 

quidam,  quaedam,  &c.,  a  cer- 
tain one  (p.  21,  a). 

quidem,  in  fact,  to  be  sure,  at 
least  J  ne  .  .  quidem,  not  even. 

quidni,  why  not  ? 

quies,  etis,  F.,  quiet,  rest. 

quietus,  a,  um,  quiet,  still. 

qullibet,  quaelibet,  &c.,  any 
(whatever  :  p.  21,  ^), 

quin,  why  not  ?  but  that. 

quinam,  quisnam,  (emph.  inter- 
rog.), who  (tell  me)  ? 

quintuplex,  -^\\c\s,,  fve-fold. 

Quintus,  1,  M.,  a  proper  name. 

quintus,  a,  mvcv,  fifth. 

Quirites,  ium,  citizens  (Roman). 

quis,  quae,  quid,  who?  what? 
(p.  20),  quis  liomo  1  what  man 
(the  person)  t  qui  homo  ? 
ivhat  sort  of  man  ? 

quispiam,  any  one,  some  07te. 

quisquam,  quaequam,  &c.,  any, 
any  one  (p.  21,  a). 


quisque,  quaeque,  quodque, 
every,  each. 

quisquis,  whoever  (p.  21,  c). 

quo,  whither  J  with  compara- 
tives, e5  .  .  qu5,  the  .  .  the. 

quoad,  as  far  as,  according  as. 

quocumque,  whithersoever, 

quod  (adv.  ace. :  see  qui  or 
quis),  so  far  as,  the  fact  that 
(see  p.  118). 

quominus,  so  that  not  (after 
verbs  of  hindrance :  p.  108,  r). 

quomodo,  how. 

quondam,  once,  formerly . 

quoque,  also,  as  well. 

quot,  how  7nany,  as  (many) . 

quotannis,  each  or  every  year, 
yearly. 

quotidianus,  a,  um  (adj.),  daily. 

quotidie  (adv.),  daily. 

quoties,  how  often  ?  as  often  as. 

quotus,  a,  um,  one  of  how 
many ;  quota  hora,  what 
o'clock  ?  (as  prima,  &c.). 


H. 

rado,^  ere,  sT,   sum,   to  scrape, 

graze,  shave. 
ramulus,  1,  m.,  a  little  branch, 

twig. 
ramus,  T,  M.,  a  branch,  bough. 
raua,  ae,  T.,frog. 
J  RAP,  seize  (rapio). 
rapidus,  a,  um,  swift,  violent. 
rapio,^  ere,  rapuT,  raptum,  seize, 

carry  off  {yi'xxSx  ioxzQ. '.  25). 
rapto,^  are,  avi,  atum,  seize. 
raptus,  a,  um,  caught,  stolen. 
raptus,  us,  m.,  a  carrying  off. 
raro,  rarely,  seldom. 
rarus.a,  um,  rare,  few,  scattered. 
rastrum,  T,  N.,  rake j  pi,  rastrl. 
rasus,  a,  um,  sho?'n  (rado). 
ratio,  onis,  F.,  reckoning,  reason, 

method. 
ratus,  a,  um,  confirmed,  fixed. 
Jre,  thing,  think  (res,  reor^). 
re-  or  red-  (in  compos.),  back  or 

again. 


224 


Latin  Method, 


recens,  tis,  recent,  fresh, 

recidivus,  a,  um,  restored. 

recido,^ere,  dT,  C2iSMm,  fall  back. 

recipio,^  ere,   cepT,   ceptum,  to 
take  ba:k,  recover  (capio). 

recito,'  are,  avi,  atum,  to  recite. 

recludo,-^  ere,  si,  sum,  to  unlock, 
throw  open  (80  :  claudo). 

recte,  rightly. 

rector,  oris,  M.,  ruler  (rego). 

rectus,  a,  um,  straight,  right. 

recuse,'  are,  avi,  atum,  decline, 
refuse  (causa). 

redditus,  a,  um,  restored. 

reddo,^   dere,  didi,  ditum,  give 
back,  restore, give  out,  produce. 

redeo,  ire,  ii,  itum,  ?-eturn. 

redintegro,'  are,    avi,   atum,  to 
renew,  restore. 

reditus,  us,  M.,  return. 

re  doleus,  ti  s,  having  the  sjjtellof. 

redundo,^  are,  avi,  atum,  over- 
flow (unda). 

refero,  ferre,  tulT,  latum,  bri7ig 
back,  7'elate,  represent,  restore. 

refervesco,^  ere,  vT,  to  boil  up. 

reficio,^  ere,  feci,  fectum,  to  re- 
Pair,  refresh. 

reflo,'   are,  avT,   atum,    to  blow 
'       contrary. 
,    .|reg,  guide,  rule  (rego,^  rex). 

"regia,  ae.  f.  (sc.  domus),  palace. 

regie,  royally. 

regina,  ae,  f.,  queen,  princess. 

regio,  onis,  F.,  region. 

regius,  a,  um,  royal,  kingly. 

regno,'  are,  avT,  atum,  reign. 

rQgo,^  ere,  xT,  ctum,  to  rule  (8r). 

religio,  onis,  f.,  religion,  wor- 
I      ship,  reverence. 
(A  relinquLO,^  ere,  liquT,  lictum,  to 
W      leave^  abandon. 
'  reliquus,  a,  um,  remaining. 

remedium,  1,  n.,  remedy.    [(68). 

reminiscor,^  1,  to  call  to  mind 

remissus,  a,  um,  slack,  remiss  j 
comparative,  less  intense. 

remitto,^  ere,  mlsT,  missum,  send 
back,  let  go,  relax. 

reraoror.i  arl,  atus,  to  delay. 

remotus,  a,  um,  re7note. 


remuneror,!  ari,  atus,  to  reward. 

renovo,'  are,  avT,  atum,  to  renew. 

renuntio,'  are,  avi,  atum,  to 
carry  back  tidings. 

reor,2  rerl,  ratus,  think  (92). 

reparo,*  are,  avi,  atum,  to  re- 
cover, restore,  review. 

repello,^  ere,  pull,  pulsum,  to 
push  back,  repel. 

repente,  suddenly. 

repentinus,  a,  um,  sudden. 

reperio,^  Ire,  reperl,  repertum, 
find,  discover  (55). 

repeto,^  ere,  IvI  (il),  Itum,  to 
claim  back,  demand. 

repetundae,  arum,  F.,  clai?n  for 
?-estitution,  on  a  charge  of  ex- 
tortion (sc.  res). 

rep6no,3  ere,  posul,  positum,  to 
put  by,  store. 

reporto,^  are,  avi,  atum,  to  carry 
back. 

reprehend©,^  ere,  dl,  sum,  blame, 
seize. 

reprehenso.i  are,  hold  in  check. 

reprimo,^  ere,  pressi,  pressum, 
to  push  back,  repress,  restrain. 

repudio,'  are,  avi,  atum,  to  re- 
ject, repudiate. 

repugno,'  are,  avi,  atum,  to  fight 
back,  resist. 

requies,  etis,  f.,  rest,  repose. 

require^  ere,  sivl  (sil),  situm,  to 
seek,  search,  Tfiiss  (quaero). 

res,  rel,  f.,  thing,  property, 
state,  event;  plur.,  circum- 
stances; res  publica,  common- 
wealth, ptiblic  life. 

rescindo,^  ere,  scidi,  scissum, 
to  cut  away. 

reserve,'  are,  avi,  atum,  reserve, 
keep  back,  preserve. 

resolvo,^  ere,  vl,  solutum,  melt, 
dissolve. 

resoiio,^  are,  avi,  to  resoutid. 

respicio,^  ere,   spexl,    spectum, 

to  look  back. 
espondeo,^  ere,    dl,    sum,    to 
reply,  answer. 

res  publica,  rel  publicae,  f., 
republic,  public  life. 


Vocabulary :  Latin  and  English. 


225    22b 


restat,  it  rejnains  (to  be  done), 
restinguo,^  ere,  stinxT,  stinctum, 

to  extinguish,  quench. 
restituo/'  ere,    uT,  utum,  to  re- 
store (statuo), 
rete,  is,  n.,  hunting  ox  fishing- 

net. 
retineo,^  ere,  uT,  tentum,  to  hold 

back,  retain  (teneo). 
retraho,^  ere,  xl,  ctum,  to  drag 

back. 
retro,  back,  backward,  behind. 
re  vera,  in  truth,  really. 
reverentia,  ae,  f.,  reverence. 
reverter,^  tl,  sus,  to  return. 
reviso^^  ere,  revisit,  see  again. 
revoco/  are,  avi,  atum,  recall. 
re  vole,'  are,  to  fiy  back. 
rex,  regis,  m.,  king. 
Rhea  Silvia,  ae,  F.,  the  mother 

of  Romulus. 
Rhenus,  T,  m.,  the  Rhine. 
Rhodanus,  I,  M.,  the  Rhone. 
Rhodus,  T,  F.,  Rhodes. 
rictus,  us,  M.,  the  open  mouth. 
rideo,*^  ere,   sT,   sum,  to   laugh, 

laugh  at,  ridicule. 
ripa,  ae,  f,,  river-bank. 
risus,  us,  M.,  sjnile,  laughter. 
rite,  rightly,  duly. 
rivulus,  T,  M.,  little  stream. 
rivus,  T,  M.,  stream,  brook  (49). 
rixa,  ae,  f.,  brawl,  quarrel. 
robustus,  a,  um,  stout,  sturdy. 
rogo.^are,   avI,   atum,   demand, 

ask,  entreat  (two  ace. :  79). 
Roma,  ae,  F.,  Rome. 


Romanus,  a,  um,  Roinan. 


Romulus,  T,  M.,  the  founder  of 
Rome. 

ros,  roris,  m.,  dew 

rosa,  ae,  F.,  rose. 

roscidus,  a,  um,  dewy. 

rostrum,  1,  n.,  beak;  pi.,  the 
rostrum  (the  raised  platform 
from  which  Roman  orators 
addressed  the  people). 

rubens,  tis,  glowing,  red. 

ruber,  bra,  brum,  red,  ruddy. 

rubigo,  in  is,  F.,  rust,  blight. 

rudo,*''  ere,  ivi,  itum,  to  bray. 


rudus,  eris,  N.,  rubbish. 

rugio,*  Ire,  TvT,  Itum,  to  roar. 

rugitus,  lis,  M.,  roaring,  braying. 

ruina,  ae,  f.,  downfall,  ruin. 

ruinosus,  a,  um,  ruinous.    [(46). 

rumor,  oris,  m.,  report,   rutnor 

rumpo,^  ere,  rupT,  ruptum,  to 
break,  burst  (rup). 

rupes,  is,  f.,  rock  (59). 

ruptus,  a,  um,  broken. 

rursus,  again. 

rus,  ruris,  n.,  the  country  (as 
opposed  to  city) ;  ^gX.,  fields  (8) ; 
ruri,  in  (rure,  from)  the  coun- 
try ;  rus  (ace),  to  the  country. 

rusticus,  a,  um,  of  the  country, 
rustic  ;  m.,  a  farmer. 


Sabinus,  a,  um,  Sabine. 
sacer,  era,  crum,  sacred  (SAC). 
sacerdos,  otis,  M.  or  Y.,  priest., 

priestess. 
sacra,  5rum,  n.,  sacred  rites. 
saepe,  ius,  issime,  often. 
saepenumero,  oftenti?nes. 
saevitia,  ae,  f.,  cruelty. 
saevus,  a,  um,  c?'uel  (93). 
sagacitas,  atis,   f.,  keenftess  of 

scent,  sagacity,  keenness. 
sagax,  acis,  keen,  sagacious. 
Saguntum,  T,  N.,  a  city  of  Spain. 
sal,  salis,  m.,  salt. 
salio,^  Ire,  uT,  saltum,  to  leap. 
saltatio,  onis,  F.,  dancing. 


fialtem,  at  least. 


f./s 


salto.i  are,  avi,  atum,  to  dance, 
leap  (intens.  of  salio). 

saluber,  bris,  bre,  wholeso7ne. 

salus,  Otis,  F.,  health,  safety, 
preservation.  \some. 

salutifer,    fera.    ferum,    whole- 

saliito,'  are,  avT,  atum,  to  salute. 

salveo,'^  ere,  be  well;  \mY>.,hailJ 

salvus,  a,  um,  safe,  sound. 

sancio,''  ire,  sanxT,  sanctum,  to 
sanction,  establish  (sac). 

sanctus,  a,  um,  sacred. 

sane,  to  be  sure,  doubtless. 


"/ 


226 


Latin  Method. 


sanguis,  inis,  m.,  blood  (in*the 
veins,  or  fresh),  stock,  race. 

sanus,  a,  um,  sound,  sane. 

sapiens,  tis,  wise. 

sapientia,  ae,  F,,  wisdom. 

sapio,^  ere,  ivi  (il),  to  taste  or 
savor  of,  understand,  be  wise. 

Sardes,  ium,  Sardis,  the  capital 
of  Lydia  (f.)* 

satelles,  itis,  c,  satellite,  at- 
tendant. 

satis,  enough  ;  —  est,  very  well. 

satis-facio,^  satisfy  (dat.). 

satus,  a,  um  (part,  of  sero), 
sown,  sprung,  descended. 

saxum,  T,  n.,  a  stone,  rock  (59). 

scabo,^  ere,  bl,  to  scratch. 

Scaevola,  ae,  m.,  a  man's  name, 
meaning  left-handed. 

Bcalmus,  T,  m.,  thole-pin. 

sceleratus,  a,  um  ;  scelestus,  a, 
um,  wicked,  critninal  (66). 

scelus,  eris,  n.,  crime,  guilt. 

scena,  ae,  F.,  scene,  theatre-cur- 
tain, stage. 

scientia,  ae,  f.,  knowledge  {ly') . 

scilicet,  that  is  to  say,  forsooth. 

scindo,^  ere,  scidT,  scissum,  to 
cut,  rend,  divide. 

scio,*  Ire,  Tvi,  Ttum,  know  (as  fact). 

Scipio,  onis,  m.,  Scipio. 

sciscitor,'  ari,  atus,  to  inquire. 

scriba,  ae,  m.,  scribe,  secretary. 

scribo,"'  ere,  psT,  ptum,  to  write. 

scrip  turn,  T,  N.,  a  writing. 

sciitum,  T,  n.,  a  shield  i;:^). 

Scythes,  ae,  m.,  Scythian  (of  an 
Asiatic  or  Tartar  people). 

se,  suT,  sibi,  self  (p.  19). 

se-,  sed-  (in  compos.),  apart. 

seco,'  are,  ul,  sectum,  cut. 

sector,  oris,  m.,  divider,  buyer. 

sector,'  arl,  atus,  to  chase  (95), 
hunt  (intens.  of  sequor). 

secundum  (prep,  ace),  alottg, 
by,  according  to. 

secundus,  a,  um,  second,  favor- 
able (sequor). 

seciiris,  is,  im,  T,  F.,  axe. 

securus,  a,  um,  secure,  without 
care  or  difficulty. 


seciitus,  see  sequor. 

sed,  but. 

sedecim,  sixteen. 

sedeo,'^  ere,  sedT,  sessum,  sit. 

sedes,  is,  f.,  seat,  abode  (39). 

seges,  etis,  f.,  standing  crop  (94). 

segnis,  Q.,.lazy,  sluggish. 

semel,  once. 

semestris,  e,  of  six  ?nonths. 
■"semet,  see  -met. 

semper,  always. 

senatus,  iis,  M.,  senate. 

Seneca,  ae,  m.,  a  Roman  philo- 
sopher. 

senectiis,  utis,  F.,  old  age. 

senesco,^  ere,    senuT,   to  grow 
old,  wane,  waste  away. 

senex,  senis,  m.,  old  man  (100). 

seni,  ae,  a,  six  (each,  at  a  time)„ 

senilis,  e,  of  an  old  man. 

senior,  oris,  older ;  pi.,  elders.- 

Senones,  um,  a  people  of  Gaul. 

sensus,  us,  m.,  feeling,  sense. 

sententia,  ae,  f.,  opinion  (31). 

sentio,^  Tre,  sensT,  sensum,  feel, 
notice,  perceive,  understand. 

sentis,  is,  m.,  thorn,  brier. 

sepelio,*  ire,  ivl  (ii),  sepultum, 
to  bury. 

sepio,*    Tre,    sepsi,   septum,    to 
fejtce,  enclose. 

septem,  seveji. 

Septimus,  a,  um,  seventh. 

septingenti,  ae,  a,  sevett  hun- 
dred. —  Ser.  for  Servius. 

sepulcrum,  T,  n.,  tomb. 

sequor,-*  qui,  cutus,  follow  (95). 

serenus,  a,  um,  calm,  clear,  fair. 

Seriphius,  a,  um,  of  Seriphus, 
a  Greek  island. 

sermo,  onis,  m.,  talk,  discourse. 

sero,^  ere,  seruT,  sertum,  weave. 

sero,^  ere,  sevT,  satum,  to  plant/* 

serpens,  tis,  m.  or  F.,  serpent {12). 

serus,  a,  um,  late,  too  late. 

servilis,  e,  of  slaves,  servile. 

servitus,  ijtis,  F.,  slavery. 

servitium,  I,  N.,  slavery,  troop 
of  slaves. 

servo,'  are,  avT,  atum,  to  save^ 
preserve,  keep. 


Vocabulary :  Luttn  and  English.  227 


servus,  T,  m.  ,  slave. 

sessio,  onis,  f.,  sittittg. 

seasum,  (sup.  of  sedeo),  to  a 
seat. 

sestertium,  T,  m.,  i 000  sesterces, 
=  $50  (Gr.  §  85). 

sestertius,  1,  m.,  sesterce,  a  coin 
of  the  value  of  5  cents. 

seu,  or ;  seu  .  .  seu,  whether .  . 
or,  if  either  .  .  .  or  if. 

severe,  with  severity. 

severus,  a,  um,  stern,  severe. 

sex,  six. 

sextus,  a,  um,  sixth. 

si,  if     ^ 

sibilo,^  are,  to  hiss. 

sic,  so,  thus. 

aicine,  sof  (interrog.). 

Sicilia,  ae,  F.,  Sicily. 

Siciliensis,  e,  or  Siculus,  a,  um, 
Siciliaii. 

sicut,  sicuti,  as,  just  as,  as  also. 

sidus,  eris,  N.,  star,  constellation. 

significo,'  are,  avT,  atum,  make  a 
sign,  signify,  indicate. 

sigiium,!,  N.,  mark,  sign,  stand- 
ard, statue. 

silentium,  T,  N.,  silence. 

sileo,^  ere,  ui,  to  be  silent  (^hout). 

silva,  ae,  f.,  wood,  forest  (96). 

Simla,  ae,  F.,  a  tnonkey  ("pug- 
nose"). 

similis,  e,  like,  similar  (6). 

similitude,  inis,  F.,  likeness. 

simul,  at  the  same  time ;  simul 
ac,  as  soon  as. 

simulacrum,  T,  n.,  an  image. 

simulo,^  are,  avi,  atum,  to  feign, 
pretend. 

sin,  but  if. 

sine  (abl),  without. 

singularis,  e,  singular,  unique. 

singuli,  ae,  a  (distributive  num- 
eral), one  by  one,  single. 

sino,^  ere,  sivi,  situm,  to  leave, 
let,  permit. 

sisto,^  ere,  stitl,  statum,  to  set, 
place  (sta). 

sitio,^  Ire,  ivl  (il),  to  thirst. 

sitis,  is,  im,  T,  F.,  thirst. 

situla,  ae,  f.,  water-bucket. 


situs,  us,  M.,  neglect,  dust. 

situs,  a,  um  (sino),  placed;  est 
situs,  rests,  is  situated j  in  eo 
— ,  consisting  in  this. 

sive,  whether,  or. 

socer,  cerl,  ui.,  father-in-law. 

societas,  atis,  F.,  partnership, 
alliance. 

socius,  1,  M.,  companion,  partner, 
ally  (29). 

Socrates,  is,  M.,  a  philosopher 
of  Athens. 

sodalis,  is,  c,  companion,  frie?td, 
schoolmate  (29). 

sol,  soils,  M.,  the  sun. 

soleo,'-^  ere,  solitus,  be  accustomed. 

solatium  (solacium),  1,  n., 
solace,  cotnfort. 

solitiido,  inis,  F.,  solitude. 

soUennis,  e,  custoinary,  solemn. 

s oilers,  tis,  skilful. 

soUertia,  ae,  f.,  skill. 

solstitium,  T,  N.,  solstice  ("  sun- 
stay  "),  midsummer. 

solum,  only. 

s61um,  T,  N.,  soil,  ground. 

solus,  a,  um,  alone,  only  (p.  7). 

solvo.^ere,  solvT,  ?,o\\x\.\xv[\,loo.sen, 
relieve  J  crines  solvere,  to 
throw  loose  the  hair  (in  sign 
of  mourning). 

somnium,  I,  n,,  dreatn. 

somnus,  I,  m.,  sleep. 

sono,^  are,  ui,  itum,  to  resound, 
sound. 

sonus,  T,  M.,  sound {c)'/). 

sopor,  oris,  m.,  sleep. 

sordidus,  a,  um,  dirty,  mean  (20). 

soror,  oris,  F.,  sister. 

sors,  sortis,  f.,  lot,  destiny. 

sospes,  itis,  safe  (escaped  from> 
peril). 

Sp.  abbrev.  of  Spurius. 

spargo,^  ere,  sT,  sum,  to  scatter. 

Sparta,  ae,  f.,  a  city  of  southern 
Greece. 

spatior,'  arl,  atus,  to  walk  abotit. 

spatiosus,  a,  um,  spacious. 

spatium,  1,  N.,  space. 

species,  iel,  f.,  show,  appear- 
ance. 


228 


Latin  Method, 


specimen,  inis,  N.,  show,  speci- 
7nen. 

speciosus,  a,  um,  showy ^  beauti- 
ful {91). 

spectabilis,  e,  of  noble  aspect. 

spectaculum,  T,  n.,  spectacle. 

specto,'  are,  avT,  atum,  behold, 
view,  look,  face  (-spicio). 

spelunca,  ae,  F.,  cavern. 

spero,^  are,  avT,  ^tum,  to  hope. 

spes,  ei,  F.,  hope. 

spiro,'  are,  avi,  atum,  to  breathe. 

splendidus,  a,  um,  splendid. 

spolio,'  are,  avi,  atum,  to  rob, 
plunder. 

spondeo,^  ere,  spopondl,  spon- 
sum,  to  projnise,  pledge,  be- 
troth (84).  '\ised. 

sponsus,  a,  um,  betrothed,  projn- 

sponte  (abl.),  accord;  sua — , 
of  his  own  accord. 

squalens,  tis,  7-ude,  disfigured. 

squaleo,2  ere,  uT,  to  be  in  mourn- 
in  a.  .-,  c.-^t-^<xi.r7 

squalor,  oris,  ^., filth, mowning 

apparel,  wretched  plight  (38). 
JSTA,    stand  (sto,*  sisto,^  sta- 

,  tuo,  instituo^). 
statim,  iininediately . 
siiaiio,  onis,  F.,  post,  station. 
siatua,  ae,  F.,  statue. 
statura,  ae,  F.,  stature. 
Rtatus,  us,  M..,  posture,  attitude, 

condition. 
Stella,  ae,  f.,  star. 
sterno,^    ere,    stravT,    stratum, 

strew,  spread  a  couch. 
stilus,  T,  M.,  style  (for  writing). 
stimulus,  T,  M.,  goad. 
stipendium,  T,  n.,  soldier'' s  pay. 
stipula,  ae,  F.,  stubble. 
stirps,  stirpis,  stock,  race  (50). 
sto,^  stare,  steti,  statum,  stand, 

stop,  cost. 
Stoicus,  T,  M.,  a  Stoic. 
stomachor,*  arl,  atus,  be  vexed. 
strenuus,  a,  um,  bold,  vigorous. 
strepitus,  us,  M.,  7ioise  (97). 
struo,^  ere,  xi,  ctum,  to  build. 
studeo,2  ere,  studui,  to  be  earnest 

or  eager,  favor  i^-aX.),  study. 
I 


stadium,  T,  n.,  earnestness,fond- 
ness  (for),  study,  zeal. 

stultitia,  ae,  y.,  folly. 

stultus,  a,  um,  foolish  j  m.,  a 
fool. 

stupor,  oris,  m.,  stupor. 

suadeo,^  ere,  si,  sum,  to  advise. 

suapte  (abl.),  his,  her,  or  their 
own  (intens.  of  sua,  abl.). 

sua  vis,  e,  sweet  (41). 

sua  vitas,  atis,  F.,  sweet  taste, 
sweetness.    -  /  c  rv  '  '/  -  » -  -->  •  y . 

suaviter,  sweetly. 

sub  (abl.),  under,  near. 

subduco,^  ere,  xT,  ctum,  to  with- 
draw. 

subigo,3  ere,  egl,  actum,  subdue, 
break  in  (sub-ago). 

subitus,  a,  um,  sudden;  subito, 
suddejily. 

sublatus,  see  tollo. 

sublevo,'  are,  avT,  atum,  to  up- 
lift, lighten,  relieve  (levis). 

sublicius,  a,  um,  of  ti?nber,  on 
piles. 

subsidium,  T,  n.,  help,  aid,  relief 

subveuio,*  ire,  veni,  ventum, 
come  to  the  relief  help. 

succedo,^  ere,  cessT,  cessum, 
come  up  to,  advance^  prosper, 
succeed. 

succurro,^  ere,  currT,  cursum, 
to  ru7t  up  to,  help. 

sudo,i  are,  avT,  atum,  to  sweat, 
exude. 

sudor,  oris,  M.,  sweat. 

Suevi,  orum,  M.,  Suevi  or  Swa- 
bians,  a  German  tribe. 

Sulla,  ae,  m.,  Sulla,  a  Roman 
general. 

sum,  esse,  fuT,  /  am.,  to  be. 

summus.  a,  um,  highest,  ut77tost, 
greatest,  highest  part ;  —  cor- 
tex, outer  hull.        [take  (25). 

sumo,^  ere,  sumpsT,  sumptum,  to 

super  (ace.  or  abl.),  up07i. 

superbia,  ae,  v.,  pride. 

superbus,  ^.,\ivs\.  proud,  haughty. 

superincidens,  i\s,,falli7ig  upon. 

superior,  us,  upper. 

supero,^  4re,  avT,  atum,  surpass. 


Vocabulary :  Latin  and  English,  229 


Buperstea,  stitis,  surviving^  a 
survivor. 

supplex,  icis  (adj.),  suppliant. 

supplicium,  1,  N.,  supplication^ 
(capital)  punishment. 

suppono,^  ere,  posui,  positum, 
to  put  beneath  (dative). 

smpra  (ace),  above,  beyond. 

sur cuius,  T,  M.,  saplittg. 

SHrgo,^  ere,  surrexT,  surrectum. 
to  rise.         .  .'^^.t-LO    c^-ni-i'^-^^' 

BUS,  suis,  c,  swine  (p.  14,  3). 

suscipio,^  ere,  cepi,  ceptum,  to 
i^'dertake^  receive  (in  succes- 
sion). 

suscito,^  are,  avT,  atum,  to  rouse, 
tfcite.        ^-  i-i-"U-<^^:-^    c^^i^^i.c^u,. 

suspicio,^  ere,  spexT,  spectum, 
Iq^k  up  to  or  at,  suspect j  sus- 
pectus,  suspicious. 

sustento/  are,  avi,  atum,  sus- 
tain ^  keep  alive. 

sustipieo,-  ere,  uT,  tentum,  to  sus- 
tain, check,  bear  up  against 
(sTfb ;  teneo) . 

sustuli,  sustuleram,  see  tollo. 

SUU&  "  a,  urn,  his  {her  or  their), 
reflexive  (89). 

Syracusae,  arum,  F.,  Syracuse, 
a  city  of  Sicily. 

Syraousanus,  a,  um,  Syracusan. 


tabellae,  arum,   F.,  tablets  (for 

wpitmg  ;  singu^r  rare), 
tabej^f^ius,    T,    m.,    7nessenger, 

runjter  (bearer  of  messages). 
tabe^pna,  ae.  P.,  shop,  hut. 
tabu^  ae,  f.  ,  plank,  panel  (for 

5i<U>res),  picture. 
tacpius,  a,  um,  silent. 
tacttfs,  a,  um  (tango),  touched. 
taeda,  ae,  ¥.,  pine-tree,  torch. 
taedet,  uit,  it  wearies  (ace.  and 

gen.  or  infin.). 
taedium,  T,  y^., weariness, fatigue. 
Jtag,  touch  (tango^'). 
talentum,  T,  n.,  talent  (weight 

or  money). 


talis,  e,  J2/(://y  tale,  such  a  thing. 

talus,  T,  M.,  ankle,  heel. 

tameu,  yet,  nevertheless,  how- 
ever. 

tamquam  (tanquam),  so  as^ 
Just  so,  as  if. 

tandem,  at  length,  pray  (with 
question). 

tango,^  ere,  tetigl,  tactum,  touch. 

tanquam,  see  tamquam. 
^tkntopere,  so  much. 

tantum,  so  much,  only ;  with 
plur.  gen.,  so  many j  tantum 
abest,  it  is  so  far  [from  being 
the  case].. 

tantus,  a,  um,  so  great. 

Tarentum,  T,  n.,  Tarentum^  a 
town  of  South  Italy. 

taurus,  T,  m.,  bull. 

tectum,  1,  N.,  roof,  dwelling. 

tecum  =  cum  and  te  from  tu. 

Jteg,  cover  (tego,  tectum). 

tegimentum,  T,  N.,  covering, 
clothing,  shelter. 

tego,^  ere,  xT,  ctum,  to  shelter, 
cover. 

tellus,  uris,  f.,  earth. 

telum,  T,  N.,  weapon  of  attack 
(16). 

temere,  rashly,  hastily. 

temno,^  ere,  tempsT,  to  despise. 

temperatus,  a,  um,  teinpered^ 
temperate. 

temperoy^are,  avT,  atum,  to  mode- 
rate, control,  restrain;  spare 
(dat. :  81). 

tempestas,  atis,  F.,  weather, 
stor?n. 

tempestive,  seasonably,  in  sea- 
son. 

templum,  T,  n.,  temple. 

tempus,  oris,  n.,  time. 

Jten,  strain  (tendo,^  teneo^). 

tenax,  acis,  tenacious  (teneo). 

tendo,^  ere,  tetendi,  tentum,  or 
tensum,  to  stretch,  spread. 

tenebrae,  arum,  F.,  da?'knesSy 
dark  recess. 

teneo,^  ere,  tenuT,  tum,  hold, 
possess  J  hoc  tene,  mind  this. 

tener,  era,  erum,  tender. 


230 


Latin  Method. 


tenuis,  e,  slender  (44). 

ter,  three  times. 

tergum,  T,  n  ,  back;  a  tergo,  in 
the  rear. 

ternus,  a,  um,  by  threes^  three. 

terra,  ae,  f.,  earth,  land. 

terreo,-  ere,  uT,  itum,  terrify, 
alarm . 

terrester,  tris,  tre,  earthly. 

terribilis,  Q,full  of  terror. 

territorium,  T,  n  ,  territory. 

terror,  oris,  m.,  alarm^  terror 
(object  of  alarm) 

tertius,  a,  um,  third. 

tesca,  drum,  n.,  thickets. 

testameiitum,  1,  n.,  will,  tes- 
tament. 

testimonium,  1,  n.,  testimony, 
proof. 

testis,  is,  c,  witness. 

testor,'  arl,  atus,  to  witness,  call 
to  witness. 

teter,  tra,  trum,  foul,  rancid. 

tetigi,  see  tango. 

theatrum,  T,  n.,  theatre. 

Thebae,  arum,  f.,  Thebes,  a  city 
of  Greece. 

Themistocles,  is,  or  T.  m.,  a 
statesman  of  Athens. 

Thermopylae,  arum,  f.,  Ther- 
rnopylce. 

Theseus,  eos  (el),  king  and  law- 
giver of  Athens,  slayer  oif  the 
Minotaur. 

Ti.,  abbrev.  for  Tiberius. 

Tiber inus,  T,  m.,  god  of  the 
river  Tiber. 

Tiberis,  is,  M.,  the  Tiber. 

tibia,  ae,  f.,  pipe,  leg,  shin. 

Tiburtes,  um,  people  of  Tibur. 

tigillum,  T,  N.,  a  small  log. 

tignum,  T,  N.,  beam,  log. 

tigris,  is  (idis),  c,  tiger. 

timeo,^  ere,  timuL/'^.^r  (69). 

timescens,  tis,  taking  alarm. 

timidus,  a,  ura,  fearful,  timid. 

timor,  oris,  ^.,fear. 

titulus,  1,  ^i.,  placard. 

toga,  ae,  f.  [tego],  toga  (99). 

tolerabilis,  e,  tolerable,  passable. 
^tolero,^  are,  avi,  atum,  to  endure. 


toUo,*    ere,    sustulT,   sublatum, 

raise,  take  tcp,  take  away. 
tormentum,  T,  n.,  torment;  en- 
gine for  hurling  stones  (tor- 
queo). 
torqueo,'^  ere,   torsi,   tortum,  to 
twist,  hurl. 

torvus,  a,  um,  cruel,  cross  (in 
aspect). 

tot,  so  7nany. 

t5tu3,  a,  um  (p.  7),  whole,  entire;    Jl 
with  adv.  force,  wholly  {77).       m 

trado,^  ere,   didi,  ditum,  to  de- 
liver ui),  betray. 

tradiioo,^  ere,  xi,  ctum,  to  lead 
across  (with  two  ace). 

tragoedia,  ae,  f.,  tragedy. 

traho,^  ere,   xT,  ctum,  7^  draw, 
drag,  bring ;  trahit  sua  quem- 
•  que  voluptas,  every  one  to  his 
liking  (Eng.  drag). 

tranquillus,    a,    um,    tranquil, 
calm. 

trano,'  are,  avI,  atum,  to  swim 
across  (trans  ;  no). 

trans  (ace),  across,  beyond. 

transeo.  Ire,  il,  ituni,  to  cross, 
s,o  over. 

transfigo,^    ere,   fixl,   fixum,  to 
transfix,  pierce  through. 

transfuga,  ae,  m.,  deserter. 

transilio,"  Ire,  ul  or  IvI,  to  leap 
across  (trans;  salio). 

transitus,  Os,  M.,  crossing,  pas- 
sage. 

transno,  see  trano. 

trans  volo,i  are,  avI,  atum,  to  fly 
across. 

trecenti,  ae,  a,  three  hundred. 

tremo,^  ere,  tremul,  tremble  (69). 

tremulus,  a,  um,  trembling. 

trepidatio,  onis,  F.,  cowardice, 
alarm. 

trepido,!  are,  avi,  atum,  to  be  in 
terror  (root  tref,  turn). 

trepidus,    a,    um,  timid,   trem- 
bling. 

tres,  tria,  three. 

tribunal,  alis,  N.,  tribunal,  seat 
of  justice. 

tribunalis,  t,  of  a  tribune. 


Vocabulary:  Latin  and  English, 


231 


tribunus,  1,  m.,  tribune^  a  ple- 
beian officer. 

tricesimus,  a,  um,  thirtieth. 

triduum,  1,  n.,  three  days. 

triennium,  I,  n.,  three  years. 

trigemini,  orum,  three  of  one 
birth. 

triginta  (indec),  thirty. 

triquetrus,  a,  um,  th7'ee- cornered. 

tristiculus,  a,  um,  a  little  sad. 

tristis,  e ,  sad,  gloomy,  ci'uel. 

triticum,  1,  n.,  wheat  (94:  tero). 

Troja,  ae,  F.,  Troy. 

Trojanus,  a,  um,  Trojan. 

tropaeum,  1,  n.,  trophy. 

trucido,^  are,  avT,  atum,  to  mas- 
sacre (trux;  caedo). 

trux,  trucis,  cruel,  grim,  stern, 
ferocious  (93). 

tu,  tuT,  tibi,  te,  thou  (p.  18). 

tuba,  ae,  f.,  trumpet  (straight). 

tubicen,  inis,  m.,  trunipeter 
(tuba  ;  cano). 

{Jtud,  beat  (tundo^) 
tueor,2  tueri,  tuitus,  to  gaze  at, 
\   preserve,  protect. 
tuli,  perf.  of  fero  (p.  39). 
TuUus,  T,  M.,  a  Roman  king. 
turn,  then ;  tum  .  .  tum,  now  .  . 

now,  not  only  .  .   .  btit  also. 
tumeo,'^  ere,  uT,  to  swell. 
tumultuosus,    a,    um,     ttunul- 

tuous  (tumeo). 
tumultus,  us,  M.,  tumult  (22). 
tune,  you  ?  —  tunc,  then, 
tunica,  ae,  f.,  tunic  (99). 
turba,  ae,  F.,  a  crowd  (85). 
turbo,'  are,  avT,  atum,  to  disturb. 
turpis,  e,  ugly,  disgraceful,  evil. 
turris,  is,  f,  (p.  14),  ^  tower. 
tus  (thus),  turis,  n.,  incense. 
tutus,  a,  um,  safe,  defended ;  in 

tutum,  to  a  safe pldie  (tueor). 
tuus,    a,    um,    thy,   thine,  your 

(almost  always). 
Tyndaris,  idis,  F.,  daughter  of 

Tyndarus  (Helen), 
tyrannus,  1,  m.,  tyrant. 
Tyrius,  a,  um,  Tyrian,  of  Tyre, 

an  ancient  city  of  Syria. 


^¥- 


uber,  eris,  rich,  fertile. 

ubi,  where,  when;  where  ?  when  f 

ubinam,  where  (emphatic) .'' 

ubique,  everywhere. 

ubi  vis,   anywhere    (where    you 

will). 
ulciscor,3  ci,  ultus,  to  revenge^ 

punish. 
TJlixes,  is  or  ei,  M.,  Ulysses. 
ullus,  a,  um  (gen.  lus  :  p.  7),  any. 
ultimus,  a,  um,  last. 
ultor,  oris,  M  ,  avenger. 
ultus,  see  ulciscor. 
umbilicus,  T,  m.,  navel,  centre. 
umbra,  ae,  F.,  shade,  shadow. 
umbrosus,     a,     um,    shadowy, 

shady. 
umquam,  ever. 
una,  together ;  una  cum,  along 

with. 
unda,  ae,  F.,  wave. 
unde,  whence,  from  which. 
undique,  from  every  side,  every- 
where. 
unguentum,  T,  n.,  ointment. 
unguis,  is,  m.,  claw,  talon. 
iinicus,  a,  um,  single,  unique. 
iiniyersus,  a,  um,  all  together, 

whole,  entii-e  (7']'). 
unquam,  see  umquam. 
iinus,  a,  um  (gen.  Tus  :  p.  7),  one, 
unusquisque,  unaquaeque,   &c. 

(gen.  unTusciij usque),  each  otie, 

every  one. 
urbanus,  a,  um,  of  the  city, polite. 
urb5,  urbis,  F.,  city  (98). 
iiro,^  urere,  ussT,  ustum,  to  burn. 
ursus,  T,  M.,  a  bear. 
urtica,  ae,  f.,  nettle  (uro). 
usquam,  anywhere. 
usque,  eveti,  up  to ;  quo  — ,  how 

far?  —  ad,  as  far  as. 
iisus,   us,    M.,    use,    advantage, 

experie7ice  (70). 
ut   (with  subj.),   that,    so  that; 

(with  indie),  when,  as,  how. 
uter,  utra,  utrum,  gen.  utrius,  (see 

p.  7),  which  (of  the  two)  ? 


at  va 


\/B. 


232 


Latin  Method, 


uterque,  utraque,  utrumque  (gen. 
utriusque),  both  (making  the 
verb  plural  in  English). 

uti  (ut),  that\  so  that. 

utilis,  e,  useful.,  advantageous., 
serviceable.,  expedient  (30), 

utilitas,  atis,  f.,  utility.,  advan- 
tage., usefulfiess. 

utor/^ iiti,  usus,  use,  employ  (abl.). 

utrinaque,  on  both  sides. 

utrum,  whether  (see  p.  11). 

uva,  ae,  ¥.,  grape^  cluster. 


vacat,  there  is  leisure. 

vaccinium,  1,  n.,  hyacinth.,  blea- 
berry. 

vacillo,'  are,  avi,  atum,  to  shift 
about.,  stagger. 

vacuus,  a,  urn,  empty ^  unoccu- 
pied., empty-handed. 

vado,^  ere,  to  go.,  advance  (43). 

vae,  alas  ! 

vagio,*  Ire,  Tvi  (ii),  itum,  to  cry 
(as  an  infant). 

vagor,'  ari,  atus,  to  wajider., 
roam.  U^i?- 

Tagus,  a,  um,  wandering,  roam- 

valde,  strongly.,  very.,  quite. 

valeo,-  ere,  uT,  itum,  be  strong., 
be  well,  be  worth,  prevail  {8y) ; 
vale  (\n\per2Lt),  farewell y  va- 
leat,  V2\ea.nt,  farewell  to,  away 
with. 

valetudo,  inis,  F.,  health  (state 
of  health). 

validus,  a,  um,  strong  (in  almost 
all  senses). 

vallis  (valles),  is,  F.,  valley. 

vallum,  1,  N.,  rampart.,  palisade. 

vanus,  a,  um,  empty,  idle.,  vain. 

varietas,  atis,  F.,  variety,  varia- 
tion . 

vario,'  are,  avT,  atum,  to  vary. 

varius,  a,  um,  various.  ^ 

vastitas,  atis,  f.,  devastation, 
desolation,  vastness. 

vasto,^  are,  avi,  atum,  to  devas- 
tate, lay  waste. 


vastus,  a,  um,  vast  (65),  desolate. 

-ve  (enclitic),  or. 

vehementer,  vigorously,  very 
mucJi. 

Veientes,  ium,  the  people  of 

Veil,  orum,  m  ,  a  city  near  Rome. 

vel,  or,  even;  vel  .  .  vel,  either 

velox,  ocis,  swift.  [  .  .  or. 

velut,  as,  just  as. 

venabulum,  T,  n.,  hunting-spear. 

venalis,  e,  for  sale. 

venatio,  onis,  F.,  himting. 

venator,  oris,  M.,  huntsjfian. 

venatrix,  icis,  F.,  huntress. 

venatum,  see  venor. 

venditio,  onis,  F.,  sale. 

venditor,  oris,  m.,  the  seller. 

vendo,'^  dere,  didi,  di\\.wva,putto 
sale,  sell  (venum  ;  do). 

venerium,  1,  ^.,  poison. 

veneo,  Ire,  ivT  (ii),  itum,  to  be 
sold  (go  to  sale  :  venum  ;  eo). 

veneror,'  ari,  atus,  to  venerate^ 
worship. 

Veneti,  orum,  M.,  a  people  of 
western  Gaul. 

venia,  ae,  f.,  pardon,  permis- 
sion, favor,  indulgence. 

venio,*  ire,  venT,  ventum,  come. 

venor,'  ari,  atus,  hunt ;  vena- 
tum (sup.),  a-hunting. 

ventus,  1,  M.,  wi7id  {}()). 

Venus,  eris,  F.,  the  goddess  of 
Love  and  Beauty,     {elegance. 

venustas,  atis,  ¥., grace,  polish, 

ver,  veris,  N.,  spring,    {scourge. 

verbero,'  are,  avi,  atum,  to  beat, 

verbum,  T,  n.,  a  word. 

vere,  truly,  with  truth,  rightly. 

verecundus,  a,  um,  bashful, 
modest. 

vereor,2  erl,  itus,  to  respect,  fear 
(69),  vereor  ne  veniat,  I  fear 
he  will  come ;  vereor  ut  — , 
I  fear  he  will  not  come, 

Veritas,  atis,  F.,  truth. 

vernus.  a,  um,  spring  (adj  ),  of 
the  spring,  vernal. 

vero,  in  truth,  in  fact,  but,  and 
(with  emphasis  on  the  word 
which  precedes). 


VIC 


y  I  s 

Vocabulary :  Latin  and  English, 


233 


Verres,  is,  m.,  a  tyrannical  Ro- 
man governor  of  Sicily. 

verro,^  ere,  verrl,  versum,  to 
sweeps  sweep  away. 

verso,'  are,  avT,  atum,  to  turn 
(freq.  of  verto). 

versor,^  arl,  atus,  to  be,  abide^ 
turn  about,  occupy  one''  s  self  in. 

versus,  us,  m.,  verse  (verto). 

vertex,  icis,  m.,  the  head,  top, 
vertex  (sometimes  equivalent 
to  vortex,  whirl,  eddy). 

verto,^  ere,  ti,  sum,  to  tur7i. 

verum,  but,  in  truth,    {earnest. 

verus,  a,  um,  true ;  re  vera,  in 

vescor,^  cl,  to  feed  on  (abl.). 

vesper,  erl,  m.,  eveniiii^ ;  ad  ves- 
perum  or  vesperi,  at  evening. 

vespera,  ae,  f.,  evening. 

Vesta,  ae,  f.,  goddess  of  the 
Hearth  or  Home. 

vestibulum,  T,  n.,  vestibule. 

vestigium,  I,  i^.,footpri7it,  trace. 

vestio,"  Ire,  Tvl  (il),  Ttum,  to 
clothe.,  cover  (as  with  gar- 
ment, forests,  &c.). 

vestis,  is,  f.,  clothings  raiment, 
vesture  (99). 

vestitus,  us,  M.,  clothing,  garb, 
covering  (99). 

veto,*  are,  vetui,  vetitum,  to  for- 
bid (^zz.  and  infin.). 

vetus,  eris,  old,  ancient  (100). 

vetustas,  atis,  f.,  antiquity. 

vexillum,  1,  ^.,  flag,  standard. 

vexo,i  are,  avT,  atum,  to  vex, 
trouble,  distress. 

via,  ae,  F.,  way,  road,  co7-irse{^6). 
Sacra  Via,  the  principal  street 
of  Rome. 

viator,  oris,  M.,  a  traveller. 

Jvic,  conquer  {-vinco^). 

vicesimus,  a,  um,  twentieth. 

vicinum,  1  (N.«of  the  following), 
neighborhood. 

vicinus,  a,  um,  neighboring ; 
M.,  neighbor. 

vicis  (gen.),  em,  e ;  plur.  es, 
ibus,  F.,  share,  turn,  changing 
aspect ;  meam  vicem,  on  my 
account  J  in  vicem,  in  turn. 


victor,  oris,  M.,  co?tqueror ;  (as 
adj.),  victorious. 

victoria,  ae,  F.,  victory. 

victus,  lis,  u.food,  living  (vivo). 

video,^  ere,  vldl,  visum,  see/ 
videor,  erl,  vlsus,  to  be  seen, 
seem,  appear.   -- 

videsne,  don'' t you  see  ? 

vigeo,^  ere,  to  be  vigorous  or 
fourishing. 

vigil,  ilis,  watchful;  M. ,  a  watch- 
man (vigeo). 

vigilantia,  ae,  F.,  watchfulness. 

vigilia,  ae,  f.,  ivatching,  watch 
(division  of  the  night). 

vigilo,^  are,  avT,  atuin,  to  watch, 
wake,  remain  awake. 

vigiiiti  (indecl.),  twenty. 

vilis,  e,  cheap. 

vilitas,  atis,  F.,  cheapness. 

villa,  ae,  Y.,fa??n-house,  villa  or 
country-hoicse  (39). 

villus,  T,  M.,  shaggy  hair  (of  ani- 
mals), wool. 

vincio,"*  Ire,  vinxi,  vinctum,  to 
bind  about,  fasten  (63). 

vinclum  =  vinculum. 

vinco,^  ere,  vicT,  victum,  to  con- 
quer (vie). 

vinculum,  T,  n.,  bond,  tie,  chain. 

vindico.i  are,  avT,  atum,  assert, 
claim,  punish. 

vinea,  ae,  f.,  a  vine-trellis,  shed 
(for  besiegers). 

vinum,  1,  n.,  wifie. 

vir,^virT,  m.,  man  (53),  husband. 

virens,  tis,  green,  fourishing. 

vires,  ium  (vis),  f.,  strength. 

virga  (ula),  ae,  F.,  rod,  twig. 

virginitas,  atis,  F.,  virginity,  age 
or  co7idition  as  a  jnaiden. 

Virgo,  inis,  F.,  maiden,  virgin. 

virgultum,  T,  n.,  shrubbery  (15). 

virilis,  t,  of  a  man,  manly. 

virtus,  utis,  F.,  j?ianli?tess,  valor, 
excellence,  virtue. 

vis,  vis,  vim,  vT,  F.,  force,  vio- 
lence; plur.  vires,  strength. 

viscera,  um,  n.,  flesh  (plur.  of 
viscus,  a  vital  organ). 

visne  or  vin  (volo),  will  you  ? 


234 


vo 


Latin  Method. 


y\} 


visurus,   fut.  part.,    and  visus, 

perf .  part,  of  video, 
visus,     us,     M.,     sight,     vision 

(video), 
vita,  ae,  f.,  life. 
vitiosus,  a,  um,  vicious,  ft^ II  of 

faults. 
vitis,  is,  F.,  grape-vine. 
vitium,  1,  N.,  vice,  fault. 
vito,'  are,  avi,  atum,  to  avoid. 
vitupero,!    are,    avI,    atum,   to 

blame,  cefisttre  (vitium). 
vivo,^  ere,  vTxi,  victum,  live. 
vivus,  a,  um,  alive,  living. 
vix,  luith  difficulty,  scarcely. 
vocalis,  e,  loud,  vocal,  tmteful. 
vociferor,^     ari,     atus,    to   call 

aloud,  shout  (vox  ;  fero) . 
voco,^  are,  avi,  atum,  call  (in 

all  senses). 
volantia,  um,  N.,  flying  things, 

insects. 
volcanus,  i,  M.,fre  (Vulcan). 
Volcanus  or  Vulcanus,  i,  m., 

Vulcan,  the  god  of  Fire, 
volens,  tis,  willing. 
volo,^  are,  avi,  atum,  to  fly. 
volo,  velle,  volul  (irreg.  p.  38),  to 

wish  (33). 


voluntas,  atis,  F.,  will,  feeling, 

wish. 
voluptas,  atis,  F.,  pleasure. 
vos,    vestrum  or  vostrum  (tri). 

vobTs,  you  (p.  18). 
vosmet,  yourselves  (emphatic  ; 

see  -met), 
votum,  1,  N.,  vow. 
voveo,'^  ere,  vovi,  votum,  vow. 
vox,  vocis,  F.,  voice  (97). 
vulcanus,  see  volcanus. 
vulgaris,  e,  of  the  crowd,  vulgar. 
vulgus  (volgus),  1,  N.,  the  lower 

classes,  the  crowd  (85). 
vulnus     (volnus),    eris,   n.,   a 

wound. 
vulpes,  is,  F.,fox. 
vultus    (voltus),    iis,    M.,    ex- 

pressioti,  face,  coimtenance. 


Xerxes,  is,  m.,  a  king  of  Persia. 


I 


Z. 


Zephyrus,  I,  m.,  the  West  wind. 


Note.  —  The  final  o  in  verbs,  and  in  such  words  as  leo,  natlo,  though 
almost  invariably  long,  is  regarded  by  most  prosodists  as  common,  and 
has  therefore  not  been  marked.  The  authority  for  special  exceptions 
will  be  found  in  Arnold's  "Anticleptic  Gradus." 


Synonymes,  235 


'"      5y1^0  N  Y  M  E  S : 


WITH   GROUPS   OF  VARIOUSLY   RELATED   WORDS,    ILLUSTRATING 
ONE   another's 


Note.  —  In  using  the  following  list  of  allied  br  kindred  Ivoids,*  it 
must  be  borne  in  mind^that  the  distinctions  drawn  are  often  ^ignt,  and 
that,  especially  in  poetic  use,  the  boundaries  are  varying  and  uncertain. 
The  accurate  meaning  and  employment  of  words  should  always  be 
sought  in  a  larger  lexicon. 

1.  A,  ab  (opp.  to  ad),  away  from;  de,  down  or  aside  from;  e, 
ex  (opp.  to  in),  oat  of 

2.  abdo,^  absoondo,^  hide,  or  put  out  of  sight ;  condo,^  re- 
condo,^  lay  away  for  safe  keeping;  occulo,^  ocoulto,^  cover  up; 
celo,i  conceal  from  one  what  he  has  a  right  to  know  (compare  80). 

3.  abeo,  go  away ;  exeo,  go  out  from;  discedo,^  depart  to 
some  other  place  ;  decedo,^  give  way  to  some  one  else  ;  excedo,* 
withdraw  wholly  ;  proficiscor,^  set  forth  on  a  journey. 

4.  accidit,^  it  happens  (suddenly),  with  reference  to  some  effect ; 
contingit,  if  befalls  (fortunately),  coincident  with  something  else  ; 
evenit,  it  turns  out,  as  resulting  from  some  event ;  obtingit,  it  falls 
to,  by  lot  or  otherwise  ;  obvenit,  it  results  from  some  chance,  &c. 

5.  acies,  army  in  line  of  battle  —  with  its  "  edge  "  of  weapons  ; 
agmen,  in  line  of  march  (ago) ;  exercitus,  the  disciplined  force 
itself  (see  61). 

6.  aequus,  level,  even;  also /air,  calm,  just;  par,  equal,  in  num- 
ber, strength,  &c.;  aequalis,  usually  of  like  age  ;  aequabilis,  equable 
in  one's  self,  uniform ;  similis,  like. 

7.  aetas,  age  (period  of  life);  tempus,  time  (of  limited  dura- 
tion) ;  aevum,  a  long  period  ;  saeculum,  age  or  century. 

8.  ager,  field  in  general,  especially  wild  or  open,  also  public 
territory  ;  campus,  an  extended  plain;  arvum,  ploughed  land; 
pratum,  meadow,  level  or  grassy  ;  rus,  the  country,  as  opposed  to  city. 

*  Prepared  with  the  aid  of  Ramshorn's  "  Latin  Synonymes,"  and  of  the  lists  in  Bul- 
lions's  Dictionary. 


236  Latin  Method, 

9.  albus,  dead  white  (opp.  to  ater);  candidus,  hright  wldte  (cpp. 
to  niger)  ;  canus,  gray  or  lioary. 

10.  altus,  high,  deep ;  arduus,  steep,  difficult;  celsus  (excel- 
sus),  lofty,  stately  ;  editus,  uplifted  ;  sublimis,  on  high. 

11.  anio,i  to  love  with  affection  ;  diligo,^  with  esteem  ;  adamo,^ 
conceive  affection  for  ;   deamo.i  of  ardent  passion. 

12.  anguis,  snake  (swift,  darting);  serpens,  the  crawling  crea- 
ture (vipera,  coluber,  &c.,  special  venomous  kinds)  ;  draco, 
dragon,  often  used  poetically  for  serpens. 

13-.  anima,  life  (animal  life)  ;  animus,  soul  (thought  or  passion)  ; 
mens,  intelligence ;  indoles,  disposition,  talent ;  ingenium,  inind  or 
genius,  as  innate  quality. 

14.  animal,  animal,  the  living  thing  ;  bestia,  beast  (wild  and 
fierce ;  plur.  brutes  in  general) ;  belua,  a  bulky  and  monstrous  crea- 
ture (as  elephant  or  whal^) ;  fera,  wild  animal  as  opposed  to  tame  ; 
pecus,  tame  animal  as  opposed  to  wild  (see  51). 

15.  arbor,  tree  ;  frutex,  shrub  ;  arbustum,  a  place  planted  with 
trees;  virgultum,  bushes,  thicket. 

16.  arma,  weapons  in  general,  especially  defensive :  galea, 
helmet;  lorica,  corselet  of  leather  or  metal;  ocreae,  greaves  for  the 
leg;  scutum  (or  clipeus,  28),  shield.  It  may  also,  more  generally, 
include  offensive  iveapons  (for  which  the  proper  word  is  tela): 
gladius,  sioord,  short,  straight,  and  pointed  (ensis,  mucro,  ferrum, 
poetic) ;  piliun,  javelin,  a  heavy  missile  with  long  thin  blade  and 
stout  handle  ;  hasta,  spear  or  pike,  for  thrusting  ;  jaculum,  dart ; 
arcus,  bow ;  sagittae,  arrows,  &c. 

17.  ars,  art  (the  practice  ;  artes,  acquired  skill)  ;  scientia,  knowl- 
edge (theory)  ;  artificium,  skill  df  the  artifex,  or  craftsman. 

18  audeo,2  dare,  in  reference  to  danger;  conor,^  undertake,  of 
importance  ;  molior,''  attempt,  of  difficulty. 

19.  B.\xrsi,  breeze  ;  -ventus,  tcijid  ;  flsLmen,  blast  ;  flatus,  flabrum, 
of  gentle  or  favorable  winds. 

20.  avarus,  covetous  ;  avidus,  greedy  ;  cupidus,  eager  ;  parous, 
frugal ;  sordidus,  mean,  stingy. 

21.  avis,  a  bird  (feathered  creature);  ales,  winged  (especially  of 
large  bir^s,  or  poetic)  ;  volucris,  as  capable  of  flight ;  praepes,  of 
swift  and  lofty  flight ;  oscen  [os,  cano],  of  omen  by  the  voice. 

22.  bellum,  tvar ;  pugna,  fght  (in  general)  ;  proelium,  battle; 
militia,  icarfare  (the  soldier's  trade) ;  tumultus,  a  sudden  tumult 
or  insurrection  (near  home). 

23.  bonus,  good  (kind  or  virtuous)  ;  probus,  upright ;  fortis, 
bold,  manly,  valiant;  honestus,  honorable  (see  41). 


Synonymes.  237 

24.  caedes,  killing,  massacre  ;  clades,  defeat^  disaster ;  strages, 
carnage  ;  interiiecio,  destruction. 

25.  capio,^  yi'^^P,  contain;  accipio,^  to  receive;  excipio,^  take 
what  comes  in  one's  way  ;  recipio,^  to  take  back ;  suscipio,^  under- 
take ;  rapio,^  seize ;  adripio,^  corripio,^  seize  with  force  or  eager- 
ness ;  sumo,^  to  take  (without  force). 

26.  careo,^  to  lack  or  be  in  want ;  egeo,^  indigeo,^  to  he  in  need  ; 
vaco,^  to  be  empty  or  at  leisure. 

27.  carmen,  a  song  or  brief  poem  (the  words)  ;  cantus,  song  (as 
sung)  ;  versus,  poema,  the  composition. 

28.  clipeus,  skidd,  oval,  of  brass  ;  scutum,  of  wood,  with  skin 
covering  and  iron  rim  ;  parma,  pelta,  cetra,  buckler  (small  shields 
of  peculiar  shape)  ;  ancile,  short  and  oval,  borne  in  processions. 

29.  comes,  companion  (fellow  traveller)  ;  socius,  partner  or  ally ; 
sodalis,  boon  companion,  or  member  of  a  club. 

30.  commodus,  convenient  or  suitable  in  itself;  opportuuus, ^f 
according  to  circumstance  ;  utilis,  of  service  to  some  end. 

31.  consilium,  counsel  or  advice,  the  result  of  reflection  ;  sen-' 
tentia,  opinion,  considered  and  fixed,  especially  in  deliberative 
bodies,  as  the  Senate  or  a  jury;  opinio,  notion,  conjecture  (com- 
pare 92). 

32.  culpa,  fault ;  crimen,  charge  of  any  offence  ;  delictum, 
fault  of  omission  or  neglect ;  peccatum,  a  wilful  misdeed  ;  facinus, 
act  (facio),  often  implying  violence  ;  maleficium,  crime. 

33.  cupio,^  to  desire,  long  for  anything;  concupisco,^  to  feel 
a  longing;  opto,^  choose  or  wish;  desidero,i  to  feel  the  icant  of; 
volo,  ivish  or  intend. 

34.  cutis,  skin  (on  the  body) ;  pellis,  the  fresh  soft  hide ;  ceri- 
um, coarse  or  tanned  hide,  leather ;  aluta,  a  soft  leather  prepared 
with  alum  ;  tergus,  skin  of  the  back  and  body. 

35.  damnum,  loss  or  forfeit ;  detrimentum,  damage  (wearing 
away) ;  jactura,  loss  by  shipwreck,  &c.  (a  casting  away)  ;  incom- 
modum,  disaster,  loss  by  misfortune  or  defeat  (a  euphemism). 

36.  daps,  any  rich  food;  pl.,/eas^-  epulum,  a  public  or  religious 
banquet  ;  cena,  dinner,  the  chief  meal  of  the  day  ;  prandium,  me- 
renda,  lunch  ;  jentaculum,  an  early  breakfast ;  cibus,  any  food. 

37.  do,^  to  give  in  general  ;  dono,^  of  a  formal  or  valuable  gift  >, 
dedo,^  surrender  (compare  abdo,  jierdo,  trado,  prodo,  condo,  vendo)  ; 
largior,'*  of  lavish  gifts. 

38.  dolor,  pain  in  general  ;  maeror,  a  settled  sadness  ;  luctus, 
grief  with  signs  of  mourning  ;  cura,  anxiety  or  distress  of  mind  ; 


238  Latin  Method, 

aerumna,  misery,  affliction ;  aegritudo,  distress  (of  mind,  chiefly)  ; 
aegrimonia,  of  body  ;  tristitia,  sadness  as  shown  by  outward  signs  ; 
miseria,  icretchedness,  as  of  destitution,  &c.  ;  molestia,  annoyance 
or  distress  from  some  special  cause ;  squalor,  disjigurement  in  sign 
of  mourning.  ♦ 

39.  domus,  Jiouse,  as  dwelHng,  also  a  large  or  fine  house  ;  aedes, 
as  a  building,  or  group  of  apartments;  tectum,  shelter;  sedes, 
place  of  permanent  abode  ;  villa,  farm-house ;  insula,  a  city-mansion 
or  block,  occupying  a  whole  square  ;  atrium,  hall,  the  main  apart- 
ment of  the  house ;  aula,  poetic,  and  used  of  royal  courts,  &c. 
(see  86). 

40.  donum,  gift ;  munus,  of  bounty  or  obligation  (compare  $7) ; 
praemium,  reward  considered  as  the  receiver's  due  ;  beueficium, 
as  the  giver's  bounty  ;  merces,  wages. 

41.  dulcis,  sweet ;  blandus,  gentle,  caressing  ;  comis,  kifid,  cour- 
teous ;  lenis,  soft ;  mollis,  smooth  (to  the  touch)  ;  suavis,  agree- 
able to  the   senses  in  general ;  amoenus,  to  the  eye  in  particular. 

42.  dux,  leader,  properly  a  guide  (so  duotor) ;  imperator,  com- 
mander, with  military  authority  ;  legatus,  aid  or  lieutenant^  who 
receives  his  commission  from  the  Senate  instead  of  popular  elec- 
tion, and  is  hence  regarded  as  a  delegate. 

43.  eo,  to  go,  in  general ;  gradior,^  advance  with  steps  ;  grassor,^ 
(intens.),  to  walk  rapidly;  proficiscor,^  set  forth ;  vadio,^  advance 
firmly  :  spatior,**  with  long  or  stately  strides. 

44.  exilis,  slight  or  lean ;  tenuis,  f  Am,  delicate  ;  gracilis,  slender ^ 
little  ;  macer,  lean,  lank. 

45.  fallo,^  to  deceive,  or  betray  into  error  ;  decipio,^  to  take  un- 
awares ;  fraudo,!  deprive  of  one's  due ;  frustror,i  to  frustrate  or 
disappoint;  delude,^  beguile. 

46.  fama,  fame,  repute  (wide-spread) ;  rumor,  report ;  gloria, 
glory,  resting  on  esteem  ;  laus,  praise  or  good-name;  praedicatio, 
publishing  of  deeds  or  merit ;  decus,  outward  splendor  or  distinc- 
tion ;  honor,  honor  or  respect,  pi.  public  honors  :  munus,  offlce,  as 
implying  service  or  obHgation  (compare  57). 

47.  felix,  happy  or  fortunate;  beatus,  prosperous ;  faustus,  of 
good  omen  ;  fortunatus,  lucky,  rich  (favored  by  fortune). 

48.  finis,  end  (pi.  boundary) ;  modus,  limit  to  excess  ;  terminus, 
landmark;  limes,  a  belt  of  land  marking  the  division  of  estates. 

49.  flumen,  river  or  stream  in  general  ;  fluvius,  the  flowing  body 
of  water ;  amnis  (generally),  broad  and  navigable  ;  rivus,  rivulus, 
brook,  rivulet ;  torrens,  a  sudden  violent  flow,  from  rains,  &c. 


Synonymes,  239 

50.  gens,  race  including  nations  (nationes),  or  liouse  including 
families  (familiae)  ;  genus,  origin  or  kiad  ;  stirps,  stock  ;  prosapia, 
used  of  ancient  and  extensive  family  connection. 

51.  grex,  Jiock,  especially  of  sheep,  &c.  ;  armentum,  herd  of 
cattle,  horses,  &c.  ;  jumentum,  yoke-beast;  pecus,  Jiock  or  herd 
(pecora,  cattle  in  general) ;  pecus  (udis),  a  creature  of  the  flock  (14). 

52.  hie,  this  (of  the  person  speaking)  ;  iste,  that  (of  the  person 
addressed)  ;  ille,  that  (at  a  distance,  well-known,  or  the  following) ; 
is,  especially  as  correlative  with  qui,  one  who,  &c.  (see  Gr.  §  20). 

53.  homo,  man,  as  a  human  being  in  general ;  vir,  man,  a  maie"*" 7 

person,  or  as  implying  force,  energy,  &c.  '"'— -— ^ 

54.  hostis,  an  enemy  (public)  ;  pL,  the  enemy  ;  inimicus,  a  per- 
sonal/oe,  or  rival ;  adversarius,  opponent  at  law,  &c. 

SS'  iMvenio,'*  to  find  or  meet;  reperio,*  discover  something  hid- 
den or  unknown  ;  nanciscor,^  happen  upon  (as  game)  ;  oflfendo,^ 
stumble  upon. 

56.  iter,  way  of  travel ;  via,  a  broad  street,  &c.  ;  semita,  a  nar- 
row way;  trames,  by-path;  callis,  foot-track;  angiportus,  alley- 
way. 

Sy.  jus,  a  right,  or  general  law  ;  lex,  statute  ;  fas,  moral  right,  or 
duty;  officium,  duty  as  obHgation  or  service;  munus,  duty,  as 
connected  with  civil  or  official  position  (function). 

58.  labor,  toil,  hardship ;  opus,  the  work  accomplished  ;  opera, 
implying  workmanship  or  active  energy  (pi.  hands). 

59.  lapis,  stone  of  any  sort ;  saxum,  rock,  hard  or  large  ;  silex, 
flint  ;  cautes,  cliff;  rupes,  a  mass  of  rock,  precipice  ;  scopulus,  a 
peak  (giving  an  extensive  view). 

60.  lectus,  bed ;  cubile,  any  resting-place  ;  stratum,  anything 
strewn,  couch  or  covering  :  torus,  couch,  or  mattress. 

61.  legio,  legion  (of  about  5000)  ;  cohors,  cohort  or  battalion, 
one-tenth  of  a  legion  (in  later  use,  auxiliary  infantry)  ;  manipulus, 
maniple,  one-third  of  the  cohort;  turma,  troop  of  30  horsemen; 
ala,  a  division  of  auxiliary  cavalry  ;  caterva,  an^  band  of  forces  ; 
phalanx,  a  close  array  of  800  men  (Greek). 

62.  liber,  free  ;  libertus,  a  freedman  ;  libertinus,  one  of  the  class 
of  freedmen  ;  ingenuus, /ree&orn,  or  becoming  to  a  freeman. 

63.  ligo.i  to  bind  fast  (by  winding  about)  ;  vincio,^  to  bind  with 
chains  ;  necto,^  to  fasten  by  knotting  or  entwining  ;  jungo,^  to  unite 
in  one. 

64.  loquor,^  to  speak,  talk ;  dico,^  to  say,  or  speak  more  formally  ; 
for,i  to  use  the  faculty  of  speech  ;  aio,  assent,  say  yes ;  inquam, 
inquit,  said  I,  said  he,  only  in  quotations. 


240  Latin  Method. 

6^'  magnus,  (jreat  in  all  senses  ;  ingens,  of  extraordinary  bulk 
or  force  ;  grandis,  large  of  its  kind  ;  amplus,  broad,  grand ;  pro- 
cerus, tall ;  vastus,  enormis,  of  something  huge  or  prodigious. 

66.  malus,  evil  by  nature  ;  pravus,  vicious,  deformed  ;  improbus, 
unprincipled,  dishonest ;  scelestus,  sceleratus,  criminal  or  wicked  ; 
reus,  arraigned  as  an  offender  ;  sons,  noceus,  guilty. 

67.  mare,  sea,  as  opposed  to  land  ;  aequor,  the  extended  sur- 
face ;  pelagus,  the  flood  of  waters  ;  pontus,  often  of  some  special 
part  (a  poetic  word)  ;  fretum,  strait  or  narrow  sea. 

68.  memini,  remember;  reininiscor,^  call  to  mind;  recordor,^ 
endeavor  to  recall. 

69.  metuo,3  to  fear,  dread  more  or  less  remotely  ;  timeo,^  a  more 
present  danger  ;  vereor,^  with  awe  or  respect ;  formido,'  to  be  in 
a  state  of  dread  ;  paveo,^  in  a  disordered  fright ;  tremo,^  tremble. 

70.  mos,  custom  which  grows  to  a  rule  of  conduct ;  hence  pi. 
character  (as  formed  by  conduct)  ;  consuetude,  a  settled  custom  ; 
U3US,  experience  or  advantage  of  practice. 

71.  motus,  emotion;  aJEfectio,  of  any  change  or  condition  of  mind 
or  body  ;  affectus,  chiefly  of  the  mind  ;  perturbatio,  trouble  or 
irregular  passion. 

72.  eloquens,  e/o^wen^  implying  the  highest  qualities  of  the 
orator,  both  fervor  and  trained  skill ;  disertus,  implying  easy  skilful 
and  natural  discourse  ;  facundus,  fluent  and  tonguey. 

y^t-  navis,  ship,  generally  of  large  size  (navis  longa,  a  galley  pro- 
pelled by  oars,  for  swiftness  in  battle) ;  navigium,  of  smaller  craft ; 
linter,  cymba,  skiff,  wherry ;  ratis,  raft  or  flat-boat,  hastily  built ; 
phaselus,  a  pleasure-boat ;  puppis,  stern  (poetic  for  navis). 

74.  nomen,  the  family  name,  as  Julius ;  praenomen,  personal 
name,  as  Caius  ;  cognomen,  surname,  as  Caesar ;  agnomexi  (added 
name),  of  adoption,  as  Octavianus,  or  of  some  exploit,  as  Africanus. 

yS'  nubes,  cloud;  nimbus,  rain-cloud  :  nebula,  7nist  or  fleecy 
cloud;  imber,  rain-storm;  fnl^or,  lightning ;  fnlmen,  thunderbolt ; 
tonitrus,  the  noi§e  of  thunder  ;  nis:,  snow  :  grando,  hail. 

76.  odium,  hate  ;  simultas,  malice  or  grudgp  :  inimicitia,  enmity, 
as  from  a  quarrel  between  friends  ;  invidia,  odium  or  unpopularity. 

77.-  omnis,  all,  every ;  totus,  whole,  as  a  unit  ;  cunctus,  aU  con- 
sidered as  parts  united  (conjunctus)  ;  universus,  all  together,  the 
whole  as  made  up  of  individuals. 

78,  opes,  wealth,  resources  in  general,  as  means  to  an  end  ; 
copia,  abundance  ;  divitiae,  riches,  great  wealth  ;  facultas,  property 
as  a  means  of  influence,  &c.  (cf.  88). 


Synonymes,  l\i 

79.  oro,^  to  heg,  pray  ;  peto,^  seek  or  request ;  quaero,^  seek  or 
inquire  ;  rogo,^  to  entreat  as  a  favor  ;  obsecro,i  beseech  earnestly  ; 
obtestor,^  conjure,  appeal;  precor,i  pray  as  to  a  divine  being; 
posco,^  demand  with  urgency  ;  postulo/  demand  as  a  right ;  re- 
peto,^  claim  as  one's  own. 

80.  ostendo,^  show,  hold  in  sight;  ostento^  (intens.),  display; 
monstro,^  point  out ;  exhibeo,'-  hold  forth  to  view  ;  pando,^  spread 
open;  aperio,*  uncover;  patefacio,^  recludo,^  ^/^ro?^  open  (as  the 
gates  of  a  city),  or  lay  bare  what  was  hidden. 

81.  parco,^  spare ;  moderor.^  restrain,  control;  tempero,^  regu- 
late, refrain  ;  rego,^  guide,  direct. 

82.  pauper,  poor  (not  destitute)  ;  egenus,  distressed  by  want ; 
inops,  destitute,  helpless ;  egens,  indigens,  needy. 

83.  perdo,^  to  lose  (by  one's  own  fault),  destroy;  amitto,^  to 
lose  by  misfortune. 

84.  polliceor,2  to  promise,  voluntarily  ;  promitto,^  to  engage  for 
the  future  ;  spondeo,^  to  pledge. 

85-  populus,  the  people  making  a  community  ;  plebs,  the  com- 
mons, as  distinguished  from  the  upper  or  governing  class  ;  vulgus, 
the  lower  classes  as  such  ;  turba,  a  mob. 

86.  porta,  city-gate ;  janua,  entrance,  outer  door;  foris,  the  door 
proper  ;  sralvae,  folding-doors y  ostium,  door-way  to  an  apartment; 
limen,  threshold ;  vestibulum,  porch. 

87.  possum,  /  can  (of  simple  ability) ;  queo,  no  obstacle  pre- 
venting ;  poUeo,^  to  be  relatively  strong ;  valeo,^  to  be  in  good 
health  and  vigor  ;  potior/  get  possession  of 

88.  potestas,  power  (what  we  may) ;  potentia,  (what  we  can) ; 
facultas,  power  or  opportunity  of  doing  (78)  ;  dicio,  jurisdiction  ; 
imperium,  military  authority;  auctoritas,  authority,  or  influence 
of  station,  &c.  ;  gratia,  personal  influence. 

89.  proprius,  one's  own  as  opposed  to  common  property ; 
auus,  ipsius,  as  opposed  to  other  persons.  v  • 

90.  pugno,^  fght ;  certo,'  strive,  vie;  contendo.^  contend  for 
the  attainment  of  any  thing  ;  decerto,'  decerno,'' decide  by  contest ; 
dimico,^  contend  as  implying  two  parties. 

91.  pulcher,  beautiful,  the  most  general  term  ;  formosus,  of  the 
face  and  person  ;  venustus,  graceful ;  decorus,  dignified  or  becom- 
ing ;  speciosus,  of  fine  appearance  ;  bellus,  pretty. 

92.  puto,^  think,  suppose;  arbitror,'  to  form  a  judgment  ;  credo,' 
believe  ;  existimo,^  form  an  estimate  ;  reor,^  of  similar  meaning,  but 
poetic;  opinor,'  suppose  (compare  31);  censeo,'^  of  formal  and 
deliberate  opinion,  especially  in  the  Senate. 


242  Latin  Method, 

93.  saevus,  crwe/,  wrathful;  hsuhaiua,  rude,  barbarous ;  atrox, 
dreadful ;  ferox,  fierce  in  temper  ;  immanis,  monstrous^  wicked ; 
durus,  harsh,  stern  ;  ferus,  wild,  savage  ;  dirus,  destructive  ;  truz, 
offeree  aspect  ;  crudelis,  inexorable. 

94.  seges,  cornfield  (standing  corn)  ;  messis,  harvest ;  far,  spelt, 
a  coarse  grain,  the  earliest  food  of  the  Romans  ;  frumentum, 
grain,  or  corn  ;  triticum, ^/le  wheat ;  hordeum,  barley  ;  avena,  oats  ; 
fruges,  crops,  fruits  of  the  earth  ;  fructus, /ruiV  (of  trees)  ;  annona 
(the  year's  produce),  grain  in  market ;  hence,  price  of  corn. 

95.  sequor,3  follow;  sector*  (intens.),  chase,  pursue;  inse- 
quor,^  follow  close ;  adsequor,^  come  up  with  ;  consequor,'  over- 
take, attain. 

96.  silva,  laood,  forest ;  nemus,  grove  or  park  (of  tall  trees)  ; 
lucus,  a  shady  or  dark  grove  ;  saltus,  glade  (open  space  in  the 
woods),  defile,  or  mountain  pass.  (Both  nemus  and  lucus  are 
used  of  sacred  groves,  especially  the  latter.) 

97.  sonus,  sound;  clamor,  shout,  cry ;  sonitus,  a  great  noise; 
fragor,  crash  (as  of  falling  trees)  ;  clangor,  noise  of  arms,  blast  of 
instruments,  &c.  ;  vox,  the  voice;  strepitus,  a  confused  noise. 

98.  urbs,  city,  as  a  collection  of  buildings,  streets,  &c.  ;  civitas, 
the  political  community  ;  oppidum,  a  walled  or  garrison  town. 

99.  vestis,  clothing  in  general  ;  vestitus,  apparel;  amictus, 
§loak  or  wrapper ;  tunica,  tunic,  a  belted  shirt  without  sleeves  ; 
toga,  toga,  a  large  shawl  of  unbleached  wool,  the  distinguishing  cos- 
tume of  the  Romans  ;  stola,  gown,  woman's  garment ;  peplum, 
mantle  worn  by  women  ;  palla,  upper  garment  of  women  ;  pallium, 
a  Grecian  cloak  ;  sagum,  military  cloak  ;  paludamentum,  officer's 
cloak  ;  trabea,  a  royal  robe  ;  paenula,  a  travelling  cloak. 

100.  vetus,  old;  antiquus,  very  ancient ;  prisons,  of  old  time  ; 
grandaevus,  venerable  in  years  ;  senex,  old  man  (after  the  age  of 
63)  ;  longaevus,  of  long  duration  (as  custom,  &c.). 


SYNOPSIS    OF    CONSTRUCTIONS. 

N.B.  The  references  to  pages  are  to  this  book ;  those  to  sections  are  to  the 
Revised  Edition  of  the  Grammar. 

I.  —  The  Sentence. 

I.  A  Sentence  may  be  either  Simple  or  Compound :  viz., 

1.  Simple:  containing  a  single  statement  (Subject  and  Predicate). 
^  (  a.  Containing  two  or  more  co-ordinate  clauses. 

2.  COMPOUND  :  I  ^_  Modified  by  subordinate  clauses  {complex), 

II.  The  Essential  Parts  of  the  Sentence  are  — 

1.  The  Subject  :  consist-  j  a.  Noun  or  its  equivalent. 

ing  of  (  b.  Pronoun  contained  in  verb-ending. 

-,,       „  [a.  Neuter  (intransitive)  Verb. 

2.  The    Predicate:    con-  K    Copula  with  Complement. 

s^s'^^g^^  U.  Verb  with  Object. 

III.  The  Subject  and  Predicate  may  be  Modified  as  follows : 

a.  Noun  in  Apposition. 


The   Noun  {Subject  or 
Object)  by 


b.  Adjective  or  Participle. 

c.  Noun  in  Oblique  Case. 

d.  Preposition  with  its  Case. 

e.  Relative  Clause. 
Adverb  or  Adverbial  Phrase. 

2.  The  VERB(/r^fl?/Va/"^)by  \  b.  Predicate  Adjective. 


li 


Subordinate  Clause. 
IV.  The  Parts  of  Speech  may  be  described  as  follows  :  — 

1.  The   Noun:   as  proper   (name  of   a  Person  or    Place),  common 

(name  of  a  Thing),  or  abstract  (name  of  a  Quality). 

2.  The  Adjective  :  a.  by  Gender,  Number,  Case,  Degree. 

b.  as  Descriptive,  Possessive,  Derivative,  &c. 

c.  as  Attributive,  Predicate,  Appositive  (G.  i86) 

3.  The  Pronoun  :  as,  Personal,  Demonstrative,  Relative,  &c. 

4.  The  Verb  :  a.  by  Conjugation  {principal parts)  ; 

b.  by  Voice,  Mood,  Tense,  Number,  and  Person. 
The  Forms  of  the  Verb  may  be  analyzed  according  to  the  instructions 
given  on  pages  8,  27,  42  (Gr.  pp.  63-67,  71-74). 

V.  The  following  are  "the  Rules  of  Agreement  {the  Four  Concords) :  — 

1.  Nouns  agree  in  Case  (p.  7) : 

A  J.  J.    u-      i  Abl.  with  Locative  (184.  c). 

a.  m  Appostlwn  )  ^^^  ^.^^  Possessive  (W  d) 

b.  in  Predicate  Agreement  (p.  9). 

2.  The  Adjective  agrees  in  Gender,  Number,  and  Case  (p.  6)  — 

a.  With  nearest  Noun  (Gr.  187). 

b.  By  Synesis  with  Noun  implied  (Gr.  187.  d). 

3.  The  Relative  agrees  in  Gender  and  Number  (p.  21) :  — 

a.  With  Appositive  rather  than  Antecedent  (Gr.  199). 

b.  Sometimes  in  Case  by  attraction  (Gr.  199.  b). 

4.  The  Verb  agrees  with  Subject-Nominative  in  Number  and  Person. 


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AI;LEN'S  SHORTER  COURSE  OF  LATIN  PROSE. 

""msisting  chietty  of  the  Prose  Selections  of  Allen's  Latin  Reader  (to  p.  134), 

Notes  being  wholly  rewritten,  enlarged,  and  adapted  to  Allen  &  Greeu- 

igh's  Grammar;  accompanied  by  Six  Orations  of  Cicero,—  the  Manilian,  the 

four  Catilines,  €^  Archias.     With  Vocabulary.     12mo.    Half  morocco.     543 

pages       .       'jft 

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ALLEN'S  LATIN  PIJIMER.     A  First   Book  of  Latin  for 

l?0ysaj|jd  Girls.  nS^y  J- H- Allkn.)  12u»o.  Cloth.  182  pages 
This  is  designed  ror  the  use  of  scholars  of  a  younger  class,  and  consists  of  thirty 
Lessons  arranged  so  affco  give  a  full  outline  of  the  grammar,  with  brief  Rules  of  Syn- 
tax, Tables  of  Inilfctiou,  and  iuterhiied  exercises  lor  practice  in  reading,  compiled 
from  HistoricB  Sacrfz.  ^The  reading  selections  which  follow  include  Dialogues  from 
Corderius  and  Erasums  (with  translation),  narratives,  nursery  songs,  mediaeval 
hymns,  etc.,  beingjufile  up  in  great  part  trom  modern  Latin  writers. 


irasmu£ 
ig^l^e 


ALLEN'S   L  JTIN  LEXICON  ;    a  General  Vocabulary  of 
Latin,  with  Supplementary  Tables  of  Dates,  Antiquities,  etc.    By  J.  H.  Allen. 

IJto.     Cloth.     214  pages      ...  * 

TbS'little  diction^y 'contains  "  about  15,(X)0  words  of  common  use,-beside8  more 
than  1,300  proper  nauj^s  or  adjectives,  and  about  200  dates  (exclusive  of  the  Tables), 
coverihg  the  more  im]R>rtant  points  of  classical  history  and  mythology."  It  is  be- 
lieved to  be  complete  ^o»the  entire  introductory  course  of  Latin  authors,  including 
Ovid  jad  Virgil. ^gP^!%  ■    ■•         . 

LEIGHTOT^p^ATIN  LESSONS.     Prepared  to  accompany 

Allen  &  Greenough's  Latin  Grammar.  By  R.  F.Leiguton,  former  Master  of 
Melrose  High  School.  Revised  Edition.  12mo.  Half  morocco.  352  pages 
This  work  preser>t|ha  paogressive  series  of  exercises  (both  Latin  and  English)  in 
about  eighty  Lessonyillustrating  the  grammatical  forms  and  the  siiripler  principles 
of  syntax.  Synonym^lflliW||iles  of  Quantity  are  introduced  from  the  first.  The 
amount  of  illustrativg3fe.tter  in  exercises  for  reading  and  writing  or  oral  practice 
is  very  large,  incluinl^WbrtioTffi  ^^iri  RoiiiE,  and  Woodford's  Epitome  of  the  First 
Book  of  Cajsar.  Finl^"oc^n»iai^^ prepared  by  R.  F.  Pennell)  accompany  the 
book,  with  questions  ^Te^Mjuaf^Sn-dnd  review  of  the  grammar. 

Thg-Lessons  have  bedi  Mfirely  rewritten,  considerably  simplified,  and  more  care- 
fully graded.  With  e0h  l^fljm  definite  directions  have  been  given  in  regard  to  the 
amount  of  ^»  ta-ammaf  to  beleamed.  By  decreasing  the  exercises  to  be  translated 
into  Kl^lisW^pace  has^jilen  gWBn  to  increase  correspondingly  the  amount  to  be  put 
into  litin.  -Some  icstfuctiMMiWPyte  formation  of  words  has  been  given,  and  the 
refi^^ices  to  Jiw  g^|himarSA  tfidj,  subject  largely  increased.     The  vocabularies 

J,lSOb6en  carefully  revfcd.         *  ,mimmmmmmmmm^0^^ 

MADVIGBS  i*4^TIN  GRAMMAR.     Carefully  revised  by 

Thomas  A. ^H ACHE ^1. Yale  College.    12mo.     Half  morocco.    517  pages 
A  book  of  the  very  highest  authority  in  Latin  Syntax,  and  admirably  adapted  to 
the  wants  of  Teachers  and  College  Classes. 

J*  ♦'     // 

NEW  LATlff   METHOD  :   a  Manual  of  Instruction  in  Latin 
on  the  Basis  of  a  Latin  Method  prepared  by  J.  H.  Allen  and  J.  B.  Greenouqh. 

12mo.     Cloth.    244  pages  

The  "New  Method"  contains:  1.  About  thirty  Elementary  Lessons  on  the 
forms  of  the  lan^itase,  and  the  constructions  suggested  by  the  definitions  of  cases, 
moods,  etc.,  accompanied  by  full  Paradigms,  and  Exercises  in  Latin  and  English, 
with  partial  vocabularies.  N.  B.  This  portion  of  the  hook  can  be  used  independently 
of  the  Grammar,  and  is  sufficient  for  a  course  of  about  a  year's  study  — 2  CoN- 
STRUCTIONS  OF  SYNTAX  symmetrically  grouped,  with  full  references  to  the  Grammar, 


nto  lit 
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ciich  topic  being  illustrated  by  numerous  examples,  with  exerti.^s  to  be  rendered 
into  Latin,  so  as  to  make  a  full  eltmenlary  rtiamial  of  Lathi  Conijwsltion.  —  3.  On 
Eeadixg  Latin  :  brief  sections  on  the  Latin  Sentence  with  examples  of  analysis  and 
translation  ;  the  Derivation  of  Words ;  and  Reading  at  Sight.  —  4.  Reading  Les- 
sons, with  Vocabularies,  and  Tabular  List  of  Synonymes- 

PARALLEL  RULES  OP  GREEK  and  LATIN  SYN- 
TAX  FOR  USE  IN   SCHOOLS.      Prepared   by   Instructors    in    the   Classical 
Department  of  Williston  Seminary,  at  Kasthampton,  Mass     Cloth.    33  pages 
The  object  oi  this  little  pamphlet,  prepared  by  two  instructors  in  Williston  Sem- 
inary, is  to  put  clearly  before  their  pupils  the  correspondences  and  the  differences  in 
Greek  and  Latin  Syntax. 

THE  LATIN  VERB.    Illustrated  by  the  Sanskrit.    By  C.  H. 

Parkhurst.     12mo.     Cloth.    55  pages         ....  .        ."^k     . 

WHITE'S  JUNIOR  STUDENT'S  LATIN-ENGLISH 

LEXICON.     Square  12mo.    662  pages.     Morocco  back 

Sheep  .... 

WHITE'S  JUNIOR  STUDENT'S  LATIN-ENGLISH 

AND  ENGLISH-LATIN  LEXICON.     By  the  Rev.  J.  T.  White,  D  D  ,  of 
C.  C.  C.  Oxford,  Rector   of  St.  Martin,   Ludgate,    London.      Revised   Edition. 

Square  12mo.     1058  pages.     Sheep         .  

"The  present  work  aims  at  furnishing  in  both  its  parts  a  suffii  ientl\  extensive 
vocabulary  for  all  practical  purposes.  The  Latin  words  and  phrase-  arein  all  ca-es 
followed  by  the  name  of  some  standard  Latin  wiiter,  ms  a  guarantv  of  their  autlinr- 
ity  ;  and  as  the  work  i.'^  of  a  strictly  elenieritar>  charaetir,  th<-  conju^i.ition  ot  tli« 
verbs  and  the  genders  and  genitive  ca.-es  ol  the  suU^tantives  are  uniformly  add* d. 
In  the  preparation  of  this  portion  of  the  book,  1>K.  White  bus  had  the  assi&tttnce  of 
some  of  the  best  scholars  both  of  Oxford  and  Cambridge."-  —  Guardian 

WHITE'S  JUNIOR  STUDENT'S  ENGLISH-LATIN 


LEXICON.     Squar^2mo.     Sheep.     392  pages 
l-<mh 


We  have  contracted .<<nth  Me.<!srs.  Longmans.  Green,  &  Co  ,  of  London,  for  the 
sole  agency  in  this  country  for  the  above  Latin  Lexicons,  and  shall  endeavor  to  n.cet 
the  demands  of  the  trade. 


WHITON'S    SIX   WEEKS'    PREPARATION    FOR 

READING   CJ5SAR.     With  References  to  Allen  &  Greenough's,  Gildersleeve-s, 
and  llarkness's  Grammars.    18mo.     Paper  cover 


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